GEBCO Centennial Special Issue – Charting the Secret World of the Ocean Floor: The GEBCO Project 1903–2003     

John K. Hall 《Marine Geophysical Researches》2006,27(1):1-5

This special issue of Marine Geophysical Researches presents five papers dealing with GEBCO, the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans, which celebrated its Centennial in April 2003, hosted by the International Hydrographic Bureau and the Principality of Monaco. Over the past 103 years GEBCO has been the sole body dedicated to compiling all available data to produce standardized maps of the oceans and seas covering 71% of planet Earth. Over time GEBCO has undergone a complete transformation as sparse 500 m contours on paper charts were replaced by digital grids with ever-increasing resolution. The 2003 Centennial saw the release on two CDROMS with the first global 1′ grid, produced by methods unheard of in 1984, when GEBCO’s last 6th Edition paper chart set was published. In GEBCO’s second century, the thrust is towards global grids that will capture the resolutions available with evolving deep-water swath mapping technologies, as well as vast improvement in the details of the shallow continental shelves that have traditionally been the preserve of the hydrographic community. As little more than 10% of the oceans have been mapped to the desired level of detail, there is much to be done. However refinements in satellite altimetry appear to offer an interim stop-gap as more multi-beam sonars ply the oceans and as the littoral countries of the world map their adjacent marine areas for submission under Article 76 of UNCLOS (United Nations, 1983, 1999). In addition GEBCO is becoming increasingly proactive, with outreach to the public via the internet and a new GEBCO Map of the World, active data-scrounging, and encouraging development of the first drifting buoys for acquiring data in the inaccessible areas of the Antarctic, SW Pacific, and Arctic Oceans.  相似文献   

Structured flow-based gridding and upscaling for modeling subsurface flow   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

C. He  L.J. Durlofsky 《Advances in water resources》2006,29(12):1876-1892

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基于位温的小麦发育期的小网格推算方法          下载免费PDF全文

张雪芬王春乙陈东邹春辉陈怀亮付祥建 《应用气象学报》2007,18(6):865-869

在小麦晚霜冻害定量评估和遥感定量监测中, 需要不同空间尺度的冬小麦发育期网格资料。 该文以河南省为研究区域, 根据大气的物理特性, 提出一种机理性强、考虑地形、基于位温的气象资料的小网格推算方法, 并在小麦发育期小网格推算中具体应用。 首先根据河南省不同气候类型, 对其进行生态分区; 利用二十多年小麦发育期观测资料, 分别建立不同分区内小麦返青-拔节期积温数理方程; 在内插资料时为了考虑海拔高度的影响, 在ARCGIS软件支持下, 利用位温方程和状态方程, 通过推算出小网格上的位温、 计算不同海拔高度的气压等气象要素, 进而推算小网格上的气温资料, 最后依据小麦发育期积温模型, 推算与遥感监测资料相匹配 (分辨率为1.1 km×1.1 km) 的小麦拔节期网格资料。 结果表明: 利用此种方法推算的小麦发育期平均绝对误差在 2 d 左右, 在小麦晚霜冻害监测允许的误差范围内; 通过推算位温、气压等方法间接推算气温再推算小麦的发育期, 较不考虑海拔高度直接内插气温及其他进行高度订正的方法误差有所减小。  相似文献   

地球物理数据网格化方法的选取   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5  

刘兆平  杨进  武炜 《物探与化探》2010,34(1):93-97

绘制地球物理数据等值线图时,需要根据客观环境特征和数据本身的特点,选择合适的网格化方法。通过实例,分别介绍了加权反距离插值法、克里格法、最小曲率法、最近邻点法、多项式回归法、径向基函数法、带线性插值的三角剖分法等常用网格化方法的选取方法、适用范围及参数设置等使用技巧。  相似文献   

基于改进的双线性旅行时插值的三维射线追踪     

梅胜全  邓飞  钟本善  周熙襄 《物探化探计算技术》2010,32(2):152-157

旅行时射线追踪的精度和效率一直是影响地震层析成像质量和效果的关键因素。这里在三维近地表速度结构层析成像应用中,结合旅行时插值算法与最短路径算法,提出了一种三维初至波射线追踪算法。通过对双线性旅行时插值算法进行改进,并运用判定条件与简化插值计算公式进行快速计算,减少了插值次数,降低了运算量,同时也保证了较高的射线精度,有效地解决了三维射线追踪算法的计算低效率,射线精度不高的问题。  相似文献   

东北地区历史时期森林空间格局网格化重建方法研究(英文)     

李士成  何凡能  张学珍 《地理学报(英文版)》2014,(6)

