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Gert W. Wolf 《International journal of geographical information science》2014,28(7):1401-1424
This article demonstrates how the generalisation of topographic surfaces has been formalised by means of graph theory and how this formalised approach has been integrated into an ISO standard that is employed within nanotechnology. By applying concepts from higher-dimensional calculus and topology, it is shown that Morse functions are those mappings that are ideally suited for the formal characterisation of topographic surfaces. Based on this result, a data structure termed weighted surface network is defined that may be applied for both the characterisation and the generalisation of the topological structure of a topographic surface. Hereafter, the focus is laid on specific issues of the standard ISO 25178-2; within this standard change trees, a data structure similar to weighted surface networks, are applied to portray the topological information of topographic surfaces. Furthermore, an approach termed Wolf pruning is used to simplify the change tree, with this pruning method being equivalent to the graph-theoretic contractions by which weighted surface networks can be simplified. Finally, some practical applications of the standard ISO 25178-2 within nanotechnology are discussed. 相似文献
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Effects of pruning on biomass growth in Prosopis juliflora were examined under dryland conditions in the Sudan. Growth parameters were followed for a total period of 32 months and water content, and gas exchange measurements were carried out. Heavily pruned trees yielded more than six times larger usable wood volume and produced 60% more leaf biomass than the control. The water status in pruned trees was improved which also had a more efficient CO2 assimilation rate, associated with higher stomatal conductance. The results and their implications for the management of sparsely spaced P. juliflora are discussed in relation to agroforestry. 相似文献
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A novel efficient track initiation method is proposed for the harsh underwater target tracking environment (heavy clutter and large measurement errors): track splitting, evaluating, pruning and merging method (TSEPM). Track initiation demands that the method should determine the existence and initial state of a target quickly and correctly. Heavy clutter and large measurement errors certainly pose additional difficulties and challenges, which deteriorate and complicate the track initiation in the harsh underwater target tracking environment. There are three primary shortcomings for the current track initiation methods to initialize a target: (a) they cannot eliminate the turbulences of clutter effectively; (b) there may be a high false alarm probability and low detection probability of a track; (c) they cannot estimate the initial state for a new confirmed track correctly. Based on the multiple hypotheses tracking principle and modified logic-based track initiation method, in order to increase the detection probability of a track, track splitting creates a large number of tracks which include the true track originated from the target. And in order to decrease the false alarm probability, based on the evaluation mechanism, track pruning and track merging are proposed to reduce the false tracks. TSEPM method can deal with the track initiation problems derived from heavy clutter and large measurement errors, determine the target’s existence and estimate its initial state with the least squares method. What''s more, our method is fully automatic and does not require any kind manual input for initializing and tuning any parameter. Simulation results indicate that our new method improves significantly the performance of the track initiation in the harsh underwater target tracking environment. 相似文献
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Patrick Taillandier Julien Gaffuri 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(7):1309-1323
Many automated generalisation methods are based on local search optimisation techniques: Starting from an initial state of the data, one or several new child states are produced using some transformation algorithms. These child states are then evaluated according to the final data requirements, and possibly used as new candidate state to transform. According to this approach, the generalisation process can be seen as a walk in a tree, each node representing a state of the data, and each link a transformation. In such an approach, the tree exploration heuristic has a great impact on the final result: Depending on which parts of the tree are either explored or pruned, the final result is different, and the process more or less computationally prohibitive. This article investigates the importance of exploration heuristic choice in automated generalisation. Different pruning criteria are proposed and tested on real generalisation cases. Recommendations on how to choose the pruning criterion depending on the need are provided. 相似文献
