Implementation of a coupled plastic damage distinct lattice spring model for dynamic crack propagation in geomaterials          下载免费PDF全文

Chao Jiang  Gao‐Feng Zhao 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2018,42(4):674-693

This paper studies dynamic crack propagation by employing the distinct lattice spring model (DLSM) and 3‐dimensional (3D) printing technique. A damage‐plasticity model was developed and implemented in a 2D DLSM. Applicability of the damage‐plasticity DLSM was verified against analytical elastic solutions and experimental results for crack propagation. As a physical analogy, dynamic fracturing tests were conducted on 3D printed specimens using the split Hopkinson pressure bar. The dynamic stress intensity factors were recorded, and crack paths were captured by a high‐speed camera. A parametric study was conducted to find the influences of the parameters on cracking behaviors, including initial and peak fracture toughness, crack speed, and crack patterns. Finally, selection of parameters for the damage‐plasticity model was determined through the comparison of numerical predictions and the experimentally observed cracking features.  相似文献   

Infiltration at the Tai rain forest (Ivory Coast): Measurements and modelling     

A. Wierda  A. W. L. Veen  R. W. A. Hutjes 《水文研究》1989,3(4):371-382

Infiltration experiments have been performed at three sites along a well-known catena under virgin tropical rain forest using a portable sprinkling infiltrometer. Experimentally determined infiltration curves are presented. Infiltration curves are also simulated on the basis of the Mein-Larson equation. The parameters for this model have been obtained from the infiltration curves (saturated conductivity) and simple soil moisture determinations (fillable porosity). The agreement between experimentally determined and modelled infiltration is reasonable, provided (a) saturated conductivity as derived from the experimental data is corrected, (b) a storage parameter, also derived from the experimental data, is added to the Mein-Larson model, and (c) the decline in soil porosity with depth is either small or occurs abruptly at shallow depth. Comparison of observed infiltration rates with rainfall intensity shows that Horton Overland Flow has to occur naturally at least on the middle and lower section of the catena. Despite the fact that most parameters can be estimated in principle from basic soil data, it remains advisable to obtain sprinkling infiltrometer field measurements, because of soil variability due to dynamic surface conditions, macroporosity, air entrapment, and irregularity of the wetting front.  相似文献   

论中国盐溶角砾岩的特征和分类     

魏东岩 《岩石学报》1991,7(3):73-80,T001

中国的蒸发岩矿床非常丰富,与蒸发岩在成因上密切相关的盐溶角砾岩极其发育。本文简述了中国盐溶角砾岩的分布,总结了盐溶角砾岩的一般特征,划分出盐溶角砾岩的主要类型,探讨了盐溶角砾岩与盐泉的关系。  相似文献   

Petrography and textural development of inorganic and biogenic lithotypes in a relict barite tufa deposit at Flybye Springs, NT, Canada     

SANDY M. BONNY  BRIAN JONES 《Sedimentology》2008,55(2):275-303

A relict mound of Holocene barite (BaSO₄) tufa underlies the Flybye Springs, a small, barium‐rich, cold sulphur spring system in the Northwest Territories of Canada. The tufa is composed of relatively pure barite with ≤0·34 wt% Ca²⁺ and ≤0·77 wt% Sr²⁺. The mound is made up of coated bubble, raft, undulatory sheet, stromatolitic, coated grain and detrital conglomerate barite tufa. Although previously unreported in barite, these lithotypes are akin to facies found in many carbonate spring deposits. Raft and ooid‐coated grain tufa was formed via ‘inorganic’ barite precipitation in spring water ponds and tributaries where rapid oxidation of sulphide to sulphate established barite supersaturation. Undulatory sheet tufa may have formed by the reaction of dissolved barium with sulphate derived from the oxidation of extracellular polysaccharide‐rich colloidal sulphur films floating in oxygenated, barite‐saturated spring water ponds. Coated bubble, oncoid‐coated grain and stromatolitic tufa with filamentous microfossils was formed in close association with sulphur‐tolerant microbes inhabiting dysoxic and oxygenated spring water tributaries and ponds. Adsorption of dissolved barium to microbial extracellular polysaccharide probably facilitated the development of these ‘biogenic’ lithotypes. Detrital conglomerate tufa was formed by barite cementation of microdetrital tufa, allochthonous lithoclasts and organic detritus, including caribou hair. Biogenic textures, organic artefacts and microfossils in the Flybye barite tufa have survived diagenetic aggradational recrystallization and precipitation of secondary cements, indicating the potential for palaeoecological information to be preserved in barite in the geological record. Similarities between the Flybye barite tufa and carbonate spring deposits demonstrate that analogous textures can develop in chemical sedimentary systems with distinct mineralogy, biology and physiochemistry.  相似文献   

