The BEAM-project: prediction and assessment of mixture toxicities in the aquatic environment     

Thomas Backhaus  Rolf Altenburger  sa Arrhenius  Hans Blanck  Michael Faust  Antonio Finizio  Paola Gramatica  Matthias Grote  Marion Junghans  Wiebke Meyer  Manuela Pavan  Tobias Porsbring  Martin Scholze  Roberto Todeschini  Marco Vighi  Helge Walter  L. Horst Grimme 《Continental Shelf Research》2003,23(17-19):1757

Freshwater and marine ecosystems are exposed to various multi-component mixtures of pollutants. Nevertheless, most ecotoxicological research and chemicals regulation focus on hazard and exposure assessment of individual substances only, the problem of chemical mixtures in the environment is ignored to a large extent. In contrast, the assessment of combination effects has a long tradition in pharmacology, where mixtures of chemicals are specifically designed to develop new products, e.g. human and veterinary drugs or agricultural and non-agricultural pesticides. In this area, two concepts are frequently used and are thought to describe fundamental relationships between single substance and mixture effects: Independent Action (Response Addition) and Concentration Addition. The question, to what extent these concepts may also be applied in an ecotoxicological and regulatory context may be considered a research topic of major importance, as the concepts would allow to make use of already existing single substance toxicity data for the predictive assessment of mixture toxicities. Two critical knowledge gaps are identified: (a) There is a lack of environmental realism, as a huge part of our current knowledge about the applicability of the concepts is restricted to artificial situations with respect to mixture composition or biological effect assessment. (b) The knowledge on what exactly is needed for using the concepts as tools for the predictive mixture toxicity assessment is insufficient. Both gaps seriously hamper the necessary, scientifically sound consideration of mixture toxicities in a regulatory context.In this paper, the two concepts will be briefly introduced, the necessity of considering the toxicities of chemical mixtures in the environment will be demonstrated and the applicability of Independent Action and Concentration Addition as tools for the prediction and assessment of mixture toxicities will be discussed. An overview of the specific aims and approaches of the BEAM project to fill in the identified knowledge gaps is given and first results are outlined.  相似文献   

混合物电导率和介电常数的研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

李剑浩 《地球物理学报》1996,39(Z1):364-370

应用电场理论研究混合物的电性，得出了混合物的电导率公式和介电常数公式．这一结果表明：混合物的电导率决定于混合物各成分电导率的均值和方差；混合物的介电常数决定于混合物各成分介电常数的均值和方差．作为所得结果的应用，给出了岩石的电导率公式和介电常数公式．  相似文献   

基于形状先验和图割的高分辨率遥感影像道路提取   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

周绍光陈超  岳建平 《测绘学报》2014,43(1):60-65

给出一种从高分辨率遥感影像中提取道路的方法。先对遥感影像进行滤波预处理获取纹理特征;再以图割解算经典能量函数获取道路图斑,其中利用高斯混合模型构建T链;接着利用直线匹配法获得初始道路段;最后用图割解算融合了两种形状先验的能量函数,结合动态外推的思路连接道路段。对不同遥感影像的实验证明了算法的有效性。  相似文献   

Reducing background effects in orchards through spectral vegetation index correction     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2015

Satellite remote sensing provides an alternative to time-consuming and labor intensive in situ measurements of biophysical variables in agricultural crops required for precision agriculture applications. In orchards, however, the spatial resolution causes mixtures of canopies and background (i.e. soil, grass and shadow), hampering the estimation of these biophysical variables. Furthermore, variable background mixtures obstruct meaningful comparisons between different orchard blocks, rows or within each row. Current correction methodologies use spectral differences between canopies and background, but struggle with a vegetated orchard floor. This background influence and the lack of a generic solution are addressed in this study.Firstly, the problem was demonstrated in a controlled environment for vegetation indices sensitive to chlorophyll content, water content and leaf area index. Afterwards, traditional background correction methods (i.e. soil-adjusted vegetation indices and signal unmixing) were compared to the proposed vegetation index correction. This correction was based on the mixing degree of each pixel (i.e. tree cover fraction) to rescale the vegetation indices accordingly and was applied to synthetic and WorldView-2 satellite imagery. Through the correction, the effect of background admixture for vegetation indices was reduced, and the estimation of biophysical variables was improved (ΔR² = 0.2–0.31).  相似文献   

Probability Distribution of the Hull Motion and Mooring Line Tension of Two Floating Systems     

Deqing Zhang  Junfeng Du  Junrong Wang  Anteng Chang 《中国海洋大学学报(英文版)》2020,19(2):281-297

