北京市地铁暗挖施工沉降控制探讨   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

焦猛 《北京测绘》2008,(3):67-71

仅以北京市地铁4#线张自忠车站主体暗挖施工的沉降监控项目为研究背景,对穿越城市主干道的车站结构暗挖施工进行连续性的沉降变形监测;从地下构筑物暗挖施工的工序变化与地表沉降的关系进行试验研究.在预测基础上对获取的数据进行多层次的统计与分析,以研究其变形规律与稳定性,实现了信息化施工.  相似文献   

基于Flash技术的综合电子地图集制作技术   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

陈春玲  刘小栋 《地理空间信息》2008,6(4):126-128

重点介绍了基于Flash平台制作多媒体综合电子地图集的开发集成方法以及具体功能的实现。  相似文献   

A greenhouse study on root dynamics of cactus pears, Opuntia ficus-indica and O. robusta     

H.A. Snyman   《Journal of Arid Environments》2006,65(4):529-542

Over the last 10 years a great interest in spineless cactus pear was shown in the drier areas in terms of both fresh fruit and fodder production. However, there is a lack of knowledge on quantitative data on root dynamics of these plants needed to fully understand its potential under water limiting conditions. This study aimed at quantifying the effects of water stress on the growth of tap roots, side roots and rain roots of the species Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller (cultivar Morado—green cladode) and O. robusta Wendl. (cultivar Monterey—blue cladode). One-year-old cladodes were planted in root boxes and pots (2002/2003 season) that were kept in the greenhouse at day/night temperatures of 25–30 °C/15–18 °C. Placing the cladodes flat on the soil, more areoles came in contact with the soil and therefore more roots developed in both species with an average of only 3.4% areole complexes not rooting. Each areole complex formed on average 3 roots. The highest daily tap root growth was 42 and 36 mm for O. ficus-indica and O. robusta, respectively. Tap root growth increased in the morning with water stress for both species but decreased in the afternoon. Side root growth increased with water stress, with that of O. robusta more per tap root than O. ficus-indica. O. robusta showed a finer root system than O. ficus-indica. The side roots grew as much as 8 and 5 mm per day for O. ficus-indica and O. robusta, respectively. Whitish rain roots developed on the established roots within the first hour after rewetting the soil and grew for only 3 days. Rain roots grew up to 7 and 5 mm within a day for O. ficus-indica and O. robusta, respectively. Considering all studied aspects of their roots systems, O. robusta appears to be better adapted to drought (less sensitive to water stress) than O. ficus-indica.  相似文献   

液态水含量和冰晶浓度对闪电频数影响的数值模拟研究   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4  

谢屹然  郄秀书  郭凤霞  Marcia Baker 《高原气象》2005,24(4):598-603

假定在软雹和冰晶碰撞的非感应起电机制为主要的起电机制成立的条件下，数值模拟研究了国际上公认的Fletcher和H—M冰晶产生机制以及云中的液态水含量对雷暴云放电过程（区分了云闪和地闪）的影响。结果表明，随着气压和温度的变化，在两种冰晶产生机制假定下，冰晶浓度分布有很大差异，这直接导致了雷暴云内电活动的差异。液态水含量的增加将使得首次放电时间延迟，同时将引起放电位置的下降和闪电频数的减少。  相似文献   

平凉地区对流风暴地闪活动与环境层结因子相关性分析   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6  

张翠华  张义军  郄秀书  王怀斌 《高原气象》2002,21(6):632-636

利用1997年和1998年6－8月间在甘肃平凉地区的3站闪电定位系统所取得的地闪资料与当天早晨探空资料进行了初步的统计分析。分析结果，对流风暴中地闪活动与环境层结因子之间有较好的相关性，不稳定度、余额不稳定度5℃处的环境温度、温度层结中（中层）平均相对湿度是影响对流风暴中地闪活动的重要因子，对流风暴的地闪活动可通过这些因子进行预报。  相似文献   

CHARACTERISTICS OF LARGE PULSES OF RADIATED FIELDS FROM CLOUD FLASH DISCHARGES   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

祝宝友  陶善昌 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》1997,(3)

Observations show that the sequences of microsecond-scale pulses are produced in cloud flashdischarge processes.In the present work we report on measurements of larger bipolar pulses(LBP)of the radiation fields which are classified into four types according to their waveshapes andpolarities of initial peak.Either positive or negative pulse contains two kinds of waveshapes:onewith a smooth rise and the other with 2 or 3 fast-rising pulse superimposed on the initial half cycle.The pulse waveshape characteristics in both time and frequency domains are as follows.Among2908 samples there are 45% of the positive polarity and 55% of the negative polarity.The positivepulses tend to have distinctly smaller values than negative pulses in rise time,half width and zero-crossing time of the initial peak.The peaks of positive pulse spectra tend to occur at a higherfrequency than those of negative pulses.Despite differences above,positive and negative pulseshave a similar total duration.  相似文献   

Moving boulders in flash floods and estimating flow conditions using boulders in ancient deposits          下载免费PDF全文

