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Manfred Domroes 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2001,22(2):122-137
The Maldives host a sophisticated and competitive international tourist industry which has replaced fishing as the dominant economic activity. With their rich tropical reef ecosystems and the abundant biodiversity of their marine environment, a total of 86 uninhabited islands had been converted into Resort Islands by the end of 2000. Resort Islands are equipped with comprehensive facilities for accommodation, food, recreation and leisure. They are also strictly reserved for foreign tourists and guarantee complete privacy. This gives the benefit of averting conflicts of acculturation with local islanders. In the arena of impacts on the physical environment, however, the consumptive leisure lifestyle of the tourists has been harmful to the Resort Islands as seen in sewage, garbage and waste pollution, as well as reef destruction and beach erosion. While the government of the Maldives takes great effort to harmonise tourism and the environment, the growth of mass tourism in the last 20 years has engendered grave environmental impacts. For future sustainable development of the Resort Islands, the tourists' environmental awareness must be increased to promote greater responsibility for the protection of the fragile coral and reef ecosystems of the Maldives. 相似文献
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Russell Howorth 《中国海洋大学学报(英文版)》2003,2(2):195-200
Three types of natural connection between atoll islets are described. Causeway, as an artificial way of connecting islets, makes a connection to be completed in a few months. In this case shore adjustment becomes more vigorous than that in natural conditions, resulting in lagoon shore erosion. A causeway without short bridges or culverts should be built close to the lagoon shore to reduce lagoon shore erosion. A causeway-crossing channel assemblage is the worst type among all of the connection engineering constructions because the crossing channel traps sediment and further transports it out of the channel, resulting in long period coastal erosion. Reforming Nippon Causeway in Tarawa Atoll, Kiribati by simple means will stop sand loss, reduce shore erosion and greatly upgrade its stability. 相似文献
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生活于珊瑚礁区的大型海藻可以与珊瑚一起为礁栖生物提供食物和栖息地, 它们在维护珊瑚礁生态系统生物多样性中起着极为重要的作用。本论文比较研究了生活于我国南海中沙大环礁区4种优势海藻的生化组分、光合特征及其对海水升温的生理响应,其中厚膜藻(Grateloupia ellipitica)和粉枝藻(Liagora samaensis)为红藻, 钙扇藻(Udotea flabellum)和仙掌藻(Halimeda discoidea)为绿藻。结果显示, 与绿藻相比, 红藻藻体叶绿素(Chl a)和类胡萝卜素含量更低且含有藻胆素, 红藻的光补偿点(EC)和呼吸速率(Rd)均显著低于绿藻。海水升温提高了4种海藻的光能利用效率(α)、EC、Rd和日净光合固碳量; 同时, 升温还降低红藻的饱和光强(EK)、提高绿藻的最大光合放氧速率(Pmax)。结果还显示, 海水升温在光强较低时提高红藻的光合放氧速率, 光强较高时则降低其放氧速率; 升温也提高绿藻的光合放氧速率, 但光强变化对升温效应的影响不显著。基于4种海藻的光生理特征以及升温效应的种间差异性可见, 短时间升温(~4℃)有利于中沙大环礁区海藻的光合作用; 与绿藻相比, 该升温效应更有利于红藻。 相似文献
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Low-lying reef islands on the rim of atolls are perceived as particularly vulnerable to the impacts of sea-level rise. Three effects are inferred: erosion of the shoreline, inundation of low-lying areas, and saline intrusion into the freshwater lens. Regional reconstruction of sea-level trends, supplementing the short observational instrumental record, indicates that monthly mean sea level is rising in the eastern Indian and western Pacific Oceans. This paper reviews the morphology and substrate characteristics of reef islands on Indo-Pacific atolls, and summarises their topography. On most atolls across this region, there is an oceanward ridge built by waves to a height of around 3 m above MSL; in a few cases these are topped by wind-blown dunes. The prominence of these ridges, together with radiocarbon dating and multi-temporal studies of shoreline position, indicate net accretion rather than long-term erosion on most of these oceanward shores. Less prominent lagoonward ridges occur, but their morphology and continuity are atoll-specific, being a function of the processes operating in each lagoon. Low-lying central areas are a feature of many islands, often locally excavated for production of taro. These lower-lying areas are already subject to inundation, which seems certain to increase as the sea rises. Tropical storms play an important role in the geomorphology of reef islands in those regions where they are experienced. Topographical differences, as well as features such as emergence of the reef flat and the stability of the substrate, mean that islands differ in terms of their susceptibility to sea-level rise. Further assessment of variations in shoreline vulnerability based on topography and substrate could form the basis for enhancing the natural resilience of these islands. 相似文献
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Large-scale steady-state groundwater flow in atoll carbonate platforms results from temperature and salinity-induced density gradients. Atolls are built on top of a basaltic substrate that provides geothermal heating from beneath. Moreover, they are immersed in the tropical ocean where temperature decreases rapidly with depth. Groundwater circulation in these platforms has long been associated with the geothermal heat flux because it is capable of generating inward and upward flow of oceanic origin water by buoyancy effects. This study shows that hydraulic circulation occurs even in the absence of a geothermal flux because the combination of the cold subsurface ocean waters with the warm surface conditions is sufficient to maintain a convection cell within the carbonate platform. Using a one-dimensional analytical model, validated by more sophisticated two-dimensional simulations, we can investigate the interaction between these two driving forces. The flow rate inside the platform is, in fact, a function of the ratio of the geothermal flux to the temperature gradient in the ocean. It increases with the geothermal flux but decreases with the oceanic temperature gradient. This one-dimensional model also shows that taking salinity effects on density into account increases the flow rates transiting through the platform by a third. 相似文献
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The Mururoa and Fangataufa atoll basement consists of superimposed submarine and subaerial lava flows which have been intruded
by late volcanics. The intrusions have developed large hydrothermal alteration haloes throughout the basaltic wall rock. The
cuttings of the Natice-1 and Mitre-1 holes, drilled into the submarine volcanic pile at Fangataufa atoll, show a vertical
zonation of clay minerals ranging from 270 to 850 m depth. The newly formed clay minerals occurring from top to bottom of
the altered pile are: dioctahedral aluminous smectites, saponite, an intimate assemblage of saponite with two random chlorite/saponite
mixed layers and an intimate assemblage of one random chlorite/saponite mixed-layer with one ordered chlorite/saponite mixed
layer and one chlorite below 816 m depth. These clay mineral assemblages indicate a general increase in the chloritic component
with depth. They are associated throughout the pile with secondary carbonates and quartz. The ∂18O and ∂13C of calcite and ∂18O of clay minerals, on the one hand, and the intimate mixtures of trioctahedral species, on the other, suggest a general cooling
with the evolution of a paleogeothermal gradient from approximately 300 °C/km during the crystallization of chlorite to 150 °C/km
for the late calcite precipitation.
