Optimal seismic retrofit model for steel moment resisting frames with brittle connections     

Hyo Seon Park  Se Woon Choi  Byung Kwan Oh 《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2018,17(4):835-847

Based on performance-based seismic engineering, this paper proposes an optimal seismic retrofit model for steel moment resisting frames (SMRFs) to generate a retrofit scheme at minimal cost. To satisfy the acceptance criteria for the Basic Safety Objective (BSO) specified in FEMA 356, the minimum number of upgraded connections and their locations in an SMRF with brittle connections are determined by evolutionary computation. The performance of the proposed optimal retrofitting model is evaluated on the basis of the energy dissipation capacities, peak roof drift ratios, and maximum interstory drift ratios of structures before and after retrofitting. In addition, a retrofit efficiency index, which is defined as the ratio of the increment in seismic performance to the required retrofitting cost, is proposed to examine the efficiencies of the retrofit schemes derived from the model. The optimal seismic retrofit model is applied to the SAC benchmark examples for threestory and nine-story SMRFs with brittle connections. Using the retrofit efficiency index proposed in this study, the optimal retrofit schemes obtained from the model are found to be efficient for both examples in terms of energy dissipation capacity, roof drift ratio, and maximum inter-story drift ratio.  相似文献   

Co-located monogenetic eruptions ~200 kyr apart driven by tapping vertically separated mantle source regions,Chagwido, Jeju Island,Republic of Korea     

Marco Brenna  Károly Németh  Shane J. Cronin  Young Kwan Sohn  Ian E. M. Smith  Jan Wijbrans 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2015,77(5):1-17

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Efficient DEM‐based overland flow routing using integrated recursive algorithms          下载免费PDF全文

Pin‐Chun Huang  Kwan Tun Lee 《水文研究》2017,31(5):1007-1017

Two primary concerns in performing watershed overland flow routing are the numerical instability and computational efficiency. The stability of executing an explicit scheme has to be maintained by observing the Courant–Friedrich–Lewy criterion, which is adopted to confirm that the numerical marching speed is larger than the wave celerity. Moreover, there is another criterion of time step devised in previous studies to avoid back‐and‐forth refluxing between adjacent grids. The situation of refluxing usually occurs on flat regions. In light of this, the selection of a small time increment to honor both restrictions simultaneously is believed to decrease the computational efficiency in performing overland flow routing. This study aims at creating a robust algorithm to relax both restrictions. The proposed algorithm was first implemented on a one‐dimensional overland plane to evaluate the accuracy of the numerical result by comparing it with an analytical solution. Then, the algorithm was further applied to a watershed for 2D runoff simulations. The results show that the proposed integrated algorithm can provide an accurate runoff simulation and achieve satisfactory performance in terms of computational speed.  相似文献   

The influence of magma plumbing complexity on monogenetic eruptions,Jeju Island,Korea     

Marco Brenna  Shane J. Cronin  Károly Németh  Ian E. M. Smith  Young Kwan Sohn 《地学学报》2011,23(2):70-75

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台湾海峡表层月平均流速与两岸月平均水位差的关系     

管秉贤 《海洋科学集刊》1980,(16):1-12

海洋中大多数区域的海流，特别是流速较强的海流，其性质以地转流为主。所以，海流流速流向的变化与海面的横流坡度，亦即横流两侧的水位差有着密切的关系。 一百多年前，Peslin(1872)首先将地转方程应用于墨西哥湾流上。后来，Dietrich(1946)引用丹麦灯船上所进行的海流观测结果和卡特加特海峡两侧岛上的水位观测结果，证实了地转方程的实用意义。 到目前为止，已有许多作者应用流速和横流水位差的这一关系，探讨了世界大洋和海峡等处海流的变动规律。例如，Montgomery(1938,1941)，Hela(1952)，Stommel(1953)及Wunsch等(1969)讨论了佛罗里达海流和湾流的季节变化与水位的关系；森安茂松(Moriyasu, 1961)和二谷颖男(1973)等讨论了水位与黑潮海况以及流速流量的关系；Wyrtki(1973, 1974a, 1974b)研究了西太平洋赤道流、赤道逆流流速流量的季节变化和海流两侧岛屿的水位差的关系。还有Sok-U Yi(1970)研究了朝鲜海峡中水位与对马暖流表层流速季节变化的关系；ΓaлepKИЧ等(1962)也曾讨论了爪哇海水位与流速的关系。 关于我国的台湾海峡，Wyrtki(1957,1961) 曾给出了台湾海峡表层流速的季节变化曲线，并将流速与高雄-澳门断面的水位差作了比较，绘制了两者的相关图。 现在，几乎普遍地认为：沿岸和岛屿上所进行的水位观测，可为研究海流变动规律提供方便、准确和连续的资料，是监视海流变动最合适的途径之一。 本文应用手头所有的资料，一方面从多年平均情况来讨论台湾海峡表层月平均流速与两岸月平均水位差的关系；另一方面以各年各月情况为例，来分析两岸水位差与海峡西岸水位的关系，供研究台湾海峡海流趋势预报方法时参考。  相似文献   

Tracing submarine groundwater discharge flux in Tolo Harbor,Hong Kong (China)     