The spatially explicit reconstruction of historical land-cover datasets plays an important role in studying the climatic and ecological effects of land-use and land-cover change(LUCC). Using potential natural vegetation(PNV) and satellite-based land use data, we determined the possible maximum distribution extent of forest cover in the absence of human disturbance. Subsequently, topography and climate factors were selected to assess the suitability of land for cultivation. Finally, a historical forest area allocation model was devised on the basis of the suitability of land for cultivation. As a case study, we used the historical forest area allocation model to reconstruct forest cover for 1780 and 1940 in Northeast China with a 10-km resolution. To validate the model, we compared satellite-based forest cover data with our reconstruction for 2000. A one-sample t-test of absolute bias showed that the two-tailed significance was 0.12, larger than the significant level 0.05, suggesting that the model has strong ability to capture the spatial distribution of forests. In addition, we calculated the relative difference of our reconstruction at the county scale for 1780 in Northeast China. The number of counties whose relative difference ranged from-30% to 30% is 99, accounting for 74.44% of all counties. These findings demonstrated that the provincial forest area could be transformed into forest cover maps well using the model.  相似文献   

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利用线性旅行时插值射线追踪 计算近地表模型初至波走时   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

涂齐催  刘怀山 《物探与化探》2006,30(2):148-153

利用线性旅行时插值射线追踪对近地表模型进行正演计算,可以快捷、准确地获得初至波走时和射线路径。由于该算法计算的初至波不局限于折射波,因此很好地解决了浅层折射勘探中的低速"隐蔽层"问题;而且,由于该算法是基于网格划分和线性插值,因此它不仅可以追踪任意复杂介质的初至波,而且可以使得追踪的初至波射线路径逼于真实,避免了同类算法直接连接网络节点形成射线路径的缺陷(路径过于弯折,计算走时偏大)。将LTI算法同其他几种算法的追踪结果进行的对比和分析表明,LTI算法在计算初至波走时和射线路径方面较其他算法更为精准、稳定,是一种有效的射线追踪方法。  相似文献   

北宋中期耕地面积及其空间分布格局重建(英文)   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

何凡能  李士成  张学珍 《地理学报(英文版)》2012,22(2):359-370

To understand historical human-induced land cover change and its climatic effects, it is necessary to create historical land use datasets with explicit spatial information. Using the taxes-cropland area and number of families compiled from historical documents, we esti-mated the real cropland area and populations within each Lu (a province-level political region in the Northern Song Dynasty) in the mid-Northern Song Dynasty (AD1004-1085). The es-timations were accomplished through analyzing the contemporary policies of tax, population and agricultural development. Then, we converted the political region-based cropland area to geographically explicit grid cell-based fractional cropland at the cell size of 60 km by 60 km. The conversion was based on calculating cultivation suitability of each grid cell using the topographic slope, altitude and population density as the independent variables. As a result, the total area of cropland within the Northern Song territory in the 1070s was estimated to be about 720 million mu (Chinese area unit, 1 mu = 666.7 m2), of which 40.1% and 59.9% oc-curred in the north and south respectively. The population was estimated to be about 87.2 million, of which 38.7% and 61.3% were in the north and south respectively, and per capita cropland area was about 8.2 mu. The national mean reclamation ratio (i.e. ratio of cropland area to total land area; RRA hereafter for short) was bout 16.6%. The plain areas, such as the North China Plain, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Guanzhong Plain, plains surrounding the Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake and Sichuan Basin, had a higher RRA, being mostly over 40%; while the hilly and mountainous areas, such as south of Nanling Mountains, the southwest regions (excluding the Chengdu Plain), Loess Plateau and south-east coastal regions, had a lower RRA, being less than 20%. Moreover, RRA varied with topographic slope and altitude. In the areas of low altitude (≤250 m), middle altitude (250-100 m) and high altitude (1000-3500 m), there were 443 million, 215 million and 64 million mu of cropland respectively and their regional mean RRAs were 27.5%, 12.6% and 7.2% respectively. In the areas of flat slope, gentle slope, medium slope and steep slope, there were 116 million, 456 million, 144 million and 2 million mu of cropland respectively and their regional mean RRAs were 34.6%, 20.7%, 8.5% and 2.3% respectively.  相似文献   

GIS中矢量多边形网格化问题研究   总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12  

朱良峰  吴信才  刘修国 《地理与地理信息科学》2004,20(1):12-15

在实际的GIS空间分析过程中,为了更加简便快捷的实现某些特定的空间分析功能,常常需要将不规则的矢量多边形区域转化为规则的格网区域。该文介绍了矢量多边形网格化的四类算法：中心点归属法、面积占优法、重要性法和面积内插法。其中面积内插法又可分为面积权重内插法、基于表面模型的面积内插法和基于统计模型的面积内插法。同时介绍了各类算法的实现思想,并比较了其优劣及应用范围,认为基于表面模型的面积内插法是一种比较理想且极具发展前景的矢量多边形网格化方法。  相似文献