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在实验室使用红外热像仪和接触式测温仪同步观测记录了压性和张性雁列断层失稳错动前后的热场变化过程.从实验记录中发现，在断层失稳引起温度场和热红外辐射亮温温度场上升之前，在两断层段之间的岩桥区发生降温变化.断层带开始升温发生在失稳前2～3 s内，岩桥区的降温却发生在失稳前约20s，这两个超前时间长度相差近一个量级.此类热场先降后升变化过程在雁列构造变形中有一定的普遍性，可能作为雁列断层失稳错动的热场前兆模式.根据实验观测结果，详细描述了上述热场变化的时间过程及其空间分布特征，分析了产生此种失稳前兆模式的机制，显著异常出现的条件及有利观测部位，讨论了它在地震前兆探索等研究中的意义. 相似文献
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新疆博格达山北麓山前断裂西段的断裂组成及其在全新世时期的活动 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
博格达山北麓山前断裂西段全长１４０ ｋｍ ,由５ 条雁列状排列的逆断裂组成。全新世时期,古牧地断裂的最新活动发生在６．８２±０．５４～４．８７±０．３９ Ｋａ Ｂ．Ｐ．之间;四工河口断裂切割Ⅱ级河流阶地,最新活动时间与古牧地断裂大体相同;泉泉子断裂切割Ⅰ级河流阶地,最新活动发生在３．７５±０．４１ Ｋａ Ｂ．Ｐ．;热水河断裂及东风牧场断裂由于缺乏断代年龄实测数据,无法对其最新活动时间作出判断,但是推断它们也是全新世活断裂 相似文献
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In the north-western Bonaparte Basin (North West Shelf of Australia) Neogene to Recent flexure-induced extension superimposed obliquely over the Mesozoic rift structures. Thus, the area offers a good opportunity to investigate the dynamics and architecture of oblique extension fault systems. Analysis of basin-scale 2D and 3D seismic data along the Vulcan sub-basin shows that Neogene deformation produced a new set of extensional, en échelon faults, at places accompanied by the reactivation of the Mesozoic faults. The pre-existing Mesozoic structures strongly control the distribution of the Neogene-Recent deformation, both at regional and local scales. Main controls on the Neogene-Recent fault style, density and segmentation/linkage include: (1) the orientation of the underlying Mesozoic structures, (2) the obliqueness of the younger extension relative to the rift-inherited faults, and (3) the proximity to the Timor Trough. Three types of vertical relationships have been observed between Mesozoic and Neogene-Recent faults. Hard linkages seems to develop when both fault systems trend parallel, therefore increasing risks for trap integrity. It is suggested that the orientation of maximum horizontal stress (SHmax) relative to the Mesozoic faults, forming hydrocarbon traps, is critical for their potential seal/leak behaviour. Stratigraphic growth across the faults indicates that main fault activity occurred during the Plio-Pleistocene, which corresponds to the timing of tectonic loading on Timor Island and the development of lithospheric flexure. Synchronism of normal faulting with flexural bending suggests that extensional deformation on the descending Australian margin accompanied the formation of the Timor Trough. 相似文献
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Alfons M. van den Kerkhof Geoffrey H. Grantham 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1999,137(1-2):115-132
In the Port Edward area of southern Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa, charnockitic aureoles up to 10 m in width in the normally
garnetiferous Nicholson's Point Granite, are developed adjacent to intrusive contacts with the Port Edward Enderbite and anhydrous
pegmatitic veins. Mineralogical differences between the country rock and charnockitic aureole suggest that the dehydration
reaction Bt + Qtz → Opx + Kfs + H2O and the reaction of Grt + Qtz → Opx + Pl were responsible for the charnockitization. The compositions of fluid inclusions
show systematic variation with: (1) the Port Edward Enderbite being dominated by CO2 and N2 fluid inclusions; (2) the non-charnockitized granite by saline aqueous inclusions with 18–23 EqWt% NaCl; (3) the charnockitic
aureoles by low-salinity and pure water inclusions (<7 EqWt% NaCl); (4) the pegmatites by aqueous inclusions of various salinity
with minor CO2. As a result of the thermal event the homogenization temperatures of the inclusions in charnockite show a much larger range
(up to 390 °C) compared to the fluid inclusions in granite (mostly <250 °C). Contrary to fluid-controlled charnockitization
(brines, CO2) which may have taken place along shear zones away from the intrusive body, the present “proximal” charnockitized granite
formed directly at the contact with enderbite. The inclusions indicate contact metamorphism induced by the intrusion of “dry”
enderbitic magma into “wet” granite resulting in local dehydration. This was confirmed by cathodoluminescence microscopy showing
textures indicative for the local reduction of structural water in the charnockite quartz. Two-pyroxene thermometry on the
Port Edward Enderbite suggests intrusion at temperatures of ∼1000–1050 °C into country rock with temperature of <700 °C. The
temperature of aureole formation must have been between ∼700 °C (breakdown of pyrite to form pyrrhotite) and ∼1000 °C. Charnockitization
was probably controlled largely by heat related to anhydrous intrusions causing dehydration reactions and resulting in the
release and subsequent trapping of dehydration fluids. The salinity of the metamorphic fluid in the contact zones is supposed
to have been higher at an early stage of contact metamorphism, but it has lost its salt content by K-metasomatic reactions
and/or the preferential migration of the saline fluids out of the contact zones towards the enderbite. The low water activity
inhibited the localized melting of the granite. Mineral thermobarometry suggests that after charnockite aureole genesis, an
isobaric cooling path was followed during which reequilibration of most of the aqueous inclusions occurred.