Occurrence and evolution of the Xiaotangshan hot spring in Beijing, China   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Zhou Haiyan  Zhou Xun  Chai Rui  Yu Lan  Liu Chunhui  Li Liangping 《Environmental Geology》2008,53(7):1483-1489

Thermal groundwater occurs in bedrock aquifers consisting of the dolomite of the Wumishan Group of the Jixianin System and the Cambrian carbonate in the Xiaotangshan geothermal field near the northern margin of the North China Plain, China. The hot water in the geothermal field of basin-type discharges partly in the form of the Xiaotangshan hot spring under natural conditions. The hot water has TDS of less than 600 mg/L and is of Na·Ca-HCO₃ type. The geothermal water receives recharge from precipitation in the mountain area with elevation of about 500 m above sea level to the north of the spring. Thermal groundwater flows slowly south and southeast through a deep circulation with a residence time of 224 years estimated with the Ra–Rn method. The Xiaotangshan hot spring dried up in the middle of the 1980s owing to the increasing withdrawal of the hot water in the geothermal field in the past decades. The water level of the geothermal system still falls continually at an annual average rate of about 2 m, although water temperature changes very little, indicating that the recharge of such a geothermal system of basin-type is limited. Over-exploitation has a dramatic impact on the geothermal system, and reduction in exploitation and reinjection are required for the sustainable usage of the hot water.  相似文献   

Roles of Biogeochemical Processes in the Oceanic Carbon Cycle Described with a Simple Coupled Physical-Biogeochemical Model   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Masahiko?FujiiEmail author  Motoyoshi?Ikeda  Yasuhiro?Yamanaka 《Journal of Oceanography》2005,61(5):803-815

To evaluate the contribution of biogeochemical processes to the oceanic carbon cycle and to calculate the ratio of calcium carbonate to organic carbon downward export, we have incorporated biological and alkalinity pumps in the yoked high-latitude exchange/interior diffusion-advection (YOLDA) model. The biogeochemical processes are represented by four parameters. The values of the parameters are tuned so that the model can reproduce the observed phosphate and alkalinity distributions in each oceanic region. The sensitivity of the model to the biogeochemical parameters shows that biological production rates in the euphotic zone and decomposition depths of particulate matters significantly influence horizontal and vertical distributions of biogeochemical substances. The modeled vertical fluxes of particulate organic phosphorus and calcium carbonate are converted to vertical carbon fluxes by the biological pump and the alkalinity pump, respectively. The downward carbon flux from the surface layer to the deep layer in the entire region is estimated to be 3.36 PgC/yr, which consists of 2.93 PgC/yr from the biological pump and 0.43 PgC/yr from the alkalinity pump, which is consistent with previous studies. The modeled rain ratio is higher with depth and higher in the Pacific and Indian Oceans than in the Atlantic Ocean. The global rain ratio at the surface layer is calculated to be 0.14 to 0.15. This value lies between the lower and higher ends of the previous estimates, which range widely from 0.05 to 0.25. This study indicates that the rain ratio is unlikely to be higher than 0.15, at least in the surface waters.  相似文献   

春季西北太平洋热带气旋与海温场和大气环流的关系     

李自强  张淑瑞 《海洋预报》1993,(1)

本文利用1951～1987年286个网格点太平洋月平均海温场及500hPa月平均位势高度场,分析了春季西北太平洋（不含南海）热带气旋与海温场和大气环流的关系。结果表明:前期太平洋海温场与春季热带气旋生成数有显著的相关,并以前一年夏季和前期冬季更为明显。影响春季热带气旋生成的太平洋海温场主要有两个关键区,一个位于赤道东太平洋,为负相关:一个位于北太平洋中部,为正相关。文中还从海温对大气环流影响的角度出发,分析了春季热带气旋活动特多年与特少年前期及同期500hPa大气环流的特征及两者之间的差异。最后利用逐步回归方法作了春季西北太平洋热带气旋长期趋势预报。  相似文献   