The statistical and distribution characteristics of the responses of a floater and its mooring lines are essential in designing floating/mooring systems.In general,the dynamic responses of offshore structures obey a Gaussian distribution,assuming that the structural system,and sea loads are linear or weakly nonlinear.However,mooring systems and wave loads are considerably nonlinear,and the dynamic responses of hull/mooring systems are non-Gaussian.In this study,the dynamic responses of two types of floaters,semi-submersible and spar platforms,and their mooring lines are computed using coupled dynamic analysis in the time domain.Herein,the statistical characteristics and distributions of the hull motion and mooring line tension are discussed and compared.The statistical distributions of the dynamic responses have strong non-Gaussianity and are unreasonably fitted by a Gaussian distribution for the two floating and mooring systems.Then,the effects of water depth,wave parameters,and low-frequency and wave-frequency components on the non-Gaussianity of the hull motion,and mooring line tension are investigated and discussed.A comparison of the statistical distributions of the responses with various probability density functions,including the Gamma,Gaussian,General Extreme Value,Weibull,and Gaussian Mixture Model(GMM)distributions,shows that the GMM distribution is better than the others for characterizing the statistical distributions of the hull motion,and mooring line tension responses.Furthermore,the GMM distribution has the best accuracy of response prediction.  相似文献   

冬季大风影响下的渤黄海水交换特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

宋军  郭俊如  李静  牟林  刘玉龙  王国松  李琰  李欢 《海洋学报(英文版)》2017,36(1):17-25

利用ROMS海洋数值模式对2006年冬季渤黄海的海洋动力环境进行模拟,基于温度、盐度模拟结果,使用谱混合模型进行水团分析,定义了渤海海峡地区的水交换区。并进一步讨论了冬季大风事件对水交换区的影响,给出了冬季大风影响下的渤黄海水交换特征。研究得出,冬季的黄海水团以“舌”形分布于渤海海峡地区,水交换区则表现为沿“舌”形边缘呈带状分布,具有西北——东南的走向趋势,并且在“舌”尖处的水交换面积最大。通过缩小研究范围,发现位于黄海最北部的沿岸海域并不参与渤黄海之间的水体交换。最后研究发现,冬季大风事件对渤海水交换具有促进作用,具体表现为：大风过程使黄海暖流对渤海的入侵更加深入,水交换区向渤海方向伸展,南部的水交换带变宽,河流径流进入渤海后与渤海水的混合区加大,并发生北移。  相似文献   

Multiphase SPH modeling of free surface flow in porous media with variable porosity     

《Computers and Geotechnics》2017

This paper presents a numerical model for simulating free surface flow in porous media with spatially varying porosity. The governing equations are based on the mixture theory. The resistance forces between solid and fluid is assumed to be nonlinear. A multiphase SPH approach is presented to solve the governing equations. In the multiphase SPH, water is modeled as a weakly compressible fluid, and solid phase is discretized by fixed solid particles carrying information of porosity. The model is validated by several numerical examples including seepage through specimen, fast flow through rockfill dam and wave interaction with porous structure. Good agreements between numerical results and experimental data are obtained in terms of flow rate and evolution of free surface. Parameter study shows that (1) the nonlinear resistance law provides more accurate results; (2) particle size and porosity have significant influence on the porous flow.  相似文献   

历史解译知识引导下组合遥感图谱特征的变化检测方法     

吴田军  马江洪 《地球信息科学学报》2016,18(5):655-663

高空间分辨率遥感影像为地表变化监测提供了大量细节信息,这使得基于高分辨率影像的变化检测技术成为当前遥感领域的研究热点之一。本文提出了一种历史解译知识引导下组合遥感图谱特征的变化检测方法。首先,通过分割前后时相的组合影像构建空间位置一致的对象,并在提取对象光谱和纹理特征后,引入前期土地覆盖专题图指导2类图谱特征相似度的DS证据融合;然后,利用其历史存档图斑所属区域的优势地类标签指示不同特征相似度的证据差异融合;最后,基于GMM（Gaussian Mixture Mode）模型的二值化方法提取最终的变化区域。实验结果表明,该方法能充分利用历史解译知识指导不同时相高分辨率影像对象特征相似度组合,一定程度上提高了变化检测正确率。  相似文献   

基于神经网络方法获得最优化月球内部结构模型     

廖彬彬  徐建桥  陈晓东  孙和平  周江存 《地球物理学报》2022,65(3):939-951

由于观测手段有限,目前对月球内部结构的认识还存在很大的不确定性,至今仍没有一个被广泛认可的内部结构模型,且现有对月球内部结构模型的研究几乎很少关注观测值对观测精度的影响.本研究采用混合密度神经网络方法得到了月球内部结构模型的后验概率密度分布,获得了平均月球内部结构模型(Mean模型)、最大后验概率对应的月球内部结构模型...  相似文献   

浅谈对“混合土”的认识及其地基处理     

姜中笑 《湖南地质》1999,(Z1)

“混合土”是一种特殊性土,成分复杂,粒径悬殊,力学性质变化较大。本文以株洲市南华花园地区“混合土”为例,剖析了勘察中应注意的事项,阐述了动力触探是对“混合土”勘察的有效手段,并结合工程实际情况,提出了相应的地基处理措施。  相似文献