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1.
采用水体中设置弹性填料对比实验的方法,在12口聚乙烯水槽实施淡水精养殖日本鳗鲡,进行对鳗鲡精养殖水体生物膜原位修复节水增效效果、机理及应用前景的研究。结果表明,在207天的养殖期间,生物膜原位修复技术应用处理组的平均日换水率仅1.2%,比对照组显著节水减排74%(P0.01);处理组的主要水质因子pH、DO、TAN、NO2-N、NO3-N、COD等浓度均符合相关的渔业水质标准;处理组的起捕尾重、产量、生长速度分别比对照组高106%(P0.2)、108%(P0.2)和220%(P0.15),饲料系数低于对照组38.4%(P0.1)。此外,处理组弹性填料设置的适宜密度为填料占水体体积的10%。因此,精养殖水体生物膜原位修复技术,具有节水、减排与节能效果显著,投资与运行成本低,环保、低碳、安全,操作简便、易推广等优点。该革新性的生态工程低碳养殖技术对推动我国水产养殖发展方式从高耗费资源型向资源节约与环境友好型转变将产生重大影响。 相似文献
2.
Richardson BJ Lam PK Zheng GJ McClellan KE De Luca-Abbott SB 《Marine pollution bulletin》2002,44(12):1372-1379
The outer layers of layflat, low density polyethylene plastic tubing (the principal component of semi-permeable membrane devices, SPMDs) were biofouled at a clean site in Hong Kong coastal waters for periods of 1–4 weeks. Following pre-fouling, triolein was added to the SPMDs and, along with control (unfouled) devices, they were exposed to a range of organochlorine pesticides (-HCH, aldrin, p,p′-DDT) and PAHs (anthracene, fluoranthene and benzo(a)pyrene) under laboratory conditions. Results showed that the uptake of contaminants by SPMDs was severely reduced by as much as 50% under fouling conditions in comparison to unfouled controls. The ultimate utility of SPMDs as passive monitors is thus reduced, although alternative measures, such as the use of permeability reference compounds may compensate, and allow for realistic evaluations of dissolved environmental concentrations in aquatic environments. However, due to the complexities involved in such procedures––especially as they need to be conducted on a case-by-case basis––the utility of SPMDs appears to be limited for estimates of bioavailability unless necessary calibrations are undertaken within each environment that the sampler is used. 相似文献
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4.
《Limnologica》2017
Selenium (Se) may cause reproductive toxicity, yet the characteristics of Se bioaccumulation in aquatic food webs are understudied. Stream biofilms were grown in two reaches of Mud River, West Virginia (WV), including one downstream of a coal mine complex and an adjacent, unmined watershed. Mined stream biofilms contained significantly higher Se concentrations compared to unmined biofilms. An inverse relationship between water Se concentrations and biofilm accumulation factors was observed; mined-stream biofilms had an average bioconcentration factor (BCF) of 688 ± 350 fold while unmined-stream biofilms had an average BCF of 14505 ± 2700 fold. 相似文献
5.
Previous work showed the cryptoendolithic microbial communities of the Colorado Plateau act to harden the surfaces of Jurassic Navajo Sandstone outcrops via the production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). It is our hypothesis that EPS produced in these systems serve to trap ions and maintain hydration. EPS isolated from in vitro and in vivo biofilms bind 200–600 nmol of ferrous iron per 10 g of biofilm sample. Initial characterizations of the EPS used preparations from two distinct microbial cultures grown in semi-submerged conditions with EPS harvested from approximately one-half of each culture immediately, the remaining biofilm was allowed to dry before the EPS was harvested. Analysis of ferrous iron binding of the four preparations showed that the culture dominated with non-filamentous cells only produced a chelating moiety after desiccation. Conversely, the second culture dominated by filamentous cells produced a ferrous iron binding activity when semi-submerged. Biochemical characterization showed that the extracted EPS was acidic, containing 37% uronic acid. Neither the EPS nor the biofilms had the ability to retain water though an increase in the rate of water loss was noted. We conclude that EPS produced by these communities are involved in nutrient capture as well as stabilization. 相似文献
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In a multi‐scale approach to the study of the organic and mineral components in an active barrage‐type tufa system of southern Italy, neo‐formed deposits, in both natural depositional sites and on inorganic substrates placed in the stream for this study, were observed and compared through one year of monitoring. Dams and lobes representing the basic morpho‐facies of the deposits are composed of two depositional facies: vacuolar tufa (a mixture of phytoclastic and framestone tufa) and stromatolitic tufa (phytoherm boundstone tufa). Three petrographic components comprise both facies: micrite and microsparite, often forming peloidal to aphanitc, laminar and dendrolitic fabrics, and sparite, which occurs as isolated to coalescent fan‐shaped crystals forming botryoids or continuous crusts. All fabrics occurring in all depositional facies are organized into layers with a more or less well‐developed cyclicity, which has its best expression in stromatolitic lamination. The precipitation of all types of calcite (with Mg 1·0 to 3·2 mole % and Sr 0·5 to 0·8 mole %) takes place more or less constantly during all seasons, in spite of the low saturation state of the water (the saturation index range is 0·75 to 0·89) within the active depositional zone; the latter extends for a few hundred microns through the external surface of the deposit. The active depositional zone has a particular micro‐morphology composed of porous micro‐columns (50 to 150 μm in size), separated by interstitial channels. Mineral precipitation occurs upon both external surfaces and within internal cavities of the micro‐columns, while further point sites of precipitation occur suspended within the masses of cyanobacterial tufts. Sub‐spherical mineral units, ‘nano‐spheres’ (10 to 20 nm in diameter) are the basic biotic neo‐precipitate; they commonly form by replacing non‐living degrading organic matter and at point sites along the external surface of living cyanobacterial sheaths. Nano‐spheres agglutinate to form first rod‐shaped aggregates (100 to 200 nm) which then evolve into triads of fibres or polyhedral structures. Successively, both triads and polyhedral solids coalesce to form larger calcite crystals (mainly tetrahedrons tens of microns in size) that represent the fundamental bricks for the construction of the micro‐columns in the active depositional zone. Precipitation is attributed to the presence of a widespread biofilm that occurs in the active depositional zone; this is composed of a heterogeneous community comprising epilithic and endolithic filamentous cyanobacteria, green algae, unicellular prokaryotes, actinobacteria and fungi, with a variable amount of extracellular polymeric substances. No precipitation takes place where the biofilm is absent, indicating that the biological activities of the biofilm are crucial, with its living organisms and non‐living organic matter. Basic aggregates of neo‐precipitates do not form in association with any one particular type of organic matter substrate, but appear to be related to the seasonal temperature variation: polyhedral micro‐crystals mainly precipitate in the colder season, short triads in the intermediate seasons, and long triads in the warmest conditions. These three basic crystal aggregates have a petrographic counterpart, respectively, in the spar, microspar and micrite. 相似文献
7.
