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1.
2.
M. J. Carson J. C. Davies E. Daw R. J. Hollingworth V. A. Kudryavtsev T. B. Lawson P. K. Lightfoot J. E. McMillan B. Morgan S. M. Paling M. Robinson N. J. C. Spooner D. R. Tovey 《Astroparticle Physics》2004,21(6):667-687
Simulations of the neutron background for future large-scale particle dark matter detectors are presented. Neutrons were generated in rock and detector elements via spontaneous fission and (α,n) reactions, and by cosmic-ray muons. The simulation techniques and results are discussed in the context of the expected sensitivity of a generic liquid xenon dark matter detector. Methods of neutron background suppression are investigated. A sensitivity of 10−9–10−10 pb to WIMP-nucleon interactions can be achieved by a tonne-scale detector. 相似文献
3.
4.
Håkon Austrheim Christine V. Putnis Ane K. Engvik Andrew Putnis 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2008,156(4):517-527
Ilmenite in coronitic gabbros from the Bamble and Kongsberg sectors, southern Norway, is surrounded by zircons ranging in
diameters from a fraction of a micrometer to 10 μm across. The zircons are inert during subsequent metamorphism (amphibolite-
to pumpellyite–prehnite facies) and metasomatism (scapolitization and albitization) and can be found as trails in silicates
(phlogopite, talc, chlorite, amphibole, albite, and tourmaline) in the altered rocks. The trails link up to form polygons
outlining the former oxide grain boundary. This 3-dimensional framework of zircons is used to (a) recognize metasomatic origin
of rocks, (b) quantify the mobility of elements during mineral replacement, (c) establish the growth direction of reaction
fronts and to identify the reaction mechanism as dissolution–reprecipitation. Zircon coronas on Fe–Ti oxides have been described
from a number of terrains and appear to be common in mafic rocks (gabbros and granulites) providing a tool for a better understanding
of metasomatic and metamorphic reactions. 相似文献
5.
Mauro Lo Cascio Yan Liang Nobumichi Shimizu Paul C. Hess 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2008,156(1):87-102
The grain-scale processes of peridotite melting were examined at 1,340°C and 1.5 GPa using reaction couples formed by juxtaposing
pre-synthesized clinopyroxenite against pre-synthesized orthopyroxenite or harzburgite in graphite and platinum-lined molybdenum
capsules. Reaction between the clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene-rich aggregates produces a melt-enriched, orthopyroxene-free,
olivine + clinopyroxene reactive boundary layer. Major and trace element abundance in clinopyroxene vary systematically across
the reactive boundary layer with compositional trends similar to the published clinopyroxene core-to-rim compositional variations
in the bulk lherzolite partial melting studies conducted at similar P–T conditions. The growth of the reactive boundary layer takes place at the expense of the orthopyroxenite or harzburgite and
is consistent with grain-scale processes that involve dissolution, precipitation, reprecipitation, and diffusive exchange
between the interstitial melt and surrounding crystals. An important consequence of dissolution–reprecipitation during crystal-melt
interaction is the dramatic decrease in diffusive reequilibration time between coexisting minerals and melt. This effect is
especially important for high charged, slow diffusing cations during peridotite melting and melt-rock reaction. Apparent clinopyroxene-melt
partition coefficients for REE, Sr, Y, Ti, and Zr, measured from reprecipitated clinopyroxene and coexisting melt in the reactive
boundary layer, approach their equilibrium values reported in the literature. Disequilibrium melting models based on volume
diffusion in solid limited mechanism are likely to significantly underestimate the rates at which major and trace elements
in residual minerals reequilibrate with their surrounding melt.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
6.
The kinetics of the aqueous phase reactions of NO3 radicals with HCOOH/HCOO– and CH3COOH/CH3COO– have been investigated using a laser photolysis/long-path laser absorption technique. NO3 was produced via excimer laser photolysis of peroxodisulfate anions (S2O
8
2–
) at 351 nm followed by the reactions of sulfate radicals (SO
4
–
) with excess nitrate. The time-resolved detection of NO3 was achieved by long-path laser absorption at 632.8 nm. For the reactions of NO3 with formic acid (1) and formate (2) rate coefficients ofk
1=(3.3±1.0)×105 l mol–1 s–1 andk
2=(5.0±0.4)×107 l mol–1 s–1 were found atT=298 K andI=0.19 mol/l. The following Arrhenius expressions were derived:k
1(T)=(3.4±0.3)×1010 exp[–(3400±600)/T] l mol–1 s–1 andk
2(T)=(8.2±0.8)×1010 exp[–(2200±700)/T] l mol–1 s–1. The rate coefficients for the reactions of NO3 with acetic acid (3) and acetate (4) atT=298 K andI=0.19 mol/l were determined as:k
3=(1.3±0.3)×104 l mol–1 s–1 andk
4=(2.3±0.4)×106 l mol–1 s–1. The temperature dependences for these reactions are described by:k
3(T)=(4.9±0.5)×109 exp[–(3800±700)/T] l mol–1 s–1 andk
4(T)=(1.0±0.2)×1012 exp[–(3800±1200)/T] l mol–1 s–1. The differences in reactivity of the anions HCOO– and CH3COO– compared to their corresponding acids HCOOH and CH3COOH are explained by the higher reactivity of NO3 in charge transfer processes compared to H atom abstraction. From a comparison of NO3 reactions with various droplets constituents it is concluded that the reaction of NO3 with HCOO– may present a dominant loss reaction of NO3 in atmospheric droplets. 相似文献
7.
