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A new elastoplastic model called loading memory surface based on the critical state concept and the multi‐surface framework is proposed for geomaterials. The model uses a hypoelastic formulation and two plastic mechanisms. The formulations of the model are made in three‐dimensional stress–strain space and work under both monotonic and cyclic loadings. A newly introduced formalism makes it possible to obtain the cyclic response directly from the monotonic loading one. This formalism gives a three‐dimensional generalization of the well‐known Masing rule. The model has been validated against test results of Hostun sand under several conditions: monotonic and cyclic, drained and undrained, tests in compression and in extension, and at different confining pressures and different densities. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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去除废水中重金属的低成本吸附剂:生物质和地质材料的环境利用 总被引：27，自引：0，他引：27
经济、有效、易获得的生物质和地质材料 (及二者的废弃物 )可用来取代传统的活性炭或离子交换树脂用于去除废水中的重金属。已经公开发表的低成本吸附剂主要可分为两类 :(1)生物质 (包括林业和农业的废弃物 ) :树皮 /富含丹宁酸的物质 ,木质素 ,几丁质 /甲壳质 ,死的生物体 ,苔藓 ,海草 /海藻 /褐藻酸 ,废弃的茶叶 ,稻壳 ,羊毛 ,棉花等 ;(2 )地质材料 (包括矿物利用后的工业废弃物 ) :沸石 ,粘土 ,泥炭 ,有铁氧化物包壳的砂 ,粉煤灰等。其中 ,对于重金属具有强吸附能力的吸附剂有甲壳质、沸石和木质素 ,例如 ,它们对一些重金属的最大吸附能力分别为 :甲壳质对Cd ,Hg ,Pb分别为 5 5 8,112 3 ,796mg/g ,沸石对Pb为 15 5 4mg/g ,木质素对Pb为 15 87mg/g。地质材料的环境利用值得引起地学界和环境工程界更广泛的重视。基于地质材料和水岩相互作用机理的环境污染控制技术有望成为 2 1世纪重要的环保替代技术。由于缺少连续的可比性强的成本信息 ,要比较不同的生物质和地质材料的成本和吸附性能仍较困难。尽管已对低成本吸附剂领域进行了很多研究 ,但要更好地了解低成本吸附剂的作用机理及其实用性 ,仍需要做大量的室内和现场工作。 相似文献
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In this paper, the internal structure of shear band is investigated, and a model of the shear band with an echelon crack structure is developed. The model assumes the shear band to be composed of two conjugate sets of echelon cracks, such that the smaller echelon cracks are embedded in the space of the larger ones. The additional strain induced by the echelon cracks and the anisotropic development of the compliance tensor in the shear band zone are analyzed. The critical crack density at the onset of shear band is obtained by applying the bifurcation condition. Deviating from previous approaches, the new procedure evaluates the thickness of shear band based on the geometrical characteristics of echelon crack arrays and the failure probability of grain boundaries in the longitudinal direction at the onset of shear band. Parametric analysis shows that grain size, internal friction angle, dilation angle, and failure probability of grain boundaries are the dominant factors that account for the shear band thickness. The calculated results are consistent with the experimental data available in the literature. The model soundly explains that the measurements of the shear band thickness are generally scattered, ranging from 4 to 30 (or even more) times the grain size. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Xin Lai Bo Ren Houfu Fan Shaofan Li C.T. Wu Richard A. Regueiro Lisheng Liu 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2015,39(12):1304-1330
In this work, we have developed nonlinear peridynamics models of drained and saturated geomaterials, and applied them to simulations of dynamic fragmentation and ejecta formation due to impulse loads. First, we have re‐phrased and re‐interpreted the non‐local state‐based peridynamics formulation to connect the non‐local integral operator with the local differential operator. Second, we have implemented the Drucker–Prager plasticity model in state‐based peridynamics at finite strain. A peridynamics version of the Hughes and Winget algorithm is derived for the constitutive update. Third, we have developed a peridynamics U‐p formulation for saturated geomaterials. Fourth, numerical simulations have been carried out to verify the proposed peridynamics formulations in the simulation of geomaterial fragmentation induced by impulse loads. Comparisons of analytical and numerical results indicate that the peridynamics model has the ability to both match traditional continuum compression examples, as well as simulate complex geomaterial fragmentation processes resulting from impulse loads. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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岩土材料在非关联流动法则下剪胀角选取探讨 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
