辉锑锡铅矿表面的STM研究          下载免费PDF全文

赵小平  施倪承 《岩石矿物学杂志》1997,(3)

本文利用扫描隧道显微镜（ＳＴＭ）对辉锑锡铅矿｛１００｝解理面的表面结构特征进行了研究，得到了清晰的原子级分辨率图像，并观察到辉锑锡铅矿结构中因两种基本构造层不匹配而导致的调制波结构及超结构长周期现象。同时还观测研究了辉锑锡铅矿的表面微形貌特征。  相似文献   

云南坝子的成因与特征研究   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  

童绍玉  陈永森  王学良 《云南地理环境研究》2007,19(5):129-133,122

在以山地高原为主、缺乏大平原的云南省,人口、耕地.经济、文化活动的中心主要分布和集中在“坝子”中,“坝子”是云南经济发展的基础,其在国民经济发展中的地位远较其他地貌类型重要. “坝子”常被等同于“山间中小盆地”,但在现实中,“坝子”已远远超出了“山间中小盆地”的范畴,包括成因各异的多种小地貌类型,是对云南省一类较为特殊的小地貌的统称.云南“坝子”一般由地球内力作用形成雏形,再经各种外营力改造而成,其中流水作用和人为地质作用最为重要.因成因不同,“坝子”的形态及特征各异,据此可划分出构造坝、水成坝、冰成坝、火山坝四大成因类型.  相似文献   

Microtopography,water storage and flow patterns in a fine‐textured soil under agricultural use     

Christina Bogner  Mohammadreza Mirzaei  Stéphane Ruy  Bernd Huwe 《水文研究》2013,27(12):1797-1806

Agricultural use of soils implies tillage and often compaction and therefore influences processes on soil surface and affects infiltration of water into the subsoil. Although many studies on soil surface processes or flow patterns in soils exist, works relating both are rare in literature. We did two tracer experiments with Brilliant Blue FCF on a tilled and compacted plot and a non‐tilled one to investigate water storage on the soil surface during simulated rainfall and changes of soil microtopography, to analyse the associated flow patterns in the soil and to relate both to tillage and compaction. Our results show that storage was larger on the tilled and compacted plot than on the non‐tilled one. After tillage, transport processes above the plough pan were partly disconnected from those underneath because macropores were disrupted and buried by the tillage operation. However, preferential flow along cracks occurred on both plots and the macropores buried below the tillage pan still functioned as preferential flow paths. Therefore, we conclude that the studied soil is susceptible to deep vertical solute propagation at dry conditions when cracks are open, irrespective of tillage and compaction. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

利用地面激光与地质雷达综合探测活断层浅层三维结构——以川西理塘毛垭坝盆地北缘正断层为例     

张迪  吴中海  李家存  刘绍堂  马丹  卢燕 《地震地质》2019,41(2):377-399

快速获取活断层的高精度微地貌形态和对应的浅层三维结构是揭示活断层浅地表形迹与活动特征的关键。文中综合利用地面三维激光扫描仪和地质雷达技术,以川西理塘地区毛垭坝盆地北缘主边界断裂禾尼段的正断层崖为研究对象,获取了该处正断层错动2期最新地貌面的精确地表垂直位移量和浅层二维地质雷达图像,并初步建立了基于地面三维激光与地质雷达的活断层微地貌精细化三维测量方法,构建了断层崖微地貌的精细三维模型和浅表三维图像,揭示了正断层崖处发育的伸展地堑结构,同时初步实现了断层微地貌地表地下三维数据的一体化融合显示及相互解译。应用结果表明,该方法可以同时快速、高效、无损地获取大范围内的活断层微地貌及浅层结构的多层次、多视觉的空间数据,极大地提高了对活动断层微地貌形态与浅层结构进行快速调查与研究的精度和认识水平,也为更全面地认识和理解活断层的空间分布与变形特征、活动习性和多期古地震遗迹等提供重要的数据和方法支持。因此,对该方法的继续探索和完善,将显著提升和扩展其在活断层定量化和精细化研究中的实用性及应用前景。  相似文献   

Temporal and spatial variation of soil erosion in wooded rangelands of southwest Spain     

Judit Rubio-Delgado  Susanne Schnabel  Álvaro Gómez-Gutiérrez  Joaquín Francisco Lavado-Contador 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2019,44(11):2141-2155