Received: 2 October 1995 / Accepted: 14 January 1997 相似文献
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Mushroom‐ and atoll‐shaped garnet crystals were found in high‐pressure quartz‐rich pelitic layers from the Monte Mucrone area (Western Alps, Italy). These garnet crystals are characterized by a peninsula‐shaped core surrounded by a partially crystallized, dodecahedral external rim. Textural observations and thermodynamic modelling point towards growth of the atoll garnet from the Monte Mucrone area during two distinct orogenic cycles. The core region and the inner part of the ring forming the edge of the atoll grew under Barrovian metamorphic conditions of likely Hercynian age, while the outer rim of the atoll structure developed under Alpine high‐pressure conditions. Electron backscatter diffraction analyses indicate that the atoll‐shaped structure has one single crystallographic orientation, despite its complex compositional zoning. Thermodynamic modelling reveals marked changes in equilibrium assemblage leading to changes in stoichiometry of the garnet‐forming reaction, which in turn explain the characteristic garnet morphology. Small amounts of quartz are consumed during the earlier stage of garnet growth history, whereas the production of garnet requires a much larger amount of quartz during the final stage of its growth. This leads to a change from initial poikiloblastic to non‐poikiloblastic textures. This change is responsible for the formation of atoll‐shaped garnet. Finally, garnet in intercalated mica‐rich layers forms idiomorphic crystals, continuous from the centre to rim. This study highlights the importance of the difference between the local matrix composition and the aggregate composition of the reactants needed for the garnet‐forming reaction. Finally, we show that interaction between matrix and reaction stoichiometry can lead to porphyroblast precipitation inside the already grown porphyroblast. 相似文献
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AbstractThe study of the exotic blocks of the Hawasina Nappes (Sultanate of Oman) leads to give apposit data that allow us to propose a new paleogeographic evolution of the Oman margin in time and space. A revised classification of exotic blocks into different paleogeographical units is presented. Two newly introduced stratigraphic groups, the Ramaq Group (Ordovician to Triassic) and the Al Buda’ah Group (upper Permian to Jurassic) are interpreted as tilted blocks related to the Oman continental margin. The Kawr Group (middle Triassic to Cretaceous) is redefined and interpreted as an atoll-type seamount. The paleogeography and paleoenvironments of these units are integrated into a new scheme of the Neotethyan rifting history. Brecciae and olistoliths of the Hawasina series are interpreted to have originated from tectonic movements affecting the Oman margin and the Neotethyan ocean floor. The breccias of late Permian age were generated by the extension processes affecting the margin, and by the creation of the Neotethyan oceanic floor. The breccias of mid-late Triassic age coincide in time with the collision of the Cimmerian continents with Eurasia. In constrast, the breccias of late Jurassic and Cretaceous age are interpreted as resulting to the creation of a new oceanic crust (Semail) off the Oman margin. 相似文献
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Luba JANSA 《地学前缘》2005,12(2):151-161
深海钻探揭示构成环礁的浅水碳酸盐建隆覆盖沉积在太平洋西北部平顶海山之上。相对于现今珊瑚藻类生物构成的环礁而言,白垩纪和古新世孤立的环礁的四周边缘生物含量甚少,造礁能力下降。这些环礁浅水碳酸盐沉积在火山基座的顶部,在Albian初期、Albian末期、Maastrichtian晚期和始新世中期发生沉没。早期研究认为这些碳酸盐体系经历了地面暴露阶段以及随后的海侵淹没阶段。然而,一个事实是,环礁沉没仅发生在当太平洋板块背负着平顶海山向北漂移过程中,并且是经过南纬7°以后。几个不同的假说用来解释该时期环礁沉没现象,包括环礁暴露、喀斯特化、地面侵蚀、增强赤道上升洋流、缺氧和/或者富营养的浑浊水的出现等。文中在太平洋平顶海山深海钻孔的沉积、生物地层和古纬度数据综合研究基础上,提出一种新模式用于解释晚白垩世—古新世浅水碳酸盐建造的沉没。与以前的模式不同的是,文中提出,这些晚白垩世—古新世“环礁”之所以发生沉没,原因是受到原始环南赤道洋流(pSEC)的影响,导致一种对分泌碳酸盐的生物不利环境的产生。而且,当这些平顶海山漂移到南纬5°时,即赤道古纬度带,许多浅水碳酸盐建造之上,铁锰结核开始沉积。同时,平顶海山下沉到溶解氧极小层(海平面之下400~1 100 m)和原始环南赤道中层洋流( pEI 相似文献