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Bougrain Laurent Gonzalez Maria Bouchot Vincent Cassard Daniel Lips Andor L. W. Alexandre Frédéric Stein Gilbert 《Natural Resources Research》2003,12(3):173-181
This study is concerned with understanding of the formation of ore deposits (precious and base metals) and contributes to the exploration and discovery of new occurrences using artificial neural networks. From the different digital data sets available in BRGM's GIS Andes (a comprehensive metallogenic continental-scale Geographic Information System) 25 attributes are identified as known factors or potential factors controlling the formation of gold deposits in the Andes Cordillera. Various multilayer perceptrons were applied to discriminate possible ore deposits from barren sites. Subsequently, because artificial neural networks can be used to construct a revised model for knowledge extraction, the optimal brain damage algorithm by LeCun was applied to order the 25 attributes by their relevance to the classification. The approach demonstrates how neural networks can be used efficiently in a practical problem of mineral exploration, where general domain knowledge alone is insufficient to satisfactorily model the potential controls on deposit formation using the available information in continent-scale information systems. 相似文献
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Alexander K. Stum Barbara P. Buttenfield Lawrence V. Stanislawski 《Transactions in GIS》2017,21(5):1061-1078
This article demonstrates a working method to automatically detect and prune portions of waterbody polygons to support creation of a multi‐scale hydrographic database. Water features are sensitive to scale change, therefore multiple representations are required to maintain visual and geographic logic at smaller scales. Partial pruning of polygonal features – such as long, sinuous reservoir arms, stream channels too narrow at the target scale, and islands that begin to coalesce – entails concurrent management of the length and width of polygonal features as well as integrating pruned polygons with other generalized point and linear hydrographic features to maintain stream network connectivity. The implementation follows data representation standards developed by the US Geological Survey (USGS) for the National Hydrography Dataset (NHD). Portions of polygonal rivers, streams, and canals are automatically characterized for width, length, and connectivity. This article describes an algorithm for automatic detection and subsequent processing, and shows results for a sample of NHD subbasins in different landscape conditions in the US. 相似文献
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E.V. Taguas 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2021,46(4):744-757
Concentrated flow erosion in Mediterranean cultivated areas is considered a major process of land degradation. Rills and ephemeral gullies in a 6.4 ha olive orchard catchment located in an intensive commercial farm, which could represent a common degradation scenario in hilly areas, were measured and compared with the sediment loads at the outlet. Four GPS survey campaigns were carried out between March 2009 and March 2014, for periods with cumulative precipitation ranging between 728 and 121 mm. Chopped pruning residues were kept on the lanes during campaigns 2–4, whereas a grass cover crop was seeded in campaign 4. Rainfall, runoff and sediment loads were measured in a flume gauge station at the catchment outlet. The ratio of concentrated flow erosion to catchment sediment load varied between 1.0 and 35.0. Total concentrated flow erosion ranged between 25.0 and 0.1 t ha−1. Rill erosion was the dominant process on ephemeral gullies for three campaigns, with a mean contribution to the total concentrated flow erosion of 55%. Rills clearly followed tractor tracks along the most parallel lanes to the maximum slope. Therefore, a change in traffic direction would be helpful to reduce the connectivity, controlled by the spatial distribution of rows and lanes in the farm. Olive plantation distributions should prioritize hydrological criteria to adapt traffic patterns in olive farms, as long as the tractor manoeuvrability and risk of overturning are not adversely affected. Although the farmer only kept the cover crop for one campaign, it proved to be an efficient measure for interrupting rills along the lanes, whereas pruning residues were effective for the control of interrill erosion. On-site application of pruning residues reduced their handling and transport costs, while increasing the soil fertility and soil cover. However, guidelines for the efficient application of pruning residues are still necessary in terms of residue rates and orientation. 相似文献
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在福建洋口林场4年生的杉木人工林建立固定试验标准地．选择修枝木,每年对其进行1次修枝,修枝强度为修去4种规定树干直径（6cm、8cm、10cm和12cm）以下的所有枝条．修枝试验后2年,随着修枝强度的增加,杉木的生长量明显降低．修枝强度为6cm（密度1200株·hm^-2）的修枝木的平均树高、平均胸径和平均单株材积增长量均显著低于不修枝木．修枝后2年,各修枝处理杉木林林下植物的覆盖度、生物量、总的物种数,灌木层、草本层和总体Shannon-Wiener指数均高于未修枝的对照,但藤本层植物在修枝时被大量劈除,其种类数量、多样性指数却低于对照．闽北生产力较高的4年生、密度1200株·hm^-2的杉木幼林进行修枝,推荐的修枝强度为10cm或12cm． 相似文献
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