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Standard methods to identify microbial contaminants in the environment are slow, laborious, and can require specialized expertise. This study investigated electrochemical detection of microbial contaminants using commercially available, hand-held instruments. Electrochemical assays were developed for a red tide dinoflagellate (Karenia brevis), fecal-indicating bacteria (Enterococcus spp.), markers indicative of human sources of fecal pollution (human cluster Bacteroides and the esp gene of Enterococcus faecium), bacterial pathogens (Escherichia coli 0157:H7, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter jejuni, Staphylococcus aureus), and a viral pathogen (adenovirus). For K. brevis, two assay formats (Rapid PCR-Detect and Hybrid PCR-Detect) were tested and both provided detection limits of 10 genome equivalents for DNA isolated from K. brevis culture and amplified by PCR. Sensitivity with coastal water samples was sufficient to detect K. brevis that was "present" (相似文献
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研究了黄鳍鲷细菌性溃疡病的病原。从患病濒死的黄鳍鲷体内分离到两株细菌,经人工感染试验确定为致病菌,通过测定其形态及生理生化特性得出：致病菌为革兰氏阴性杆菌,极生单鞭毛,发酵葡萄糖产酸不产气,氧化酶阳性、过氧化氢酶阴性,发酵乳糖,甘露醇发酵阳性,明胶酶阳性,在70g／LNaCl培养基中生长良好,对O／129不敏感;由于两株菌对山梨醇、水扬苷、七叶苷及麦芽糖等氧化发酵的结果不一致,分别被鉴定为嗜水气单胞菌不产气亚种（Aeromonashydropilaanaerogenes）和温和气单胞菌（A．sobria）变异亚种。药敏试验显示,两个菌株对氯霉素高度敏感而对氟哌酸中度敏感。两株菌对黄鳍鲷的半致死剂量（按每g鱼计算）分别为2．3×106个菌体和2．6×105个菌体。 相似文献
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Biosolids from the Cañeveralejo WWTP were dehydrated by filter press and then applied two processes to reduce pathogens (PRP): thermally dried biosolid (TDB) and alkalinized biosolid (AB). Untreated, dehydrated biosolid (DB) was used as a control. We evaluated the impact of thermal drying and alkaline treatments on nitrogen mineralization in these substrates. Moreover, agronomic rates for biosolid applications to sugarcane were estimated for each of the treatments leading to application rates of 35.8, 36.4, and 54.5 t/ha for DB, TDB, and AB, respectively, to meet the nitrogen requirement (200 kg N/ha) for sugarcane cultivation (Saccharum officinarum). The results showed that the biosolid rates used increased the mineral nitrogen content of soils by an average of 93.8 and 439.8 mg/kg for all biosolids and the PRP (thermal drying and alkaline treatment) in biosolids had significant effects on mineralization rate, showing better results for the TDBs. 相似文献
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The performance of one pilot‐scale and two full‐scale membrane bioreactors (MBR) were evaluated based on the control of main operational parameters, composition of microbial community and pathogens concentration in the treated outlet. Plants were designed for 0.75 m3/day (A), 60 m3/day (B) and 30 m3/day (C). Inlet and outlet samples were monitored for chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand, total suspended solids, ammonia nitrogen concentration (NH4–N), nitrate nitrogen concentration, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphorus and phosphate phosphorus concentration concentrations. Plants showed good COD removal: 91.9% for Plant A, 97.8% for Plant B and 94.2% for Plant C. The targeted nitrogenous ion was NH4–N due to the requirements for outlet limits. NH4–N removal was moderate for Plant A (73.3%) and Plant B (86.1%) and excellent for Plant C (>99%). Excellent phosphorus removal was achieved by Plant A (average outlet concentration was 0.7 mg/L, efficiency 84.7%). Unsatisfactory results for phosphorus removal were achieved at the full‐scale plants due to operational problems. The dependency between the extracellular polymeric substances increase and decreasing mixed liquor volatile suspended solids for both lab and full‐scale plants was confirmed. Soluble microbial product concentrations were reduced by 65–68% after coagulant dosage for Plant A. Outlets from the MBR plants were monitored for the presence of pathogens (thermotolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli, intestinal Enterococci and culturable microorganisms at 22 and 37°C). The treated effluent from Plant A, B and C met Czech national legislation regarding reuse criteria (standards) for environment, irrigation and swimming purposes. Plants B and C were not able to achieve requirements for potable water and personal hygiene quality standards. 相似文献
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Quantitative microbial risk assessment: uncertainty and measures of central tendency for skewed distributions 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
K. K. Benke A. J. Hamilton 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2008,22(4):533-539
In the past, arithmetic and geometric means have both been used to characterise pathogen densities in samples used for microbial
risk assessment models. The calculation of total (annual) risk is based on cumulative independent (daily) exposures and the