岩土材料属于摩擦型材料,其强度特性时参数指标的选取至关重要。当前对剪胀角存在模糊认识,导致在理论分析和数值模拟分析中常会产生较大误差。在分析传统的滑移线场理论的基础上,采用广义塑性理论,证明了岩土材料在非关联流动法则条件下的剪胀角应取? /2,且此时体变必为0。通过对具有精确理论解的经典Prandtl地基承载力课题的数值模拟分析,分别对关联流动法则、非关联流动法则剪胀角取? /2及非关联流动法则剪胀角取0三种情况下地基的承载力进行了计算。结果表明,上述3种情况下得到的极限荷载的误差为2 %,但滑移线场与理论解有较大差异。其中,在非关联流动法则条件下,采用剪胀角? =? /2所得到的滑移线场与Prandtl理论解一致,而采用? =0所得到的滑移线场与理论解有较大的偏差。这说明目前在非关联流动法则条件下采用? = 0虽然可得到相应的正确的极限荷载,但是相应的滑移线场具有较大的误差,同时也证明了岩土材料在非关联流动法则条件下的剪胀角应该选取? /2,而不是目前通常采用的0。 相似文献
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The cohesive‐frictional nature of cementitious geomaterials raises great interest in the discrete element method (DEM) simulation of their mechanical behavior, where a proper bond failure criterion is usually required. In this paper, the failure of bond material between two spheres was investigated numerically using DEM that can easily reproduce the failure process of brittle material. In the DEM simulations, a bonded‐grain system (composed of two particles and bond material in between) was discretized as a cylindrical assembly of very fine particles connecting two large end spheres. Then, the bonded‐grain system was subjected to compression/tension, shear, rolling and torsion loadings and their combinations until overall failure (peak state) was reached. Bonded‐grain systems with various sizes were employed to investigate bond geometry effects. The numerical results show that the compression strength is highly affected by bond geometry, with the tensile strength being dependent to a lesser degree. The shear, rolling and torsion strengths are all normal force dependent; i.e., with an increase in the normal force, these strengths first increase at a declining rate and then start to decrease upon the normal force exceeding a critical value. The combined actions of shear force, rolling moment and torque lead to a spherical failure envelope in a normalized loading space. The fitted bond geometry factors and bond failure envelopes obtained numerically in this three‐dimensional study are qualitatively consistent with those in previous two‐dimensional experiments. The obtained bond failure criterion can be incorporated into a future bond contact model. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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In practical engineering, an applied rectangular area load is not often horizontally or vertically distributed but is frequently inclined at a certain angle with respect to the horizontal and vertical axes. Thus, the solutions of displacements and stresses due to such a load are essential to the design of foundations. This article yields the analytical solutions of displacements and stresses subjected to a uniform rectangular load that inclines with respect to the horizontal and vertical axes, resting on the surface of a cross‐anisotropic geomaterial. The planes of cross‐anisotropy are assumed to be parallel to the horizontal ground surface. The procedures to derive the solutions can be integrated the modified point load solutions, which are represented by several displacement and stresses elementary functions. Then, upon integrations, the displacement and stress integral functions resulting from a uniform inclined rectangular load for (1) the displacements at any depth, (2) the surface displacements, (3) the average displacements in a given layer, (4) the stresses at any depth, and (5) the average stresses in a given layer are yielded. The proposed solutions are clear and concise, and they can be employed to construct a series of calculation charts. In addition, the present solutions clarify the load inclinations, the dimensions of a loaded rectangle, and the analyzed depths, and the type and degree of geomaterial anisotropy profoundly affect the displacements and stresses in a cross‐anisotropic medium. Parametric results show that the load inclination factor should be considered when an inclined rectangular load uniformly distributed on the cross‐anisotropic material. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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孔隙网络模型是研究多孔介质和其中颗粒的关键。现有的构建孔隙网络模型的算法有许多,但人们开始越来越多地研究基于图像的算法。将讨论一种基于中轴线的孔隙网络构建算法,并且对原有算法中孔隙中心表示方法不合理及缺少中轴线上各点坐标的问题提出改进,改进后的算法提出了孔隙中心的另一种表示方法,并且中轴线上任一点的坐标都被标出。在构建孔隙网络模型后利用该模型计算孔隙体积和喉径,并且针对过度分割的问题提出基于欧氏距离及基于分水岭算法的两种融合算法对孔隙和孔喉进行融合。 相似文献
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