Impact of the sampling duration on the uncertainty of averaged velocity measurements with acoustic instruments     

Muste Marian  Jongmin Kim  Dongsu Kim 《水文研究》2021,35(4):e14125

Average velocity in streams is a key variable for the analysis and modelling of hydrological and hydraulic processes underpinning water resources science and practice. The present study evaluates the impact of the sampling duration on the quality of average velocity measurements acquired with contemporary instruments such as Acoustic Doppler Velocimeters (ADV) an Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCP). The evaluation combines considerations on turbulent flows and principles and configurations of acoustic instruments with practical experience in conducting customized analysis for uncertainty analysis purposes. The study sheds new insights on the spatial and temporal variability of the uncertainty in the measurement of average velocities due to variable sampling durations acting in isolation from other sources of uncertainties. Sampling durations of 90 and 150 s are found sufficient for ADV and ADCP, respectively, to obtain reliable average velocities in a flow affected only by natural turbulence and instrument noise. Larger sampling durations are needed for measurements in most of the natural streams exposed to additional sources of data variability.  相似文献   

Nutrient transports in a Swedish estuary     

Wayne Wilmot  Peter Toll  Björn Kjerfve 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1985,21(2):161-184

Himmerfjärd is a Swedish estuary bordering on the Baltic. The estuary lacks astronomical tides and its circulation is driven by winds and freshwater runoff. Because of a tertiary sewage treatment plant located at its inner end, the estuary is becoming increasingly eutrophic. A field study was carried out for a 78-day period in late summer and early fall of 1977 to determine rates of nutrient transport and to construct nutrient budgets. Since physical parameters (current velocity, temperature, salinity, winds and water level changes) were measured more frequently than nutrients (phosphate, nitrate, nitrite and ammonium) it was necessary to develop a suitable method to calculate nutrient flux time series and net nutrient fluxes. Over the study period, Himmerfjärd imported phosphorus and exported nitrogen. Direction of nutrient fluxes and changes in flux direction were consistent with the structure of the baroclinic currents.  相似文献   

Acceleration of anomalous cosmic rays at the heliospheric termination shock     

Berezhko  E. G.  Ksenofontov  L. T. 《Astronomy Letters》2005,31(12):836-843

Astronomy Letters - The acceleration of anomalous cosmic rays (ACRs) at the heliospheric termination shock and their influence on the shock structure and location are analyzed in terms of a...  相似文献   

On salinity regimes and the vertical structure of residual flows in narrow tidal estuaries     

D. Prandle 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1985,20(5):615-635

An examination is made of the circulation in narrow estuaries subject to a predominant tidal forcing. Velocity structures are derived separately for residual flow components associated with (a) river flow, (b) wind stress, (c) a well-mixed longitudinal density gradient and (d) a fully stratified saline wedge. Dimensionless parameters are introduced to indicate the magnitude of each component and these parameters are evaluated for 9 major estuaries, thereby revealing their sensitivity to each component.For a channel of constant breadth and depth, formulae are deduced for the length of saline intrusion, L. Comparisons with observed data show that such formulae may be used with confidence to predict changes in L arising from variations in river flow, tidal range or channel depths.The level of stratification is shown to be related to a product of two parameters, one associated with velocity structure and a second involving the square of the ‘flow ratio’ $\text{u}\text{u}\text{?}$ (i.e. residual velocity/amplitude of the tidal velocity). This relationship provides a simple classification system for estuarine stratification which can be used to indicate the sensitivity of any particular estuary to changing conditions.  相似文献   

Strong interplanetary field enhancements at Ulysses—evidence of dust trails' interaction with the solar wind?     

Geraint H Jones  André Balogh  Robert J MacDowall 《Icarus》2003,166(2):297-310

Interplanetary field enhancements were first discovered in the vicinity of Venus. These events are characterised by an increase in the magnitude of the heliospheric magnetic field with a near-symmetrical, sometimes thorn-shaped profile, and last from minutes to hours. Surveys of the events near Venus and Earth indicated clustering of the events in inertial space, which suggested that their sources were Solar System objects other than the Sun. A survey is presented of strong events of this type detected by the Ulysses spacecraft from 1990 to late 2001. Most of the events are accompanied by a discontinuity in the field direction near the events' centres. Other discontinuities are often symmetrical about the enhancement. The majority of events last less than two hours. When examined as a whole, the events tend to be accompanied by subtle changes in some plasma parameters. The majority of the enhancements are accompanied by magnetic holes on their fringes. The enhancements' occurrence rate increases with decreasing heliocentric distance. Possible formation mechanisms are discussed. No link was found with solar, or solar wind sources. Several aspects of the survey results are consistent with an origin related to cometary dust trails. Possible processes associated with a dust-solar wind interaction are discussed.  相似文献   