use of an exponential dose–response model, such as that used for exposure to Giardia or Cryptosporidium. Mathematical analysis suggests that the arithmetic mean is the appropriate measure of central tendency for microbial concentration
with respect to repeated samples of daily exposure in risk assessment. This is despite frequent characterisation of microbial
density by the geometric mean, since the microbial distributions may be Log normal or skewed in nature. Mathematical derivation
supporting the use of the arithmetic mean has been based on deterministic analysis, prior assumptions and definitions, the
use of point-estimates of probability, and has not included from the outset the influence of an actual distribution for microbial
densities. We address these issues by experiments using two real-world pathogen datasets, together with Monte Carlo simulation,
and it is revealed that the arithmetic mean also holds in the case of a daily dose with a finite distribution in microbial
density, even when the distribution is very highly-skewed, as often occurs in environmental samples. Further, for simplicity,
in many risk assessment models, the daily infection risk is assumed to be the same for each day of the year and is represented
by a single value,
which is then used in the calculation of p
Σ, which is a numerical estimate of annual risk, P
Σ, and we highlight the fact that is simply a function of the geometric mean of the daily complementary risk probabilities (although it is sometimes approximated
by the arithmetic mean of daily risk in the low dose case). Finally, the risk estimate is an imprecise probability with no
indication of error and we investigate and clarify the distinction between risk and uncertainty assessment with respect to
the predictive model used for total risk assessment. 相似文献
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The presence of pathogenic bacteria in water, along with the factors that act upon them, constitutes a field that has been little investigated in natural environments. It is clear, however, that these pathogens do have a significant effect on the quality of drinking water. Selected bacteria such as Salmonella, Campylobacter, Yersinia, and Listeria were searched for in groundwaters of mainly mountainous regions. Waters of one or two brooks in the catchment area of each spring were also analysed. Our results show that Campylo bacter and Listeria are frequent in all of these waters, even when land use in the catchment area is extensive (mountain pastures). Salmonella, on the other hand, was never found. Factors influencing the presence of Campylobacter, Yersinia, and Listeria were tested using Spearman rank correlations. The results suggest that the presence in water of some species of these bacteria (C. jejuni, L. monocytogenes 4b, and L. ivanovii) is related to a contaminant input, i.e. to the presence of cattle in the catchment area. For other species (C. coli, L. monocytogenes 1/2a, and Yersinia enterocolitica), however, one is forced to admit that no such connection between the presence of these species and that of an identified, potential contaminant input exists. We are therefore obliged to conclude either that these bacteria multiply in a natural way in the environment, or that they are able to survive in it for a long time. Finally, the present study shows that pathogenic bacteria are not always accompanied by indicators of faecal contamination (Escherichia coli, entero cocci); for this reason, they could potentially pose a risk to public health. 相似文献
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Panagiotis Karanis Chrysanthi Papadopoulou Akio Kimura Evagelos Economou Christina Kourenti Heracles Sakkas 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2002,30(1):49-58
An investigation about distribution of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in natural, drinking, and recreational water in Northwestern Greece was performed. Five rivers (Aoos, Arachthos, Kalamas, Louros, and Voidomatis) and one lake (Pamvotis Ioannina Lake) in Northwestern Greece were investigated during a 10‐month period. Drinking and recreational water (swimming pools) from the area were also examined. Samples were collected from prefixed sampling stations and processed following a modification of standard methods for the microbiological examination of water, as suggested by the APHA/AWWA/WEF. Both Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts were isolated from Pamvotis Ioannina Lake (15 positive/27 examined samples). Significantly lower numbers of Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in Arachthos River (1/5), Voidomatis River (1/5), drinking water (1/7), and pool water samples (1/9). No Giardia cysts were detected, neither in river water, nor in drinking, and pool water samples. The results clearly show that, with the exception of Pamvotis Ioannina Lake, where contamination of high level was observed, natural water sources of the investigated area have low pollution, resulting in low contamination with parasites. 相似文献
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