Jan Alexander  Mark J. Cooker 《Sedimentology》2016,63(6):1582-1595

Boulders moving in flash floods cause considerable damage and casualties. More and bigger boulders move in flash floods than predicted from published theory. The interpretation of flow conditions from the size of large particles within flash flood deposits has, until now, generally assumed that the velocity (or discharge) is unchanging in time (i.e. flow is steady), or changes instantaneously between periods of constant conditions. Standard practice is to apply theories developed for steady flow conditions to flash floods, which are however inherently very unsteady flows. This is likely to lead to overestimates of peak flow velocity (or discharge). Flash floods are characterised by extremely rapid variations in flow that generate significant transient forces in addition to the mean‐flow drag. These transient forces, generated by rapid velocity changes, are generally ignored in published theories, but they are briefly so large that they could initiate the motion of boulders. This paper develops a theory for the initiation of boulder movement due to the additional impulsive force generated by unsteady flow, and discusses the implications.  相似文献   

华南飑线系统对流与层云区闪电起始和通道位置处的云微物理特征     

赵川鸿  郑栋  张义军  刘显通  张阳  姚雯  张文娟 《热带气象学报》2021,37(3):358-369

利用广州S波段双偏振雷达观测数据和低频电场探测阵列三维闪电定位数据, 分析了2017年5月4日和5月8日华南地区两次飑线过程中闪电起始和通道位置处的雷达偏振参量和降水粒子特征。两次飑线中约80%的闪电起始和通道(统称闪电放电)定位于对流区。对流区闪电放电位置处的雷达反射率(Z_H)要比层云区平均大4~5 dBZ, 其它偏振参量的平均值较为接近。闪电放电位置处的Z_H中值随高度增加而减小, 但差分反射率(Z_DR)、差分传播相移率(K_DP)和共极化相关系数(CC)在-10 ℃层以上随高度变化不大; -10 ℃层以下, 对流区闪电放电位置对应Z_DR和K_DP随高度下降明显增大。闪电起始位置的平均Z_H比闪电通道位置处的平均Z_H大1~2 dBZ, 但前者在对流区内对应Z_H分布峰值区间为25~30 dBZ, 弱于后者的30~35 dBZ; 同时, 它们的对比关系在-20 ℃层上下不同。对流区内闪电放电位置处的主导性粒子是霰和冰晶, 它们的区域占比接近。在层云区内, 闪电放电位置主要是干雪和冰晶, 干雪区域的占比显著大于冰晶。   相似文献   

一次“晴天霹雳”致死事件分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

殷启元  范祥鹏  张义军  张阳  郑栋  陈绍东 《气象学报》2019,77(2):292-302

对2017年广州从化地区一次"晴朗"天气下的闪电致死事件进行调查分析发现,这次事件是闪电首先击中一棵大树,然后击中附近人员头顶致死。根据目击者描述的时间和位置,利用闪电低频电场变化探测阵列的定位数据和广东电力等系统的雷电定位数据,结合广州番禺雷达观测资料,确定此事件是由一次含有7次回击的地闪过程的首次回击造成,其电流峰值强度为-30.9 kA。闪电起始于13.0 km高度的云内,经约600 ms云内发展过程后闪电通道从云体延伸出来,云砧区边缘（0 dBz）到回击点水平距离约300 m,降水区边缘（18 dBz）到回击点水平距离约1.8 km。使用雷击现场等效电路模型,计算旁络闪击空气击穿场强可击穿空气与人头部连接为通路,根据电路分流原理,如果雷电流击中13 m高的大树后流经到"跳点"（树干上方1/4）处后,则有13.2 kA雷电流直接闪击到受害者身上,同时还承受了78.3 kV跨步电压伤害,而距离雷击点10 m远的目击者仅承受1.3 kV跨步电压。   相似文献   

2010—2016年江西省暖季短时强降水特征分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

付超  谌芸  朱克云  单九生  曾智琳 《气象》2019,45(9):1238-1247

利用江西省2010—2016年5—9月1597个观测站逐小时降水资料对江西省短时强降水进行统计分析。采用REOF将降水场划分为5个区域：赣北南部（Ⅰ区）,抚州市及赣州中部（Ⅱ区）,赣北北部（Ⅲ区）,赣南南部、北部（Ⅳ区）以及赣中西部（Ⅴ区）。短时强降水高频区主要分布在山地及河谷附近,分别为湘赣交界罗霄山脉东侧、武夷山西侧、信江河谷、乐安河谷和昌江河谷。河谷附近短时强降水频次以昌江河谷最高（16.9次/a）,山地附近最高在罗霄山脉东侧（12.6次/a）,极端短时强降水分别位于上饶市东北部山区（3.7次/a）及九岭山南侧的锦江河谷（3.3次/a）。短时强降水主要发生在5月第3候,6、7月第3~4候以及8月第2~3候。Ⅳ、Ⅴ区具有单峰型的日变化特征;Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ区具有双峰型的日变化特征。主峰基本集中在下午17时;次峰在上午08—10时。短时强降水对暴雨贡献率基本在40%以上,Ⅰ、Ⅱ区的暴雨天气过程将近一半是由短时强降水贡献的。信江河谷是暴雨雨量中心,但并不是短时强降水雨量中心;昌江河谷与武夷山西麓既是暴雨中心也是短时强降水中心。  相似文献