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在验证CENTURY模型对中国陆地植被净初级生产力(Net Primary Productivity,NPP)模拟能力的基础上,利用该模型探讨了1981-2008年中国陆地植被NPP的年际变异和变化趋势对CO2浓度、温度和降水变化的响应。结果表明,中国陆地植被NPP对不同气候因子的响应程度存在明显不同。其中,CO2浓度变化对植被NPP年际变异的影响不显著,但能够引起中国大部分地区植被NPP趋势系数增大;温度对中国中高纬度地区植被NPP的年际变化影响显著,但就全国范围而言,植被NPP年际变异对温度变化的响应程度总体低于对降水变化的响应程度;降水变化是对中国植被NPP变化趋势起主导作用的气候因子。此外,综合考虑温度和降水变化的影响发现,植被NPP变化趋势的响应特征类似于降水单独变化时植被NPP变化趋势的响应特征。 相似文献
2.
Assessment of soil organic carbon in semi-arid Sudan using GIS and the CENTURY model 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Using the UNFCCC as a basis, and the objectives of estimating soil organic carbon (SOC) changes during the period 1900–2100, a spatially explicit database of climate, land cover and soil texture was compiled for a 262,000 km2 region in semi-arid Sudan. The area is characterized by low input cultivation of millet, sorghum and sesamé combined with livestock grazing. By integrating the database with the CENTURY ecosystem model, we were able to estimate historical, current and future pools of SOC as a function of land management and climate.The SOC (upper 20 cm) decrease from 1900 to 2000 was estimated to be 6·8 Mt and the maximum potential carbon sink (SOC increase) for the period 2000 to 2100 was estimated to be 17 Mt. Cropland and grassland lost 293 and 152 t SOC km−2 respectively whereas the savannahs gained 76 t SOC km−2 from 1900 to 2000. The SOC sequestration scenario simulated during 2000–2100 recovered 94, 84 and 75 t km−2 for cropland, grassland and savannah respectively.In addition to climate and soils, cropping intensity, fallow periods, fire frequency and grazing intensity also influence cropland SOC variation. Grassland and savannah SOC variations depend on grazing intensity and fire return interval. Land management may affect future amounts of SOC in semi-arid areas thereby turning them from sources into sinks of carbon. SOC estimates were reasonably consistent with measurements (r2=0·70, n=13). 相似文献
3.
草原生产力及其对气候变化的响应是全球变化研究的热点。利用ArcGIS插值技术,将蒙古高原32个气象站点数据插值成1°×1°的格点数据,然后利用CENTURY模型模拟了蒙古高原1961—2016年草原地上净初级生产力（ANPP）时空分布特征。结果表明：（1） CENTURY模型模拟的蒙古高原草原ANPP时空分布能够很好地反映该区域草原生产力的变化,草原ANPP分布由北向南,由东向西逐渐减少。（2） 草甸草原和典型草原单产均呈波动下降趋势,草甸草原下降速率较大,荒漠草原单产呈波动上升趋势,草原总产以典型草原最大,荒漠草原面积虽然最大,但总产最低。（3） 降水对草原生产力起主导作用,湿期会有荒漠草原→典型草原→草甸草原的转化,而干期的转化过程正好相反。从暖湿期→冷干期转换时,蒙古草原总产下降幅度最大,相反,则增产幅度最大。 相似文献
4.
Characterizing the dynamics of soil organic carbon in grasslands on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
ZHANG YongQiang TANG YanHong JIANG Jie & YANG YongHui Environmental Biology Division National Institute for Environmental Studies - Tsukuba Japan Institute of Geographic Sciences Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Research Center for Agricultural Resources Institute of Genetics Develepmental Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shijiazhuang China 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2007,50(1):113-120
Carbon dynamics of grasslands on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau may play an important role in regional and global carbon cycles. The CENTURY model (Version 4.5) is used to examine temporal and spatial variations of soil organic carbon (SOC) in grasslands on the Plateau for the period from 1960 to 2002. The model successfully simulates the dynamics of aboveground carbon and soil surface SOC at the soil depth of 0-20 cm and the simulated results agree well to the measurements. Examination of SOC for eight typical grasslands shows different patterns of temporal variation in different ecosystems in 1960-2002. The extent of temporal variation increases with the increase of SOC of ecosystem. SOC increases first and decreases quickly then during the period from 1990 to 2000. Spatially, SOC density obtained for the equilibrium condition declines gradually from the southeast to the northwest on the plateau and showed a high heterogeneity in the eastern plateau. The results suggest that (i) SOC den-sity in the alpine grasslands shows remarkable response to climate change during the 42 years, and (ii) the net carbon exchange rate between the alpine grassland ecosystems and the atmosphere increases from 1990 to 2000 as compared with that before 1990. 相似文献
5.
《制图学和地理信息科学》2013,40(3):155-174
At the beginning of the twentieth century, little of the world outside of Europe, India, and parts of North America had been covered by topographic mapping. By the end of the century there were few areas that were not covered by topographic mapping, if only at small scales. Most of the technological changes that made this extension of map coverage possible were pioneered dunng the period 1900-1939. This paper reviews the technological deveiopments in land and air survey that took place during that period and relates them to the drive to produce cost-effective mapping for civil and military purposes. 相似文献
6.