强亲铁元素与亲石元素具有不同的地球化学行为,因此能够从不同的角度为造山带中超镁铁岩的成因及演化提供重要信息。位于苏鲁造山带东北端的胶东海阳所超镁铁岩主要由橄榄岩和辉石岩组成,它们常以团块状赋存于花岗质片麻岩中。虽然前人对这些超镁铁岩已经开展大量岩石学研究,但关于其成因及构造属性仍存在较大争议。本文开展了海阳所超镁铁岩的全岩主微量元素、强亲铁元素及Re-Os同位素的分析工作,结果显示蛇纹石化橄榄岩具有较高的MgO和Fe2O3T含量,较低的Al2O3、TiO2和CaO含量,明显富集流体迁移元素(U、Pb),亏损高场强元素(Zr、Hf),强亲铁元素没有发生明显分异,但Ru显示正异常,表明海阳所蛇纹石化橄榄岩是经历了低-中等程度部分熔融及熔/流体交代作用影响的残余地幔橄榄岩。海阳所辉石岩的主量元素表现出明显的结晶分异特征,稀土元素较原始地幔富集,铂族元素(PGEs)含量较低且发生了明显的分异,表明辉石岩的地幔源区经历过高程度的部分熔融和硫化物的分离。海阳所蛇纹石化橄榄岩的Os同位素地球化学特征表现出大洋亲和性,与辉石岩不具有熔体-残留体的关系。由于该地区发育较深层次的韧性剪切带,蛇纹石化橄榄岩中的橄榄石与辉石表现出韧性变形的特征,同时有辉石岩侵入到橄榄岩的现象,表明该地区的蛇纹石化地幔橄榄岩与辉石岩既不同时,也不同源,因此,暗示了该套岩石组合可能形成于大洋核杂岩(OCC)与洋脊型蛇绿岩(MOR)堆晶岩交互发育环境。 相似文献
8.
M. Catherine Eimers Andrew M. Paterson Peter J. Dillon Sherry L. Schiff Brian F. Cumming Roland I. Hall 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2006,35(1):99-109
Stable isotopic compositions and concentrations of total sedimentary sulphur (S) were determined in cores from 6 lakes in
the acid-sensitive Muskoka-Haliburton region of south-central Ontario. The isotopic composition of S in deep sediment (> ~
20 cm) was approximately constant in all lakes, and indicated a pre-industrial δ 34S value between +4.0 and +5.3‰, which is similar to current bulk deposition. Similarly, total S concentrations in deep sediment
were relatively low (1.9–5 mg S g−1 dwt) and approximately constant with depth within cores. All lakes exhibited up-core increases in total S and decreases in
δ 34S at a depth corresponding to the beginning of industrialization in the Great Lakes region ( ~ 1900), resulting in a generally
reciprocal depth pattern between total S concentration and δ 34S ratios. While initial shifts in total S and δ 34S were likely due to enhanced SO4 reduction of newly available anthropogenic SO4, both the magnitude and pattern of up-core S enrichment and shifts in δ 34S varied greatly among lakes, and did not match changes in S deposition post 1900. Differences between lakes in total S and
δ 34S were not related to any single hydrologic (e.g., residence time) or physical (e.g., catchment-area-to-lake area ratio) lake
characteristic. This work indicates that sediment cores do not provide consistent records of changes in post-industrial S
deposition in this region, likely due to redox-related mobility of S in upper sediment. 相似文献
9.
The evolution of groundwater chemistry along the direction of groundwater flow was studied using hydrochemical data from samples collected along a flow line in the Neogene Aquifer, Belgium. Infiltrating water was found to have a very low mineral content and low pH because the sediments are strongly decalcified. Increasing SiO2 and cation concentrations along the groundwater flow line indicate silicate-weathering processes, confirmed with the aid of saturation indices, calculated with PHREEQC, and stability diagrams. A classification system based on redox sensitive species was developed and shows that an extensive redox sequence is present in the aquifer. At a shallow depth, pyrite oxidation has caused an increase in sulphate, while iron is precipitated as hydroxides. Elevated arsenic concentrations are related to the reduction of these iron hydroxides at a relatively shallow depth and to the dissolution of siderite at greater depth. Dissolution of carbonate in the aquifer material, present in deep layers and to the north, has lead to increased Ca2+ and HCO3 ? concentrations. The Ca2+ from the groundwater is exchanged for Na+, Mg2+ and K+ adsorbed to the clay surfaces at the bottom of the groundwater reservoir. Although the Neogene Aquifer is well flushed, there are still some marine influences present in the deepest parts. 相似文献
10.
沉积盆地流体—岩石相互作用研究的现状 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
沉积盆地流体-岩石相互作用研究主要是通过实验地球化学和岩石学,地球化学模拟方法开展的,综述了这一领域的研究现状,主要包括有机酸来源和分布及期 对矿物稳定性的影响,地层水成因与演化、烃类与岩石间的氧化还原反应、以及储层润湿性的变化等,并展望了其 发展趋势。 相似文献