Early microbial biofilm formation on marine plastic debris 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
An important aspect of the global problem of plastic debris pollution is plastic buoyancy. There is some evidence that buoyancy is influenced by attached biofilms but as yet this is poorly understood. We submerged polyethylene plastic in seawater and sampled weekly for 3 weeks in order to study early stage processes. Microbial biofilms developed rapidly on the plastic and coincided with significant changes in the physicochemical properties of the plastic. Submerged plastic became less hydrophobic and more neutrally buoyant during the experiment. Bacteria readily colonised the plastic but there was no indication that plastic-degrading microorganisms were present. This study contributes to improved understanding of the fate of plastic debris in the marine environment. 相似文献
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Priyanka Lal Vishnu Agarwal Parul Pruthi Swaranjit Singh Cameotra Vikas Pruthi 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2008,36(12):963-968
The microbiological assessment of biofilm formation from paper mill effluent discharged through a pipeline revealed a maximum microbial count for Pseudomonas (5·106 cfu/mL) followed by Staphylococcus (4·106 cfu/mL), Bacillus (8.2·105 cfu/mL), Burkholderia (7.2·105 cfu/mL), Enterobacter (5.3·104 cfu/mL), Acinetobacter (4.1·103 cfu/mL), Alcaligenes (1.2·102 cfu/mL) and Klebsiella (0.8·102 cfu/mL) species. Among these species, the maximum biofilm formation was observed after 24 h of incubation by Pseudomonas sp. using a crystal violet (CV) assay. This isolate was later identified by 16S rRNA amplification to be Pseudomonas aeruginosa PME1. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of P. aeruginosa PME1 in the biofilm showed a reduction in total carbohydrate content (42%) with increased protein (9.0%), hexosamine (3.0%) and uronic acid (1.7%) content as compared to its planktonic form. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that P. aeruginosa PME1 biofilms were 17, 24, 27, 30, and 32 times more resistant to cefotaxime, imipenem, ceftazidime, tazobactam and piperacillin, respectively, than their free flowing counterparts. 相似文献
9.
Chuan Zhao Thorsten Brinkhoff Malte Burchardt Meinhard Simon Gunther Wittstock 《Ocean Dynamics》2009,59(2):305-315
Adhesion of two marine bacteria Shewanella sp. strain T1 and Pseudoalteromonas sp. strain T8, on differently terminated alkanethiolate self-assembled monolayers on gold was investigated. The selected
model surfaces—terminated by CH3, OH, NH2, COOH, OH-terminated oligo(ethylene glycol), and methyl-terminated oligo(ethylene glycol)—are characterized by contact angle
measurement using water, methylene iodide, 1-bromonaphthalene, and formamide. Surface free energies were calculated. Cell
counting of the two bacterial strains on the model surfaces after different times revealed differences between the two strains
by at least one order of magnitude. For the different surfaces, the bacteria showed comparably small selectivity. Atomic force
microscopy images of adhered bacteria showed very different fingerprints on the different surfaces.
Electronic supplementary material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at and is accessible to authorized users. 相似文献
10.
A vertical flow constructed wetland (VFCW) filled with natural zeolite had higher ammonium removal (82.4–94.0%) than another VFCW filled with volcanic rock (51.3–69.4%) treating piggery wastewater under any of three recirculation ratios. To reveal the underling reasons, physicochemical characteristics and ammonium‐oxidizing prokaryotes (AOPs) of two substrates were determined. The calculated maximum ammonium adsorption of zeolite (11.6 mg g?1) was remarkably higher than that of volcanic rock (0.21 mg g?1), mainly because the former contains two cationic binding crystalline species, and montmorillonite. Quantitative analyses indicated that ammonium‐oxidizing archaea (AOA) are the dominant AOP of zeolite and ammonium‐oxidizing bacteria (AOB) are the dominant AOP of volcanic rock respectively. Diversity and phylogenetic analysis further showed that both AOB and AOA communities were significantly different between two substrates. Nitrosospira‐like AOB (92.6%) and sediment/soil clade AOA (71.4%) were the main components of AOB and AOA in natural zeolite, whereas Nitrosomonas‐like AOB (76.1%) and water/sediment clade AOA (77.1%) dominated the AOB and AOA in volcanic rock. These results suggest that the substrates show high selectivity to AOP community. Thus, in addition to physicochemical characteristics, the AOP of substrates is very likely to affect ammonium removal in VFCWs. 相似文献