Seasonal connections between meteoric water and streamflow generation along a mountain headwater stream     

Sam J. Leuthold  Stephanie A. Ewing  Robert A. Payn  Florence R. Miller  Stephan G. Custer 《水文研究》2021,35(2):e14029

In snowmelt-driven mountain watersheds, the hydrologic connectivity between meteoric waters and stream flow generation varies strongly with the season, reflecting variable connection to soil and groundwater storage within the watershed. This variable connectivity regulates how streamflow generation mechanisms transform the seasonal and elevational variation in oxygen and hydrogen isotopic composition (δ¹⁸O and δD) of meteoric precipitation. Thus, water isotopes in stream flow can signal immediate connectivity or more prolonged mixing, especially in high-relief mountainous catchments. We characterized δ¹⁸O and δD values in stream water along an elevational gradient in a mountain headwater catchment in southwestern Montana. Stream water isotopic compositions related most strongly to elevation between February and March, exhibiting higher δ¹⁸O and δD values with decreasing elevation. These elevational isotopic lapse rates likely reflect increased connection between stream flow and proximal snow-derived water sources heavily subject to elevational isotopic effects. These patterns disappeared during summer sampling, when consistently lower δ¹⁸O and δD values of stream water reflected contributions from snowmelt or colder rainfall, despite much higher δ¹⁸O and δD values expected in warmer seasonal rainfall. The consistently low isotopic values and absence of a trend with elevation during summer suggest lower connectivity between summer precipitation and stream flow generation as a consequence of drier soils and greater transpiration. As further evidence of intermittent seasonal connectivity between the stream and adjacent groundwaters, we observed a late-winter flush of nitrate into the stream at higher elevations, consistent with increased connection to accumulating mineralized nitrogen in riparian wetlands. This pattern was distinct from mid-summer patterns of nitrate loading at lower elevations that suggested heightened human recreational activity along the stream corridor. These observations provide insights linking stream flow generation and seasonal water storage in high elevation mountainous watersheds. Greater understanding of the connections between surface water, soil water and groundwater in these environments will help predict how the quality and quantity of mountain runoff will respond to changing climate and allow better informed water management decisions.  相似文献   

中国草畜平衡状态时空演变指示的草地生态保护格局   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

黄麟  翟俊  祝萍  郑瑜晗 《地理学报》2020,75(11):2396-2407

中国草原牧区作为重要生态安全屏障和草地畜牧业生产基地,其草畜平衡状态直接影响草地退化与恢复,进而影响草地生态系统服务能力的强弱。本文分析了2000—2015年主要草原牧区草地植被覆盖、牧草供给、草畜平衡状态的时空变化特征,深入探讨草地退化与恢复及载畜压力下草地生态系统保护与恢复空间格局。结果表明：过去16年主要草原牧区草地面积净减少约163万hm²,6.7%的草地出现植被覆盖退化,而5.4%的草地呈现植被覆盖明显恢复。天然草地牧草供给量以增加为主,年增率约0.3 kg/hm²,然而其载畜压力亦持续增加,不考虑补饲的载畜压力指数高达3.8,除内蒙古东北部、青藏高原中部仍有载畜潜力,其余多处于超载状态;考虑实际冷季补饲的载畜压力指数约3.1,内蒙古中东部有所缓解;假设冷季全额补饲则载畜压力指数减至1.9,内蒙古、青藏高原等区域明显缓解。叠加上述数据,本文针对自然保护地、牧区、半农半牧区和农区等不同区域的草地生态保护格局,提出了平衡草地生态保护与畜牧生产利用的不同发展策略。  相似文献   

Periodic flares in the methanol maser source G9.62+0.20E     

S. Goedhart  M. J. Gaylard  D. J. van der Walt 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2003,339(4):L33-L36

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GEOGRAPHY ON THE PLANETS: GIFT OF REMOTE SENSING*     

Richard J. Pike 《The Professional geographer》1987,39(2):131-145

Extraterrestrial geography has become a reality, as we move from Earth's moon to the planets. A broad-scale regional physiography is being established on twenty planets and satellites through remote sensing techniques. Spacecraft images yield most of the information on Solar System landscapes. Topographic measurements are extracted by monoscopic image-processing, stereophotogrammetry, and radar analysis. Invisible parts of the spectrum furnish non-topographic data.  相似文献   

Towards a free–free template for CMB foregrounds     

C. Dickinson  R. D. Davies  R. J. Davis 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2003,341(2):369-384

A full-sky template map of the Galactic free–free foreground emission component is increasingly important for high-sensitivity cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiments. We use the recently published Hα data of both the northern and southern skies as the basis for such a template.
The first step is to correct the Hα maps for dust absorption using the 100-μm dust maps of Schlegel, Finkbeiner & Davis. We show that for a range of longitudes, the Galactic latitude distribution of absorption suggests that it is 33 per cent of the full extragalactic absorption. A reliable absorption-corrected Hα map can be produced for ∼95 per cent of the sky; the area for which a template cannot be recovered is the Galactic plane area  | b | < 5°, l = 260°–0°–160°  and some isolated dense dust clouds at intermediate latitudes.
The second step is to convert the dust-corrected Hα data into a predicted radio surface brightness. The free–free emission formula is revised to give an accurate expression (1 per cent) for the radio emission covering the frequency range 100 MHz–100 GHz and the electron temperature range 3000–20 000 K. The main uncertainty when applying this expression is the variation of electron temperature across the sky. The emission formula is verified in several extended H  ii regions using data in the range 408–2326 MHz.
A full-sky free–free template map is presented at 30 GHz; the scaling to other frequencies is given. The Haslam et al. all-sky 408-MHz map of the sky can be corrected for this free–free component, which amounts to a  ≈6  per cent correction at intermediate and high latitudes, to provide a pure synchrotron all-sky template. The implications for CMB experiments are discussed.  相似文献   