Received: 8 November 1998 / Accepted: 21 June 1999 相似文献
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寻找地震前兆是国内外地震预报的难点.在实验室开展岩石变形实验,观测相关物理量的演化特征和规律,是前兆探索中重要的基础工作.本文对压性雁列断层进行变形实验,根据应力时间曲线将具有前兆意义的变形阶段分为强偏离线性阶段、亚失稳阶段和失稳阶段,利用红外热像仪记录各个阶段的热场变化,特别是亚失稳阶段的热场表现.研究结果显示:强偏离线性阶段,岩桥区挤压升温;亚失稳阶段,断层带增温,且高温点扩展连通,断层带内侧卸载降温,断层带上的协同化增温和断层带内侧(包含岩桥区)的协同化降温是失稳前的重要信号;失稳阶段,应力释放,标本整体降温,只有断层带因摩擦升温.总之,亚失稳阶段的热场具有明显特征,利于识别出亚失稳态;不同变形阶段、不同构造部位温度变化不同,在寻找与构造活动相关的热异常时,应考虑变形所处的阶段及异常所处的构造部位. 相似文献
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研究的第一部分讨论了如何有效应用集合预报误差的科学方案,确定了集合预报误差在GRAPES（Global Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System）全球4DVar（four dimensional variational data assimilation）中应用的分析框架。在此基础上研究了针对集合预报误差实际应用于GRAPES全球4DVar,解决接近或超过100个集合样本数时高效生成的计算效率问题,以及与GRAPES全球4DVar匹配的同化关键参数确定问题。选择基于4DVar的集合资料同化方法生成集合样本,通过将第1个样本极小化迭代过程中产生的预调节信息用于其他样本极小化做预调节,将计算效率提高了2倍。通过时间错位扰动方法增加集合样本数,实现集合样本增加到3倍。对集合方差进行膨胀,并选择水平局地化相关尺度为流函数背景误差水平相关的1.4倍。通过批量数值试验方法确定背景误差与集合预报误差的权重系数,对60个集合样本当集合预报误差权重为0.7时预报效果最好。对北半球夏、冬两季各52 d的批量试验表明,对于南、北半球En4DVar （ensemble 4DVar）较4DVar的改进在冬季主要集中在700—30 hPa,而在夏季主要集中在400—150 hPa。赤道地区受季节影响较小,En4DVar对位势高度、风场与温度的改进都较为明显,且经向风场的改进最为显著。文中研发的集合预报误差在GRAPES全球4DVar中应用的方法合理可行。 相似文献
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An Ensemble-Based Three-Dimensional Variational Assimilation Method for Land Data Assimilation 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1 
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下载免费PDF全文 Land surface models are often highly nonlinear with model physics that contain parameterized discontinuities. These model attributes severely limit the application of advanced variational data assimilation methods into land data assimilation. The ensemble Kalman filter （EnKF） has been widely employed for land data assimilation because of its simple conceptual formulation and relative ease of implementation. An updated ensemble-based three-dimensional variational assimilation （En3-DVar） method is proposed for land data assimilation This new method incorporates Monte Carlo sampling strategies into the 3-D variational data assimilation framework. The proper orthogonal decomposition （POD） technique is used to efficiently approximate a forecast ensemble produced by the Monte Carlo method in a 3-D space that uses a set of base vectors that span the ensemble. The data assimilation process is thus significantly simplified. Our assimilation experiments indicate that this new En3-DVar method considerably outperforms the EnKF method by increasing assimilation precision. Furthermore, computational costs for the new En3-DVar method are much lower than for the EnKF method. 相似文献
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Subsurface fault geometries have a systematic influence on folds formed above those faults. We use the extraordinarily well-exposed fold geometries of the Laramide-age Stillwell anticline in west Texas (USA) to develop a strain-predictive model of fault-propagation fold formation. The anticline is a 10-km long, NW-trending, NE-vergent, asymmetric fold system with an axis that displays a map-view left-stepping, en echelon pattern. We integrated field observations, geologic and structural data, cross-sections, and 2D kinematic modeling to establish an unusual 3D two-stage model of contractional fold formation, including: 1) reverse reactivation of a pre-existing, NW-striking, SW-dipping, left-stepping, en echelon normal fault system in Paleozoic basement rocks to generate monoclinal flexures in overlying layered Cretaceous carbonate rocks; and 2) the formation of a subsequent flat-ramp fault system that propagated horizontally along a mechanically-weak, clay-rich Cretaceous unit before ramping up at the hinge of the pre-existing monocline system. Strain is focused within the forelimb of the system, in front of the propagating fault tip, and is accommodated by a combination of interlayer slip, flat-ramp faulting, and fracturing proximal to planes of slip. This strain predictive model can be applied to similar, less-well-exposed contractional systems worldwide and provides a new, unusual example of Laramide-age contractional deformation. 相似文献
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Nibir Mandal 《Journal of Earth System Science》1995,104(3):453-464
The solution of stress distribution for a multicrack system and model experiments confirm that en echelon cracks mutually
interact with each other during their growth. Such a mechanical interaction deviates the crack-tip stress axes orientations
from that of the bulk stress field and leads to a continuous change in propagation direction of tension cracks, initially
at a right angle to the bulk tension direction. The sigmoidal shape of en echelon fractures evolve through rotation and crack
length increments with changing orientations. The theoretical analysis shows that the instantaneous fracture-tip stress orientation
is a function of initial crack spacing, orientation of crack array with respect to the principal axes of far-field stress. 相似文献