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1.
Complex rocks, consisting of different lithologic breccias and sediments in the Tungho area of the southern Coastal Range, eastern Taiwan, were formed by magmas and magma–sediment mingling. Based on field occurrences, petrography, and mineral and rock compositions, three components including mafic magma, felsic magma, and sediments can be identified. The black breccias and white breccias were consolidated from mafic and felsic magma, respectively. Isotopic composition shows these two magmas may be from the same source. Compared to the white breccias, the black breccias show clast-supported structures, higher An values in plagioclase, higher contents of MgO, CaO, and Fe2O3 and lower SiO2, greater enrichment in the light rare earth elements (LREE), and depletion in the heavy rare earth elements (HREE). The white breccias show matrix-supported blocks and mingling with tuffaceous sediments to form peperite. Physical and chemical evidence shows that the characteristics of these two components (mafic and felsic magmas) are still apparent in the mingled zone. According to their petrography, mafic and felsic magmas did not have much time for mingling. White intrusive structures and black flow structures show that mingling occurred before they solidified. Finally, the occurrence of mingling between magmas and sediments suggests that the mingling has taken place at the surface and not in the magma chamber. 相似文献
2.
熔积岩指的是侵入、混合到未固结或弱固结的湿沉积物中的熔浆分解、原位形成的一类特殊岩石。正确地认识该类岩石,有利于增进人们对岩浆-水(沉积物)相互作用过程的理解,恢复古环境。在青海南部沱沱河地区发现了一套角砾为撕片状、锯齿状及浑圆状的安山岩,胶结物为铁硅质组合的特殊熔积岩。研究表明,该熔积岩的角砾为岩浆遇水后快速淬火、裂解的产物,铁硅质组合为海底喷气沉积形成的含铁建造;且安山岩与含铁建造发生混合时,含铁建造尚未固结。该套熔积岩的发现,改变了长期以来对开心岭铁矿为火山热液交代安山岩而形成的认识,对于在矿区寻找VMS型矿床、区域内寻找海底热水喷流沉积型矿床具有重要的启示意义。 相似文献
3.
河北西北部熔积岩特征及其地质意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
熔积岩是火山碎屑岩的一种特殊类型，由熔浆和未固结的湿沉积物两种组分掺杂混合而成。熔积岩的形成主要受炽热熔浆与未固结的湿沉积物接触时引起的淬碎或蒸汽爆炸作用以及寄主沉积物流体化作用控制，通常分布于熔岩流底部或前缘，也可分布于超浅成侵人体周围。据熔浆碎屑物的结构特征，冀西北熔积岩可分为流状和块状两种类型。流状熔积岩多是熔浆与细粒沉积物混合的结果，块状熔积岩大多与粗粒沉积物相关。正确鉴别熔积岩对确定沉积作用与岩浆作用的时序、研究盆地发展演化历史具有重要意义。 相似文献
4.
熔积岩是岩浆物质(岩浆侵入体、熔岩流、热火山碎屑流)与未固结的湿冷沉积物发生同生混合的产物,以浆源(岩浆凝固裂解的浆源碎屑)-沉积物源(宿主沉积物)的二元组分为典型特征。熔积岩独特的熔积结构与其成因机制密切相关,也是鉴定熔积岩的主要依据。根据浆源碎屑的形态,熔积岩主要分为块状(多数浆屑呈多边形状)和流态(多数浆屑具曲面外形)两种类型,并分别对应着不同的熔积作用机制。块状熔积岩主要产生于淬冷、自碎裂、水汽岩浆爆发、岩浆内溢气爆发等机制,而流态熔积岩的形成则得益于岩浆表面稳定蒸汽膜的维持使岩浆碎屑缓慢凝固、免于骤冷。沉积物的流体化是熔积作用得以发生的必要条件,流体化的沉积物为岩浆的驱入腾挪空间并形成对流,因此,固结成岩的沉积岩无法与岩浆物质相互熔积。熔积岩具有重要的地质意义:精确限定岩浆活动与沉积作用的同生等时性,以及利用宿主沉积物的沉积环境精确限定火山活动时的地质背景。近年来我们在国内多处发现典型的熔积岩,并应用于中国关键大地构造问题的研究中。在中亚造山带西准噶尔晚古生代火山-沉积地层中发现熔积岩,据此限定了达拉布特—白碱滩蛇绿岩带两侧上古生界的连续性,推断达拉布特—白碱滩蛇绿岩带不是典型的板块俯冲边界的缝合带,西准噶尔晚古生代是渐浅充填的残余洋盆系统。我们还首次在大火成岩省中识别出熔积岩,如在峨眉山大火成岩省中央带下部火山碎屑层序中发现以灰岩和以橙玄玻璃角砾凝灰岩为宿主沉积的熔积岩,表明中央带早期处于海相环境,从而判定火山喷发之前不具有因地幔柱上涌而诱发的大规模地表抬升效应。在塔里木大火成岩省印干剖面中发现的熔积岩以灰质宿主,证明喷发早期并非完全为陆上环境,塔里木大火成岩省喷发期间(二叠纪早期)海进和海退频繁交替。 相似文献
5.