Changes in land use are common in Mediterranean areas and are reported as having produced changes in the intensity of soil erosion. Dehesas are rangelands with a disperse tree cover, widespread in the south-western part of the Iberian Peninsula and similar ecosystems are also common in other areas with a Mediterranean climate. The aim of the present study is to analyse temporal and spatial variations of soil erosion rates estimated along three hillsides, located in two farms (Buitrera and Parapuños) in southwest Spain. To understand the temporal variation, soil erosion rates were studied in light of land use-management changes that took place during the last few centuries. Results indicate very low erosion rates prior to the 18^th century in both farms. In Buitrera, a first increase of soil loss rates was identified during the period 1831-1897, amounting to 7.4 t ha^-1 y^-1. A further increase took place during the 20^th century, reaching a mean erosion rate of 29.1 t ha^-1 y^-1. In Parapuños, data points to a significant increase from 1881 onwards, with an estimated mean erosion rate of 18.5 t ha^-1 y^-1. Those increases were presumably connected with an intensification of land use, such as cultivation and excessive livestock populations. Regarding spatial variation, the bare surface and the erosive power of run-off along the hillsides accounts for 76% of the soil erosion rates dispersion. At a local scale, the variability of erosion rates could not be explained, because of (i) uncertainty related to the micromorphology of the past soil surface and (ii) the role of tillage erosion in the past. However, the results obtained offer valuable data on the temporal and spatial variation of erosion rates in dehesas at the hillslope scale and a similar approach could be used for other rangelands with a disperse tree cover. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Assessing the performance of structure‐from‐motion photogrammetry and terrestrial LiDAR for reconstructing soil surface microtopography of naturally vegetated plots          下载免费PDF全文

Sayjro Kossi Nouwakpo  Mark A. Weltz  Kenneth McGwire 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2016,41(3):308-322

Soil microtopography is a property of critical importance in many earth surface processes but is often difficult to quantify. Advances in computer vision technologies have made image‐based three‐dimensional (3D) reconstruction or Structure‐from‐Motion (SfM) available to many scientists as a low cost alternative to laser‐based systems such as terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). While the performance of SfM at acquiring soil surface microtopography has been extensively compared to that of TLS on bare surfaces, little is known about the impact of vegetation on reconstruction performance. This article evaluates the performance of SfM and TLS technologies at reconstructing soil microtopography on 6 m × 2 m erosion plots with vegetation cover ranging from 0% to 77%. Results show that soil surface occlusion by vegetation was more pronounced with TLS compared to SfM, a consequence of the single viewpoint laser scanning strategy adopted in this study. On the bare soil surface, elevation values estimated with SfM were within 5 mm of those from TLS although long distance deformations were observed with the former technology. As vegetation cover increased, agreement between SfM and TLS slightly degraded but was significantly affected beyond 53% of ground cover. Detailed semivariogram analysis on meter‐square‐scale surface patches showed that TLS and SfM surfaces were very similar even on highly vegetated plots but with fine scale details and the dynamic elevation range smoothed out with SfM. Errors in the TLS data were mainly caused by the distance measurement function of the instrument especially at the fringe of occlusion regions where the laser beam intersected foreground and background features simultaneously. From this study, we conclude that a realistic approach to digitizing soil surface microtopography in field conditions can be implemented by combining strengths of the image‐based method (simplicity and effectiveness at reconstructing soil surface under sparse vegetation) with the high accuracy of TLS‐like technologies. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

平武板状绿柱石{0001}晶面的溶蚀像特征与晶体生长     

张良钜  阮青锋  饶灿 《矿物学报》2012,(1):1-8,171

板状绿柱石产于花岗岩云英岩化边部或晶洞壁的白云母-钠长石-绿柱石-水晶的矿物组合中,钠长石呈自形晶,绿柱石的洁净度与透明度相对较差。晶体测量表明,晶体的单形晶面发育依次为c{0001}→s{11 2-1}→p{10 1-1}→m{10 1-0}→v{21 3-1}、n{45 9-4}、a{11 2-0}。微分干涉显微镜(DIC)及扫描电镜(SEM)研究表明:各单形晶面上生长纹(微形貌)反映面网结构的对称性,c{0001}单形晶面上的六边形溶蚀坑(50～170μm)是由平行晶体C轴的各单形晶面生长层从晶体中心向外叠堆组成,层生长机理制约晶体生长全过程,平行双面(c)的生长层较薄(5～8μm)且较稳定,六方双锥(s)生长层较厚且圆滑,六方柱(m)生长层由晶体中心往外其厚度由厚逐渐变薄(12～20μm),台间隔由窄变宽。晶体溶蚀是从面网密度最大的c{0001}开始,溶蚀面积依平行双面(c)、六方双锥(s)单形晶面由大变小,六方柱(a)、复六方双锥(v、n)单形晶面因面网密度小而未受到溶蚀。据矿物共生组合、流体包裹体均一法测量与拉曼光谱(LRS)分析表明板状绿柱石是在中–高温(303℃)、过饱和度较大、成矿介质的钠长石化发育且热动力环境相对稳定的条件下形成,气液包裹体主要由H2O、CO2及微量CH4、N2组成,CO2及微量CH4、N2可能与碳酸盐围岩有关。  相似文献   

