Effects of the geometry of two‐dimensional fractures on their hydraulic aperture and on the validity of the local cubic law          下载免费PDF全文

Ahmad Hajjar  Luc Scholtès  Constantin Oltéan  Michel Antoine Buès 《水文研究》2018,32(16):2510-2525

Flow through rough fractures is investigated numerically in order to assess the validity of the local cubic law for different fracture geometries. Two‐dimensional channels with sinusoidal walls having different geometrical properties defined by the aperture, the amplitude, and the wavelength of the walls' corrugations, the corrugations asymmetry, and the phase shift between the two walls are considered to represent different fracture geometries. First, it is analytically shown that the hydraulic aperture clearly deviates from the mean aperture when the walls' roughness, the phase shift, and/or the asymmetry between the fracture walls are relatively high. The continuity and the Navier–Stokes equations are then solved by means of the finite element method and the numerical solutions compared to the theoretical predictions of the local cubic law. Reynolds numbers ranging from 0.066 to 66.66 are investigated so as to focus more particularly on the effect of flow inertial effects on the validity of the local cubic law. For low Reynolds number, typically less than 15, the local cubic law properly describes the fracture flow, especially when the fracture walls have small corrugation amplitudes. For Reynolds numbers higher than 15, the local cubic law is valid under the conditions that the fracture presents a low aspect ratio, small corrugation amplitudes, and a moderate phase lag between its walls.  相似文献   

Application of micropolar plasticity to post failure analysis in geomechanics     

Majid T. Manzari 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2004,28(10):1011-1032

A micropolar elastoplastic model for soils is formulated and a series of finite element analyses are employed to demonstrate the use of a micropolar continuum in overcoming the numerical difficulties encountered in application of finite element method in standard Cauchy–Boltzmann continuum. Three examples of failure analysis involving a deep excavation, shallow foundation, and a retaining wall are presented. In all these cases, it is observed that the length scale introduced in the polar continuum regularizes the incremental boundary value problem and allows the numerical simulation to be continued until a clear collapse mechanism is achieved. The issue of grain size effect is also discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

青藏高原及邻近区域的S波三维速度结构   总被引：25，自引：5，他引：20  

周兵  秦建业 《地球物理学报》1991,34(4):426-441,T001

本文收集了WWSSN台网和我国台网中13个地震台站的长周期地震记录,用140条10-90s瑞利波频散曲线和作者提出的Tarantola-Backus面波频散层析成象方法,作了青藏高原及邻区的速度反演,得出该地区岩石层速度结构的三维图象.结果表明,1.在10-110km深度范围内,速度结构出现与大地构造特征相关的分区性,显示出四个构造单元:青藏块体、柴达木-巴颜喀拉-三江块体、塔里木块体和印度块体.2.高原内部,深度为10-70km内速度较低,莫霍界面呈不对称盆形分布,藏北那曲附近地壳厚度超过70km,高原边缘壳厚为45-50km,90-110km为高速异常,表明高原内部存在上地幔盖层.3.高原北部的班公湖断裂和东部的三江断裂系是该区重要的分界线,是岩石层结构存在明显差异的重要接触部位,可能是冈瓦纳古陆与欧亚古陆的缝合带.4.柴达木-巴颜喀拉-三江块体内部速度分布不均匀,地壳厚度由北向南从45km加深到60km;在深度90-110km存在一低速层.5.塔里木地块内速度随深度均匀增加,从地壳到上地幔110km内没有发现低速层.地壳厚度约50km.  相似文献   

Experimental decipherment of the soft-sediment deformation observed in the upper part of the Talchir Formation (Lower Permian), Jharia Basin, India     

Prabir Dasgupta   《Sedimentary Geology》2008,205(3-4):100-110

Four types of soft-sediment folds of distinct geometry can be recognized in the upper part of the Talchir Formation (Lower Permian) of Jharia Basin, India. These folds, on systematic examination, indicate some events of progressive deformation. Experimental study reveals that if a layered stack of clay and overlying sand is allowed to flow slowly down a slope, differential velocity due to viscosity contrast leads to the deformation of the rheologic interface. The sharp planar contact gradually becomes wavy leading to the development of round-hinged folds involving sediments adjacent to it. With the advancement of the flow these folds gradually become overturned with the rotation of the axial plane in the direction of flow. Computer simulation suggests that progressive deformation of these folds by simple shearing may lead to the formation of tight isoclinal folds, which on dislocation along intrastratal normal faults may lead to the development of rootless isoclinal folds. The sheath folds observed in the studied section also indicate accentuation of the curved hinge due to simple shearing. The spatial distribution of these fold types in conjunction with the inferred direction of progressive deformation indicate basinward translation of the slump slice. If the same stack of sediments rapidly flows down the slope, the waveform generated at the interface quickly breaks in the form of roll-up recumbent fold due to Kelvin–Helmholtz instability.  相似文献   

A simple mathematical model for soil nail and soil interaction analysis   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Wan-Huan Zhou  Jian-Hua Yin   《Computers and Geotechnics》2008,35(3):479-488

Soil nails have been widely used to stabilize slopes and earth retaining structures in many countries and regions, especially, in Hong Kong. The analysis of the interaction between a soil nail and the surrounding soil is of great interests to both design engineers and researchers. In this paper, authors present a simple mathematical model for the interaction analysis of a soil nail and the surrounding soil considering a few key factors which are soil dilation, bending of the soil nail, vertical pressure, and non-linear subgrade reaction stiffness. The lateral subgrade reaction between the soil and the soil nail is assumed to obey a hyperbolic relation. Reported test data in the literature are used to verify the present model. The contributions of the soil-nail bending on the pull-out resistance are evaluated in two case studies.  相似文献   