D. J. Rawlings 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(2):109-113
Peperite is a non‐genetic term used to describe volcanic breccia in which a texture of dark blocks in a light matrix resembles a mixture of salt and pepper. In the Gold Creek Volcanics, peperite is a mixture of partly vesiculated basalt clasts in a mudstone‐sandstone matrix. It is formed by the buoyant intrusion of basaltic magma into wet unconsolidated sediment. The intruding bodies deform and quench, giving rise to discordant masses of hyaloclastic breccia, confined largely to the subsurface. These basalt masses may remain hot enough to locally superheat pore water and produce convective systems where the basalt clasts and fluidized sediment become mixed, forming the distinctive peperite. 相似文献
6.
Karla Petry Dougal A. Jerram Delia del Pilar M. de Almeida Henrique Zerfass 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2007
The formation of volcanic–sedimentary interaction features in extreme arid environments is not a commonly described process. Specifically the occurrence of dynamically mixed sediments and juvenile igneous clasts as peperites, for water has been considered one major important factor in the processes of magma dismantling and mingling with unconsolidated sediment to form such deposits. The study area, located in south Brazil, shows a sequence of lava flows and intertrapic sandstone layers from the Paraná Basin, associated with the formation of clastic dykes, flow striations, peperite and ‘peperite-like’ breccias. Four processes are suggested for the genesis of the peperites: (a) fragmentation of the flow front and base; (b) sand injection; (c) dune collapse; (d) magma cascade downhill. The continued flow of a lava, while its outer crust is already cooling, causes it to break, especially in the front and base, fragments falling in the sand and getting mixed with it, generating the flow front ‘peperite-like’ breccia. The weight of the lava flow associated to shear stress at the base cause sand to be injected inwards the flow, forming injection clastic dykes in the cooled parts and injection peperite in the more plastic portions. The lava flow may partially erode the dune, causing the dune to collapse and forming the collapse ‘peperite-like’ breccia. The shear stress at the base of a flowing lava striates the unconsolidated sand, forming the flow striations. The sand that migrates over a cooled, jointed lava flow may get caught in the cavities and joints, forming the filling clastic dykes. These deposits are analogous to those found in the Etendeka, NW Namibia, and show that sediment–lava interactions in arid settings are widespread throughout the Paraná-Etendeka province during the onset of flood volcanism. 相似文献
7.
Breno L. Waichel Evandro F. de Lima Carlos A. Sommer Romulo Lubachesky 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2007
Pahoehoe flows interbedded with sediments have been identified in the superior portion of Paraná Continental Flood Basalts (PCFB), west portion of Paraná State, southern Brazil. In the study area peperites are generated by the interaction between lava flows and wet lacustrine sediments (silt and clay). Evidence that the sediments were unconsolidated or poorly consolidated and wet when the lava flowed over them includes vesiculated sediment, sediment in vesicles and fractures in lava flow and in juvenile clasts in the peperite and soft sediment deformation. Hydrodynamic mingling of lava and wet sediments (coarse mingling) is predominant and volcanic rocks and textures related to explosive phase of Molten Fuel Coolant Interaction (MFCI) are not observed in study area. Locally centimeter-sized areas display direct contact between ash-sized juvenile clasts and sediments formed by the collapse of a vapor film. The textures of fluidal peperites in the central PCFB indicate that the relevant factors that led to a coarse mingling between lava/sediment are (1) lava properties (low viscosity); (2) fine grained, unconsolidated or poorly consolidated wet sediment; and (3) a single episode of interaction between lava flows and sediment. 相似文献
8.
