中尺度非静力模式中常用气压分离技术的研究          下载免费PDF全文

廖洞贤  孙岚 《大气科学》2003,27(2):203-211

分析了气压分离和不分离,在几种不同的层结情况下,垂直气压梯度的截断误差.结果表明:基本场取法不当,会引起巨大的截断误差,甚至和不分离时相当;反之,则较小.根据计算,提出了一种取基本场的方法,在一定条件下,可以使气压偏差的垂直梯度的截断误差比不分离时的相应误差小一个量级,从而,可以取较小的垂直分辨率.  相似文献   

Daily variability of river concentrations and fluxes: indicators based on the segmentation of the rating curve     

Michel Meybeck  Florentina Moatar 《水文研究》2012,26(8):1188-1207

The variability of water chemistry on a daily scale is rarely addressed due to the lack of records. Appropriate tools, such as typologies and dimensionless indicators, which permit comparisons between stations and between river materials, are missing. Such tools are developed here for daily concentrations (C), specific fluxes or yields (Y) and specific river flow (q). The data set includes 128 long‐term daily records, for suspended particulate matter (SPM), total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved and total nutrients, totalling 1236 years of records. These 86 river basins (10³–10⁶ km²) cover a wide range of environmental conditions in semi‐arid and temperate regions. The segmentation—truncation of C–q rating curves into two parts at median flows (q₅₀) generates two exponents (b_50inf and b_50sup) that are different for 66% of the analysed rating curves. After segmentation, the analysis of records results in the definition of nine major C–q types combining concentrating, diluting or stable patterns, showing inflexions, chevron and U shapes. SPM and TDS are preferentially distributed among a few types, while dissolved and total nutrients are more widely distributed. Four dimensionless indicators of daily variability combine median (C₅₀, Y₅₀), extreme (C₉₉, Y₉₉) and flow‐weighted (C*, Y*) concentrations and yields (e.g. C₉₉/C₅₀, Y*/Y₅₀). They vary over two to four orders of magnitude in the analysed records, discriminating stations and river material. A second set of four indicators of relative variability [e.g. (Y*/Y₅₀)/(q*/q₅₀)], takes into account the daily flow variability, as expressed by q*/q₅₀ and q₉₉/q₅₀, which also vary over multiple orders of magnitude. The truncated exponent b_50sup is used to describe fluxes at higher flows accounting for 75% (TDS) to 97% (SPM) of interannual fluxes. It ranges from ? 0·61 to + 1·86 in the database. It can be regarded as the key amplificator (positive b_50sup) or reductor (negative b_50sup) of concentrations or yields variability. C₅₀, Y₅₀, b_50sup can also be estimated in discrete surveys, which provides a new perspective for quantifying and mapping water quality variability at daily scale. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

海洋重力大地水准面的确定     

李叶才 《武汉大学学报(信息科学版)》1989,(2)

美国海洋卫星测高仪的出现,使应用Hotine积分确定海洋大地水准面成为现实。本文通过对Hotine积分及垂线偏差的计算公式进行改进,较好地改善了求和项的收敛性,减小了截断误差影响,并提出了利用Hotine函数和重力异常确定海洋大地水准面的方法。 实际计算表明:海洋重力大地水准面的精度在1米以内;卫星测高大地水准面间存在0.5米系统差;它和海底地形有一定的相关性,能较好地反映出海底地形的宏观特性。  相似文献   

远区重力数据对扰动位径向二阶梯度的影响     

赵东明  吴晓平 《测绘学院学报》2001,18(1):16-19

提出了利用地面重力异常数据计算地面扰动位径向二阶梯度时，远距离带区影响的误差公式，结果以级数形式给出，以其数学模型为基础，利用全球重力位模型GPM98，计算确定了不同平均异常网格大小情况下截断半径取一系列值时的远区影响，在将卫星重力梯度和航空重力梯度观测数据与地面重力数据进行联合处理时，文中提出了远区影响的数量关系，对于确定合理的截断半径大小具有一定的参考价值。  相似文献   