Shear strength characterization of municipal solid waste at the Suzhou landfill, China   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

Tony L.T. Zhan  Y.M. Chen  W.A. Ling 《Engineering Geology》2008,97(3-4):97-111

The current practice of slope stability analysis for a municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill usually overlooks the dependence of waste properties on the fill age or embedment depth. Changes in shear strength of MSW as a function of fill age were investigated by performing field and laboratory studies on the Suzhou landfill in China. The field study included sampling from five boreholes advanced to the bottom of the landfill, cone penetration tests and monitoring of pore fluid pressures. Twenty-six borehole samples representative of different fill ages (0 to 13 years) were used to perform drained triaxial compression tests. The field and laboratory study showed that the waste body in the landfill can be sub-divided into several strata corresponding to different ranges of fill age. Each of the waste strata has individual composition and shear strength characteristics. The triaxial test results showed that the MSW samples exhibited a strain-hardening and contractive behavior. As the fill age of the waste increased from 1.7 years to 11 years, the cohesion mobilized at a strain level of 10% was found to decrease from 23.3 kPa to 0 kPa, and the mobilized friction angle at the same strain level increasing from 9.9° to 26°. For a confinement stress level greater than 50 kPa, the shear strength of the recently-placed MSW seemed to be lower than that of the older MSW. This behavior was consistent with the cone penetration test results. The field measurement of pore pressures revealed a perched leachate mound above an intermediate cover of soils and a substantial leachate mound near the bottom of the landfill. The measurements of shear strength properties and pore pressures were utilized to assess the slope stability of the Suzhou landfill.  相似文献   

Degradation in Cemented Marine Clay Subjected to Cyclic Compressive Loading   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

G. Gerald Moses  S. Narasimha Rao 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2003,21(1):37-62

The influence of cyclic loading on the strength and deformation behavior of cemented marine clay has been studied. This marine clay is of recent Pleistocene origin and deposited in a shallow water marine environment. Open pits were dug in sheeted enclosures and from these pits, undisturbed samples were taken for strength testing. A series of standard triaxial shear tests and stress controlled one-way cyclic load tests were conducted at consolidation stress ranges below and above the preconsolidation pressure. For the stress levels below the preconsolidation pressure, the cyclic loading has brought about the collapse of the cementation bond through an increase in strains, and at higher pressure ranges, the soil behaves like typical soft clay. This experiment studied the rate of development of strain and pore water pressure and shows that rate is a function of number of cycles, applied stress, and stress history. In addition, soil degradation during cyclic loading is studied in terms of Degradation Index. Attempt has been made to predict stain, pore water pressure, and degradation index through an empirical model.  相似文献   

A model of the formation and development of ocean shear wave     

Qiao Fangli  Zhang Qinghua 《海洋学报(英文版)》1994,13(3):345-359

Ａｍｏｄｅｌｏｆｔｈｅｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆｏｃｅａｎｓｈｅａｒｗａｖｅ￥ＱｉａｏＦａｎｇｌｉａｎｄＺｈａｎｇＱｉｎｇｈｕａ（ＦｉｒｓｔＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＯｃｅａｎｏｇｒａｐｈｙ，ｓｔａｔｅｏｃｅａｎｉｃＡｄｍｉｎｉｓ...  相似文献   

Instability analysis of three-dimensional ocean shear waves   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Qiao Fangli 《海洋学报(英文版)》1996,15(1):1-8

Ｉｎｓｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｔｈｒｅｅ－ｄｉｍｅｎｓｉｏｎａｌｏｃｅａｎｓｈｅａｒｗａｖｅｓ￥ＱｉａｏＦａｎｇｌｉ（ＲｅｃｅｉｖｅｄＮｏｖｅｍｂｅｒ６，１９９５，ａｃｃｅｐｔｅｄＮｏｖｅｍｂｅｒ３０．１９９５）Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：Ｂａｓｅ...  相似文献   

Evaluation of the Risk of Marine Slope Instability: A Pseudo-3D Approach for Application to Large Areas     

Nabil Sultan  Pierre Cochonat  Jean Fran  ois Bourillet  Florence Cayocca 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2001,19(2):107-133

This article presents a methodology developed to evaluate the instability of submarine slopes that extend over a large area. Special attention was paid to (1) the complex geometry (bathymetry) and the expanse of the slope, (2) the heterogeneity of the sediment, and (3) the distribution of the pore pressure. The safety factor was considered as a spatially varying quantity. The General Formulation (GLE, Fredlund and Krahn 1977), which fully satisfies equilibrium conditions, was used for evaluating the stability of the marine slope. The submarine slope failure, which occurred on 16 October 1979 during the construction of the new Nice airport, was studied in order to test the developed model. Geotechnical parameters were taken from experimental tests carried out by IFREMER on 19 cores extracted at different depths (from 27 m to 1300 m) (Cochonat, Bourillet, and Savoye, 1993; Mulder et al., 1994). Many scenarios were proposed in order to explain the cause of the Nice slope failure (Habib, 1994). In this article, two of those scenarios were tested. Simulation results are presented and discussed.  相似文献