冬至初春黄海暖流的路径和起源   总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18  

汤毓祥  邹娥梅  LIE Heung-Jae 《海洋学报》2001,23(1):1-12

主要根据近几年来中韩黄海水循环动力学合作调查结果,结合有关观测资料,进一步分析了冬至初春黄海暖流的路径和起源.与以往类似研究不同的主要有两点:(1)初步探讨了黄海暖流路径的季节和年际变异,并指出这种变异与北向风的强弱密切相关;(2)通过分析济州岛西侧海域混合水的去向,进一步确认了部分混合水绕济州岛运行,并进入济州海峡这一事实.同时,初步揭示进入黄海的混合水,即黄海暖流水,含有更多的东海陆架水成分.  相似文献   

Atmospheric forcing of the eastern tropical Pacific: A review   总被引：1，自引：8，他引：1  

Jorge A. Amador  Eric J. Alfaro  Omar G. Lizano  Victor O. Magaa 《Progress in Oceanography》2006,69(2-4):101

The increase in marine, land surface, atmospheric and satellite data during recent decades has led to an improved understanding of the air–sea interaction processes in the eastern tropical Pacific. This is also thanks to extensive diagnoses from conceptual and coupled ocean–atmosphere numerical models. In this paper, mean fields of atmospheric variables, such as incoming solar radiation, sea level pressure, winds, wind stress curl, precipitation, evaporation, and surface energy fluxes, are derived from global atmospheric data sets in order to examine the dominant features of the low level atmospheric circulations of the region. The seasonal march of the atmospheric circulations is presented to depict the role of radiative forcing on atmospheric perturbations, especially those dominating the atmosphere at low levels.In the tropics, the trade winds constitute an important north–south energy and moisture exchange mechanism (as part of the low level branch of the Hadley circulation), that determines to a large extent the precipitation distribution in the region, i.e., that associated with the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Monsoonal circulations also play an important role in determining the warm season precipitation distribution over the eastern tropical Pacific through a large variety of air–sea–land interaction mechanisms. Westward traveling waves, tropical cyclones, low latitude cold air intrusions, and other synoptic and mesoscale perturbations associated with the ITCZ are also important elements that modulate the annual rainfall cycle. The low-level jets of the Gulf of California, the Intra-Americas Sea (Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea) and Chocó, Colombia are prominent features of the eastern tropical Pacific low-level circulations related to sub-regional and regional scale precipitation patterns. Observations show that the Intra-Americas Low-Level Jet intensity varies with El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phases, however its origin and role in the westward propagation and development of disturbances that may hit the eastern tropical Pacific, such as easterly waves and tropical cyclones, are still unclear. Changes in the intensity of the trade winds in the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico (associated with eastern tropical Pacific wind jets) exert an important control on precipitation by means of wind–topography interactions. Gaps in the mountains of southern Mexico and Central America allow strong wind jets to pass over the continent imprinting a unique signal in sea surface temperatures and ocean dynamics of the eastern tropical Pacific.The warm pools of the Americas constitute an important source of moisture for the North American Monsoon System. The northeastern tropical Pacific is a region of intense cyclogenetic activity, just west of the coast of Mesoamerica. Over the oceanic regions, large-scale properties of key variables such as precipitation, moisture, surface energy fluxes and wind stress curl are still uncertain, which inhibits a more comprehensive view of the region and stresses the importance of regional field experiments. Progress has been substantial in the understanding of the ocean and atmospheric dynamics of the eastern tropical Pacific, however, recent observational evidence such as that of a shallow meridional circulation cell in that region, in contrast to the classic concept of the Hadley-type deep meridional circulation, suggests that more in situ observations to validate theories are still necessary.This paper is part of a comprehensive review of the oceanography of the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.  相似文献   

热带地区流场异常与江淮特大暴雨成因的研究     

王文东  杨祖芳  何立富 《海洋预报》1994,(1)

本文通过计算和对比分析，得到１９９１年春、夏江淮地区特大暴雨形成的五个基本特征：西北太平洋上副高显著偏西、偏北；较弱的西南季风与东南气流汇合成强西南气流伸向江淮地区；偏东风与强西南风形成的辐合带在江淮地区维持；江淮地区对流层中下部为强上升运动、上部为辐散；１３０°Ｅ附近南半球向北半球的较强越赤道气流持续。  相似文献