Yi Liu  Jiu Jimmy Jiao  Ho Kwan Cheng 《Hydrogeology Journal》2018,26(6):1857-1873

Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is an important pathway for groundwater and associated chemicals to discharge to the sea. Groundwater levels monitored along a transect perpendicular to the shoreline are used to calculate SGD flux from the nearshore aquifer to Tolo Harbor, Hong Kong (China). The calculated SGD flux—recharge/discharge measured with Darcy’s Law methods—agrees well with estimates based on geo-tracer techniques and seepage meter in Tolo Harbor during previous studies. The estimated freshwater SGD is 1.69–2.0 m²/d at the study site and 0.3?±?0.04 cm/d for the whole of Tolo Harbor, which is comparable to the river discharge (0.25?±?0.07 cm/d) and precipitation (0.45?±?0.15 cm/d). The tide-driven SGD in the intertidal zone is 13.98–17.59 m²/d at the study site and 2.42?±?0.56 cm/d for the whole of Tolo Harbor. The SGD occurring in the subtidal zone and the bottom of Tolo Harbor is 3.12?±?4.63 cm/d. Fresh SGD accounts for ~5% of the total SGD, while the rest (~95%) is contributed by saline SGD driven by various forces. About 96% of the tide-driven SGD in the intertidal zone occurs in the ebbing tide period because the head difference between the groundwater level and sea level is great during this period. Tide-driven SGD in the spring tide is ~1.2 times that during neap tide. The tidal fluctuation amplitude and tide-driven SGD in the intertidal zone are positively correlated to each other; thus, a spring neap variation of the tide-driven SGD is observed.  相似文献   

Analysis of geomorphologic and hydrological characteristics in watershed saturated areas using topographic‐index threshold and geomorphology‐based runoff model     

Chin‐Hsin Chang  Kwan Tun Lee 《水文研究》2008,22(6):802-812

The objective of this paper is to investigate the variation of geomorphology and runoff characteristics in saturated areas under different partial contributing area (PCA) conditions. Geomorphologic information and hydrologic records from two mid‐size watersheds in northern Taiwan were selected for analysis. The PCA ratio in the watershed during a storm was assumed equal to the ratio of the surface‐flow volume to the direct runoff volume from measured hydrologic data. The extents of PCA regions were then determined by using a topographic‐index threshold. Consequently, the geomorphologic factors in saturated and unsaturated areas could be calculated using a digital elevation model, and these factors could then be linked to a geomorphology‐based IUH model for runoff simulation, which can consider both the surface‐ and subsurface‐flow processes in saturated and unsaturated areas, respectively. The results show that geomorphologic characteristics in the saturated areas vary significantly with different PCA ratios especially for higher order streams. A large PCA ratio results in a sharp hydrograph because the quick surface flow dominates the runoff process, whereas the hydrologic response in a low PCA case is dominated by the delayed subsurface flow. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Double injection events of mafic magma into supersolidus Yucheon granites to produce two types of mafic enclaves in the Cretaceous Gyeongsang Basin,SE Korea     

Jong-Sun Kim  Moon Son  Byoung-Hoon Hwang  Ki-Cheol Shin  Hyeongseong Cho  Young Kwan Sohn 《Mineralogy and Petrology》2014,108(2):207-229

Petrographic and geochemical features of the Cretaceous Yucheon granites and their mafic microgranular/magmatic enclaves (MMEs), SE Korea, reveal that the MMEs originated from magma mixing. Mesoscopic and microscopic features indicate that mechanical mixing operated heterogeneously to produce the MMEs with a wide range of sizes and textures. Chemical compositions of amphibole, biotite, and plagioclase rims of both the MMEs and host granites are almost identical, indicating that chemical homogenization took place to some extent after the mechanical mixing. Plagioclase cores, however, have various compositions depending on the host rocks and/or sampling locations, suggesting their sluggish re-equilibration. The MMEs are divided into Type A (low TiO₂, very fine-grained, chilled margins) and Type B (high TiO₂, fine- to medium-grained, no chilled margins). The lower TiO₂ MMEs cooled more rapidly and interacted with granitic magma for a shorter period of time than the higher TiO₂ MMEs. Additionally, the former are less enriched in HREEs than the latter. Zoned plagioclase has two zones of increased An content. These features are indicative of double injection events of mafic magma. A previous model explains the magma mixing as resulting from the generation of a slab window due to Kula-Pacific ridge subduction. The model cannot, however, explain the eastward younging of the granites in Korea, necessitating a new, more elaborate model of Cretaceous geodynamics and magmatism in East Asia.  相似文献   

Selected studies on urban development issues in China: introduction     

Donggen Wang  Mei-Po Kwan 《Urban geography》2017,38(3):360-362

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Field investigation of deformation characteristics and stress mobilisation of a soil slope     

Anthony Kwan Leung  Charles Wang Wai Ng 《Landslides》2016,13(2):229-240

Stress mobilisation and deformation of a slope are important for engineers to carry out reliable design of retaining systems. However, most case histories reported mainly on the response of pore water pressure (PWP), whereas knowledge about the stress deformation characteristics of slope is limited. In this study, a saprolitic soil slope was instrumented to monitor not only the responses of PWP but also horizontal stress and horizontal displacement. To assist in the interpretation of field data, a series of laboratory tests was conducted to characterise volume change behaviour of the soil taken from the site, under the effects of both net stress and suction. During a rainstorm event when positive PWP built up, a remarkably large displacement of 20 mm was recorded between 5.5- and 6-m depths, and the top 5 m of the slope exhibited translational downslope movement. This caused an increase in Bishop’s effective horizontal stress by 350 %, which reached a peak value close to 40 % of a Bishop’s effective passive stress. During the subsequent dry season when suction was recovered, an upslope rebound of 10 mm was recorded. Comparison of field and laboratory data reveals that the rebound was attributed to suction-induced soil shrinkage. This rebound led to a decrease in the Bishop’s effective horizontal stress previously built up during the storm event.  相似文献