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Boundary-layer measurements made from the Swedish icebreaker Oden during the Arctic Ocean Experiment 2001 (AOE-2001) are analysed. They refer mainly to ice drift in the central Arctic during
the period 2–21 August 2001. On board Oden a remote sensing array with a wind profiler, cloud radar and a scanning microwave radiometer, and a regular weather station
operated continuously; soundings were also released during research stations. Turbulence and profile measurements on an 18-m
mast were deployed on the ice, along with two sodar systems, a microbarograph array and a tethered sounding system. Surface
flux and meteorological stations were also deployed on nearby ice floes. There is a clear diurnal cycle in radiation and also
in wind speed, cloud base and visibility. It is absent in temperature and humidity, probably due to the very strong control
by melting/ freezing ice and snow. In the advection of warm air, latent heat of melting maintains the surface temperature
at 0 °C, while with a negative energy balance the latent heat of freezing of the salty ocean water acts to maintain the surface
temperature > −2 °C. The constant presence of water at the surface maintains a relative humidity close to 100%, and this is
also often facilitated by an increasing specific humidity through the capping inversion, making entrainment a moisture source.
This ensures cloudy conditions, with low cloud and fog prevailing most of the time. Intrusions of warm and moist air from
beyond the ice edge are frequent, but the local Arctic boundary layer remains at a relatively constant temperature, and is
shallow and well mixed with strong capping inversions. Power spectra of surface-layer wind speed sometimes show large variance
at low frequency. A scanning radiometer provides a monitoring of the vertical thermal structure with a spatial and temporal
resolution not seen before in the Arctic. There are often two inversions, an elevated main inversion and a weak surface inversion,
and occasionally additional inversions occur. Enhanced entrainment across the main inversion appears to occur during frontal
passages. Variance of the scanning radiometer temperatures occurs in large pulses rather than varying smoothly, and the height
to the maximum variance appears to be a reasonable proxy for the boundary-layer depth. 相似文献
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肖印锋 《东北石油大学学报》2013,37(3):59-64,127
考虑川东北地层水的水化学特征(包括地层水矿化度、地层水的变质程度、脱硫系数等),根据封盖层的发育分布及其内部结构,分析盖层对地层水的分隔性能;结合区域构造演化史,分析地质历史上地表水对地层水的改造程度,研究地层水演化特征.结果表明:通南巴地区地层水主要经历早期深埋形成封存变质水期—局部地层水渗滤改造期—深层水封闭,浅层水进入开启期—晚期重建封闭期等变化;中下三叠统存在一套良好的膏岩层且埋藏较深,没有经历地表水改造,使得保存条件明显优于上三叠统须家河组及中下侏罗统地层,具有较好的保存条件;砂泥互层具有较高渗透能力的须家河组受到地表水的淋滤作用,油气保存条件较差,油气勘探潜力有限. 相似文献
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Capping with layers of inert or adsorptive materials is used to control the release of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAH)in sediment but little is known about microbial degradation processes in these materials.A rich native microbial community inhabits the sediment bed,and capping media can influence enrichment and biodegradation activity of benthic microorganisms.The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of capping media(sand,organoclay,and powdered activated carbon[PAC])on microbial communities under oxic conditions typical of the capewater interface,where naphthalene degradation(model PAH)is likely to be maximized.Bench scale experiments compared naphthalene concentrations,nahAc biomarker abundance,microbial community composition,and cellular attachment in systems amended with adsorptive and non-adsorptive capping materials.Results indicate that activated carbon promoted and enhanced bioactivity;PAC treatments showed high biodegradation rates,nahAc biomarker levels,and attached biological growth consistent with enrichment of the PAHdegrading genus Pseudomonae.In contrast,sand did not enhance biological activity compared to media-free systems.Naphthalene strongly influenced microbial community composition at the species level in all treatments except organoclay,which promoted biological signatures commonly associated with impeding degradation activity.Data overall suggest that adsorptive capping materials can both promote(PAC)and inhibit(organoclay)bioactivity in the surficial layer of caps,indicating that media selection is critical to the design of bioactive capping systems. 相似文献
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Horace Moo-Young Tommy Myers Barbara Tardy Richard Ledbetter Wipawi Vanadit-Ellis Tae-Hyung Kim 《Engineering Geology》2003,70(3-4):249-258
Marine sediment capping is a technique where clean sand or sediment is placed over contaminated sediment to reduce the migration of contaminants to the environment. Environmental regulations have limited the use of in situ sediment capping due to concerns about the contaminant migration through the cap. A series of centrifuge tests were conducted to simulate the effects of consolidation settlement of capped marine sediment. This study describes the testing and monitoring of the centrifuge tests. The results from the centrifuge tests are interpreted and compared to predictions made by the PSDDF computer program, which can qualitatively estimate the consolidation settlement of capped marine sediment.
Centrifuge tests were utilized to predict the consolidation of marine sediment caused by the placement of a capping layer. The centrifuge tests used the modeling of models technique to verify that correct modeling procedures were utilized. In this study, the maximum deviation between the centrifuge test results and PSDDF prediction was 20%. Thus, designers should utilize PSDDF consolidation settlement results with caution. Dye tracer studies showed the importance of consolidation-induced advective transport of contaminants. Thus, the capping layer must be appropriately designed to reduce the effects of consolidation-induced advective transport. This may be accomplished by adding a reactive barrier or geosynthetic barrier layer to the cap design. 相似文献
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浅谈有强降水时小型蒸发器加盖的意义 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过对有强降水时，小型蒸发器在加盖和不加盖两种不同情况下蒸发量的对比，说明加盖的意义。 相似文献
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