山区公路软基病害研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

刘雪岭  苏生瑞  周新民 《地球科学与环境学报》2005,27(1):65-69

随着高等级公路建设规模的扩大，山区公路所面临的路基病害特别是软土路基病害问题也逐渐增多。结合对陕南勉(县)一宁(强)高速公路工程实例分析，对山区软土成因及其特性进行了初步分析，认为山区软土属以坡洪积、湖积和冲积为主的软土，也有少量是由坡残积物堆积而形成。山区软土的特殊性表现在成分的复杂性、分布的不均匀性、隐蔽性和物理力学性质的特殊性。根据其特性以及中国山区公路软基普遍存在的病害问题，总结了山区公路软基的主要病害类型为剪切拉裂破坏、浸水沉陷破坏、剥蚀坍塌破坏、推挤滑动破坏。还提出了相应的软基处理方法及建议。  相似文献   

Mid-infrared, Hα and radio continuum images of an unusual H ii region, G308.70 + 0.60     

Martin Cohen  Anne J. Green  Quentin A. Parker  Stacy Mader  Russell D. Cannon 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2002,336(3):736-746

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几个活动区精细H_α结构的物理浅析     

吴蓓  宋慕陶  胡福民 《中国天文和天体物理学报》1994,(2)

本文利用紫金山天文台赣榆站太阳精细结构望远镜拍得的高分辨率色球Ｈ_α照片，分析了三个典型活动区。文中利用并检验了七十年代获得的磁图推导法则，应用自己的数值模拟知识和Ｚｗａａｎ对ＡＦＳ系新浮流区概括的特征，参考七十和九十年代总结的有关耀斑和ＥｌｌｅｒｍａｎＢｏｍｂ的出现规律，逐日分析活动区发展，定出其内部的中性线位置，提出简单和复合中性线的区分，由ＡＦＳ系和亮谱斑同时出现判断新浮流区，从近离带图找等离子体不稳定点，从远离带图找普遍的磁场流场分布，由Ｈ_α结构的综合迹象推测磁场变化。总结出有关活动区Ｈ_α结构、磁场及等离子体性质关系的几点启示。  相似文献   

Wolf-Rayet stars     

K. A. van der Hucht 《Astronomy and Astrophysics Review》1992,4(2):123-159

Summary Recent literature on Population I Wolf-Rayet star research extending from the Milky Way to blue compact dwarf galaxies is reviewed, broken down into inventory, basic parameters and galactic distribution, atmospheres, binaries, intrinsic variability, mass loss, enrichment and evolution. Also the incidence of Wolf-Rayet stars with variable non-thermal radio emission, excess X-ray fluxes, and episodic/periodic IR excesses is reviewed. These phenomena appear to be associated with wind-wind interaction in wide long-period WR+OB binaries and with wind-compact object interaction in WR+c binaries, with orbit sizes of the order of magnitude of the WR radio photosphere sizes or larger.  相似文献   

Magnetic Field Strengths and Structures from Radio Observations of Solar Active Regions     

Chang－XiZhang  G.B.Gelfreikh 《中国天文和天体物理学报》2002,2(3):266-276

Radio observations of some active regions (ARs) obtained with the Nobeyama radioheliograph at λ=1.76cm are used for estimating the magnetic field strength in the upper chromosphere, based on thermal bremsstrahlung. The results are compared with the magnetic field strength in the photosphere from observations with the Solar Magnetic Field Telescope (SMFT) at Huairou Solar Observing Station of Beijing Astronomical Observatory. The difference in the magnetic field strength between the two layers seems reasonable. The solar radio maps of active regions obtained with the Nobeyama radioheliograph, both in total intensity (I-map) and in circular polarizations (V-map), are compared with the optical magnetograms obtained with the SMFT. The comparison between the radio map in circular polarization and the longitudinal photospheric magnetogram of a plage region suggest that the radio map in circular polarization is a kind of magnetogram of the upper chromosphere. The comparison of the radio map in total intensity with the photospheric vector magnetogram of an AR shows that the radio map in total intensity gives indications of magnetic loops in the corona, thus we have a method of defining the coronal magnetic structure from the radio I-maps at λ=1.76 cm. Analysing the I-maps, we identified three components: (a) a compact bright source; (b) a narrow elongated structure connecting two main magnetic islands of opposite polarities (observed in both the optical and radio magnetograms); (c) a wide, diffuse, weak component that corresponds to a wide structure in the solar active region which shows in most cases an S or a reversed S contour, which is probably due to the differential rotation of the Sun. The last two components suggest coronal loops on different spatial scales above the neutral line of the longitudinal photospheric magnetic field.  相似文献