ALow-order　Model　of　Two-dimensional　Fluid　Dynamics　on　the　Surface　of　a　Sphere     

Mozheng Wei 《大气科学进展》1996,13(1):67-90

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一种改进的TSI3563积分浊度误差校正方法          下载免费PDF全文

马楠  周秀骥  颜鹏  赵春生 《应用气象学报》2015,26(1):12-21

TSI3563型积分式浊度计是一种性能出色的气溶胶散射系数观测仪器,然而由于仪器设计所固有的限制,TSI3563型浊度计观测结果包含有角度截断和非朗伯体光源两项系统性误差,会使观测结果较真值偏小10%左右。因此,需要对TSI3563型浊度计的观测结果进行校正才能得到较为精确的散射系数观测值。该研究利用2009年华北平原HaChi气溶胶外场观测数据测试了现有校正方法,结果显示,传统的校正方法在我国华北平原这样的高气溶胶污染地区并不适用。为此,提出一种改进的校正方法,利用同时观测的PM₁和PM₁₀数据,在校正方案中加入超微米粒子体积比这一参量,对于不同体积比采用不同的校正函数。利用实际观测数据检验后发现,改进方法的校正效果相对于传统方法有很大改善。  相似文献   

利用中心差分法进行GPS定速时最佳点数的选取     

王潜心  徐天河  龚佑兴 《武汉大学学报(信息科学版)》2012,37(3):265-268,353

分析了利用中心差分法进行GPS定速时的主要误差来源,证明了当数据采样率一定时,增加中心差分法的点数可减少微分过程中的截断误差,但同时会放大导出相位率的观测误差,得出中心差分法的最佳点数应使这两种误差之和最小的结论。实验结果表明,当数据采样间隔为1s、载体平均速度和加速度为20m.s-1和0.2m.s-2时,9个点的中心差分法定速精度最高。  相似文献   

Drought parameters in relation to truncation levels     

T. C Sharma 《水文研究》2000,14(7):1279-1288

Drought parameters, namely the longest duration, largest severity and the intensity have been calculated in relation to the truncation levels ranging from 0 to −0\5 in the standardized domain for the normal, gamma and log‐normal probability distribution functions (PDFs) of the drought variables. The drought variables taken in the investigation are the annual rainfall and runoff time‐series evolving randomly and obeying the Markovian dependence. The analysis showed that the assumption of independence of the drought duration and intensity works well in deriving the expression for drought severity at various truncation levels. An estimate of drought intensity has been realized from the concept of the truncated normal distribution of the standardized form of the time‐series of drought variables in the normalized domain. Furthermore the non‐normality and the dependence in the time‐series have a significant effect on the drought parameters at the truncation levels under consideration. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

结合边界条件的截断高阶隐式有限差分方法(英文)     

常锁亮  刘洋 《应用地球物理》2013,10(1):53-62

有限差分方法广泛应用于求解许多科技领域所涉及的偏微分方程,高阶显式有限差分方法通常用来提高求解精度,已经提出的高阶隐式有限差分方法和截断高阶显式有限差分方法可用来进一步提高模拟精度而不增加计算量。本文首先计算了针对常规网格上的一阶导数和二阶导数、交错网格上的一阶导数的有限差分系数,发现高阶隐式有限差分系数中存在一些小的系数。频散分析结果表明:忽略这些小的差分系数能够近似维持有限差分的精度,但是显著减小了计算量。然后,引入镜像对称边界条件来提高隐式有限差分方法的精度和稳定性,采用混合吸收边界条件来减小来自模型边界所不需要的反射。最后,给出了针对均匀和非均匀介质模型的弹性波模拟例子,表明了本文方法的优点。  相似文献   

不整合结构对地层油气藏形成的控制作用研究     

吴孔友  邹才能  查明  高长海 《大地构造与成矿学》2012,36(4):518-524

不整合不仅仅是一个“面”,更是一个“体”,其本身具有较独特的微观组构,即具有“空间结构”属性.通过大量的岩心观察、野外踏勘及测井资料对比解释,纵向上提出不整合结构体的概念,并将其划分为三层结构:结构体上层、结构体中层及结构体下层,其中结构体上层与下层构成储集体,结构体中层形成封盖层,且封盖强度随埋深加大而增加.地层油气...  相似文献