INVERSE DDA OF A SYSTEM OF BLOCKS IN SPHERE COORDINATES     

Wu Yun  Wang Hui  Zhou Shuoyu  Shi Shunying 《大地测量与地球动力学》2003,23(Z1)

1　IntroductionDiscontinuousDeformationAnalysis(DDA)developedbyShiin 1 980’s[1 ,2 ] maybeusedtocalculatethedeformationanddisplacementsinamulti blocksystemandtoanalyzetherelationbe tweenforcesanddisplacementsinthesystem .Ifthesurveydisplacementofeverypointordirectionisknown,alldisplacementsanddeformationsofblocks,eventheglide ,theclosureandthestretchoftheboundary planeofblocks ,canbecalculated .TheresultisoptimallyfittedaccordingtotheLeastSquarePrinciple.DDAismainlyusedinrockblockssystems…  相似文献   

中国海洋倾废历史与管理现状     

张和庆 《广东海洋大学学报》2003,23(5):15-23

介绍了我国海洋倾废的历史、发展过程和管理现状 ,分析了海洋倾倒的现状和面临的困难。文章还提出通过高新技术把疏浚泥迅速转化为再生资源进行利用和污染土无害化处理技术 ,从根本上减少疏浚泥海洋倾倒的数量和缓减海洋倾倒区紧张的状况 ,减少对海洋环境的污染  相似文献   

Geo-effectiveness of solar wind extremes     

Hari Om Vats 《Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy》2006,27(2-3):227-235

Examples of extreme events of solar wind and their effect on geomagnetic conditions are discussed here. It is found that there are two regimes of high speed solar wind streams with a threshold of ∼ 850 km s^-1. Geomagnetic activity enhancement rate (GAER) is defined as an average increase in Ap value per unit average increase in the peak solar wind velocity (Vp) during the stream. GAER was found to be different in the two regimes of high speed streams with +ve and-ve IMF. GAER is 0.73 and 0.53 for solar wind streams with +ve and -ve IMF respectively for the extremely high speed streams (< 850 km s^-1). This indicates that streams above the threshold speed with +ve IMF are 1.4 times more effective in enhancing geomagnetic activity than those with -ve IMF. However, the high speed streams below the threshold with -ve IMF are 1.1 times more effective in enhancing geomagnetic activity than those with +ve IMF. The violent solar activity period (October–November 2003) of cycle 23 presents a very special case during which many severe and strong effects were seen in the environment of the Earth and other planets; however, the z-component of IMF (Bz) is mostly positive during this period. The most severe geomagnetic storm of this cycle occurred when Bz was positive.  相似文献   

RETRACTION: Numerical simulation of a wind-sand flow under different conditions of atmospheric stability     

LÜ PING  ZHIBAO DONG 《Sedimentology》2008,55(3):721-721

A theoretical model for wind‐sand flow is developed by considering the coupling between wind flow and sand particle motion, the latter subject to the Magnus effect, under different atmospheric stability conditions. Using this model, the characteristics of the wind‐sand flow are discussed in detail. The results show that the atmospheric stability and the Magnus effect both have a strong influence on wind profiles and on the trajectories of sand particles. This approach produces results with characteristics that differ from those previously reported; the latter only applying to atmospheric conditions of neutral stability. The saltating sand reaches a greater height under non‐neutral stability than under neutral stability, while the maximum horizontal distance is greater under unstable conditions and is smaller under stable conditions than under conditions of neutral stability.  相似文献   

富P过铝质岩浆体系的研究现状及存在的问题     

唐勇  张辉  刘丛强  饶冰 《矿物学报》2008,28(1):35-42

高度演化的富P过铝质岩浆体系,具有鲜明的、不同于其他体系的地球化学行为.富P过铝质熔体以富P,高ASI,贫Fe、Mg、Ca,强烈亏损REE、Th、Y以及具有W、Sn、Nb、Ta等金属的矿化为特征.富P过铝质岩浆体系中的碱性长石为富P长石,长石中P可以有效地指示过铝质岩浆体系的演化历程;在岩浆演化的晚期,P与Li具强的亲和性,形成锂辉石-磷铝锂石-羟磷铝锂石的组合.已有的实验研究揭示,P能降低简单花岗岩的液相线和固相线温度、粘度以及增加H2O在熔体中的溶解度.然而,这一体系还存在许多问题亟待研究,P能否促进过铝质岩浆的液态不混溶,能否促使等价不相容元素在过铝质岩浆演化过程中的分异,是否在稀有金属成矿过程中起作用等都是值得关注的问题.  相似文献