Modeling impacts of erosion and deposition on soil organic carbon in the Big Creek Basin of southern Illinois 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Land use land cover (LULC) plays an important role in influencing the spatial intensity of water erosion which is the primary governor of horizontal translocation of soil organic carbon (SOC). The fate of redistributed SOC through erosion remains debatable and the mineralization rate of exposed SOC protected in soil aggregates is the major focus of this argument. Cohesive spatially explicit modeling of SOC and erosion can potentially reduce some of the controversy. To this end we simulated erosion/deposition, and photosynthetic (in situ) flux of SOC in a small watershed of ~ 28.42 ha, located in the Big Creek basin of southern Illinois. The main objectives of this research were: (a) to study erosion and deposition dynamics under different LULC, (b) to examine the extent of carbon dislocation and deposition possible in the study area, and (c) to determine the net SOC accretion and reduction possible by accounting for gains through annual photosynthesis and deposition, and losses from erosion under different LULC scenarios. To fulfill our objectives, we combined GeoWEPP, an erosion/deposition process model, with CENTURY 4.0, an ecosystem model used for simulating SOC. Our results show that between 11 and 31% of the eroded soil gets deposited in the same basin depending on the LULC type, leaving the remainder to be transported downstream. Additionally, as expected, SOC flux due to erosion and deposition varies with the type of management practices. In the case of conservation management practices, the flux associated with erosion and deposition remains below 10% in comparison to in situ SOC transformations due to annual photosynthesis. However in the case of non-conservation management practices this proportion rises above 50%. 相似文献
7.
1 IntroductionAmong the natural disasters frequently occur in local and regional scales, soil erosion causes a serious impact on global natural resources and eco-environment. In China, the soil eroded area covers 38.26% of the total country's area, of which water erosion is 48.77%, wind erosion accounts for 51.22% and annual soil erosion amount totals five billion tons, accounting for 10 % of the whole world. Of the factors cause soil erosion and disasters such as floods, windstorms, landform,… 相似文献
8.
本研究的1／1标是利用CENTURY模型分析气候变化、大气CO2浓度倍增、气候变化与大气CO2浓度倍增共同作用对藏北高原高寒草原土壤有机碳的影响。结果表明：未来50年不同气候变化情景下土壤表层（0-20cm）有机碳呈降低趋势,变化率为49．77％-52．36％。P1T0情景（降水增加．温度不变）、POT1情景（降水不变,温度增加）和P1T1情景（降水增加,温度增加）下的模拟结果相近。其中P1T1情景下高寒草原土壤有机碳损失的最多（模拟结束时的土壤有机碳为844．40gCm^-2）,POT1情景下土壤有机碳损失49．77％。相对CO2不变情景而言,CO2倍增情景下土壤有机碳增加12．87％。CO2增加对土壤有机碳的影响大于气候变化单独作用对土壤有机碳的影响。气候变化与大气CO2浓度倍增共同作用导致土壤有机碳降低。未来50年P1T1＋2×CO2情景下土壤有机碳降低52．39％,POT1＋2×CO2情景下土壤有机碳降低49．81％,P1T0＋2×CO2情景下土壤有机碳降低52．317）％。因此,高寒草原土壤有机碳含量随降水、温度和大气CO2浓度的变化而变化。 相似文献
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10.
Vineet Yadav George P. Malanson Elias Bekele Christopher Lant 《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2009,29(4):488-500
Impending risks associated with climate change have forced the global community to devise tradable pollution permit or “cap and trade” approaches to control the release of greenhouse gases. In the U.S, soils have the potential to offset about 10 percent of annual CO2 emissions; however, if carbon credits are to be included in greenhouse gas control programs, soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration rates associated with agricultural land uses must be computed at a watershed scale. The Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) water quality model, the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) erosion model, and the CENTURY 4.0 a soil carbon model were used to simulate carbon sequestration rates for 160 crop-tillage rotations in 272 sub-basins of the Big Creek watershed (12,300 hectares). Under annual crops, only no-till in a corn-soybean rotation, on low to moderate slopes results in net gains in SOC. Substantial annual rates of SOC sequestration occur only under perennial crops such as Conservation Reserve Program (CRP; 0.14 t/ha without erosion; 0.08 with erosion), pasture (0.67 t/ha without erosion; 0.58 with erosion), hay (0.88 t/ha without erosion; 0.52 with erosion), and forest (2.66 t/ha without erosion; 2.49 with erosion). Erosion thus has a large effect on the spatial distribution of field-measured SOC by moving it down slope and increasing its spatial variability. Because of this, carbon credit programs should be based on field practices, thus targeting the locations where the sequestration of atmospheric carbon actually occurs and minimizing monitoring costs. Developing model-based estimates of SOC sequestration rates of field practices at many locations would thus greatly serve the needs of carbon crediting programs. 相似文献