The influence of troughs and crests of ripple marks on the structure of subtidal benthic assemblages around rocky reefs     

F. Barros  A. J. Underwood  P. Archambault 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2004,60(4):781-790

This study tested the hypothesis that the small-scale topography caused by ripples in sediment would affect benthic macrofaunal assemblages. Ripple marks were measured and macrofauna and sediments were sampled near to and far from subtidal rocky reefs at two sites. Ripples were significantly wider and taller close to than far from reefs. Sediment grain-size was significantly different between crests and troughs. Microtopography clearly influenced the structure of the benthic macrofaunal assemblages in three of the four locations (and 8 of the 12 sites) examined. Numbers of taxa of the benthic macrofaunal assemblages and almost all individual taxa analysed showed significant greater abundances in troughs than in crests. The results strongly support the model that benthic macrofauna are affected by locally varying hydrodynamic environments produced by ripple-beds. These, in turn, were influenced by their proximity to a reef. Models about passive transport of the macrofauna by water-movement and active movements of the fauna are discussed. Furthermore, it appeared that there was a relationship between spatial variability of the macrofaunal assemblages and size of ripples. It is suggested that microtopography should be considered in experimental designs when patterns of distribution of benthic organisms are being evaluated.  相似文献   

Morphology and Late Quaternary sedimentation in the Gulf of Oman Basin     

Uchupi  Elazar  Swift  S.A.  Ross  D.A. 《Marine Geophysical Researches》2002,23(2):185-208

The morphology of the Gulf of Oman Basin, a 3,400 m deep oceanic basin between Oman and southern Pakistan and southern Iran, ranges from a convergent margin (Makran margin) along the north side, a passive type (Oman margin) along the south side, translation types along the basin's west (Zendan Fault-Oman Line) and east (Murray Ridge) sides and a narrow continental rise and a wide abyssal plain in the centre of the basin. Sediment input into the basin during the Late Quaternary has been mainly from the north as a result of the uplift of the Coast Makran Mountains in the Late Miocene-Pliocene. Today most of this detritrus is deposited on the shelf and upper continental slope and perched basins behind the fold/fault ridges on the lower slope. The presence of fans and channels on the continental rise on the north side of the basin indicate, however, that continental derived debris was, and possibly is, being transported to the deep-sea by turbidity currents via gaps in the ridges on the lower slope. In addition to land derived terrigenous sediments, the basin deposits also contain biogenic (organic matter and calcium carbonate), eolian detritus and hydrates and authigenic carbonates from the tectonic dewatering of the Makran accretionary wedge. The eolian sediment is carried into the Gulf of Oman Basin from Arabia and the Mesopotamia Valley by the northwesterly Shamal winds. This type of detritus was particularly abundant during the glacial arid periods 21,000–20,000 and 11,000 (Younger Dryas) years ago when exposure of the Persian (Arabian) Gulf increased the area of dust entrainment and shifted the position of the source of the eolian sediments closer to the basin.  相似文献   

不同条件下形成的黄钾铁矾微形貌对比研究     

曹丽娜  陈炳辉  苟习颖  邹琦 《高校地质学报》1997,25(3):333

黄钾铁矾是酸性矿山废水（AMD） 中常见的次生矿物，能有效吸附AMD中Cu、Pb、Zn、Gd、As等重金属元素。不 同条件下形成的黄钾铁矾微形貌不同，其吸附能力也不同。文章通过化学法和微生物法合成了黄钾铁矾，并在粤北大宝山 矿酸性矿山废水中采集了含黄钾铁矾的泥样。利用扫描电镜-能谱分析（SEM） 和X光衍射（XRD），对三种不同条件下形 成的黄钾铁矾进行鉴定和微形貌特征观察，并分析黄钾铁矾的形成条件。结果表明，常温条件下，pH值2.0~2.5时能够化 学合成黄钾铁矾，其晶体粒径约2~10 μm，且晶形呈板状；而在65℃时，可在pH2.0~3.0之间化学合成黄钾铁矾，但晶形 差。微生物法合成黄钾铁矾pH范围是2.0~5.0，其晶形完好，呈菱面体且晶体大小比较均匀，而约为2~4 μm。酸性矿山废 水中的黄钾铁矾形成的pH值为2.5~3.5，晶形为菱面体形，单个晶体大小多为1~2 μm。根据其形成条件和微形貌特征，文 章推测酸性矿山废水中形成的黄钾铁矾可能是微生物成因。  相似文献