The ca. 8800 14C yrs BP Sulphur Creek lava flowed eastward 12 km from the Schriebers Meadow cinder cone into the Baker River valley, on the southeast flank of Mount Baker volcano. The compositionally-zoned basaltic to basaltic andesite lava entered, crossed and partially filled the 2-km-wide and > 100-m-deep early Holocene remnant of Glacial Lake Baker. The valley is now submerged beneath a reservoir, but seasonal drawdown permits study of the distal entrant lava. As a lava volume that may have been as much as 180 × 106 m3 entered the lake, the flow invaded the lacustrine sequence and extended to the opposite (east) side of the drowned Baker River valley. The volume and mobility of the lava can be attributed to a high flux rate, a prolonged eruption, or both. Basalt exposed below the former level of the remnant glacial lake is glassy or microcrystalline and sparsely vesicular, with pervasive hackly or blocky fractures. Together with pseudopillow fractures, these features reflect fracturing normal to penetrative thermal fronts and quenching by water. A fine-grained hyaloclastite facies was probably formed during quench fragmentation or isolated magma-water explosions. Although the structures closely resemble those developed in lava-ice contact environments, establishing the depositional environment for lava exhibiting similar intense fracturing should be confirmed by geologic evidence rather than by internal structure alone. The lava also invaded the lacustrine sequence, forming varieties of peperite, including sills that are conformable within the invaded strata and resemble volcaniclastic breccias. The peperite is generally fragmental and clast- or matrix-supported; fine-grained and rounded fluidal margins occur locally. The lava formed a thickened subaqueous plug that, as the lake drained in the mid-Holocene, was exposed to erosion. The Baker River then cut a 52-m-deep gorge through the shattered, highly erodible basalt. 相似文献
9.
The base of an upper Palaeozoic graben‐fill in eastern Canada was affected by mafic dyke intrusions shortly after deposition, resulting in the formation of peperite. Complex magma–sediment interactions occurred as the melts mingled with the wet and poorly consolidated clastic material of this sedimentary basin, which is separated from underlying rocks by the Acadian unconformity (Middle Devonian). As a result of these interactions, the mafic rocks are strongly oxidized, albitized and autobrecciated near and above the unconformity, where blocky juvenile clasts of mafic glass and porphyritic basalt have mingled with molten or fluidized sediments of the upper Palaeozoic Saint‐Jules Formation, forming a peperite zone several metres thick. In contrast to most peperite occurrences, the New‐Carlisle peperites are associated with the tip of dykes rather than with the sides of sills or dykes. We argue that more heat can be concentrated above a dyke than above a sill, as the former provides a more efficient and focused pathway for heated waters to invade the poorly consolidated host sediments. Superheated groundwaters that issued from the sides of the dykes appear to have promoted melting of carbonate components in calcareous sedimentary rock clasts of the Saint‐Jules Formation, locally generating carbonate melts that contributed to the mingling of juvenile and sedimentary clasts in the peperite. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
10.
M. G. Doyle 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(1):167-177
Upper Permian shallow marine siltstone and sandstone units of the Broughton Formation are intercalated with basaltic and basaltic andesite sheets at Kiama, New South Wales. Parts of the two sheets examined in this study display peperite texture. The lower example (Blow Hole Latite Member) can be divided into two units with peperitic contacts suggesting their intrusion into wet unconsolidated sediments of the overlying Kiama Sandstone Member. The Bumbo Latite Member overlies the Kiama Sandstone Member and has been interpreted by previous workers as a lava. Well‐developed columnar joints cut the interior of the sheets. Along contacts with sedimentary facies and peperitic dykes which penetrate the sheets, columnar joints merge into a several metre‐wide zone of blocky jointing, pseudo‐pillows and hyaloclastite. In peperitic facies, sandstone or siltstone fills joints and fractures that define pseudo‐pillows, polyhedral joint blocks and columns (closely packed fabric) or sediment matrix‐rich breccia contains fragments and apophyses of basalt and basaltic andesite (dispersed fabric). Along some contacts, peperite with dispersed fabric passes through a zone of closely packed peperite into coherent facies. Alternatively, closely packed peperite passes directly into coherent facies. Examples of peperite with more than one clast type (globular, blocky, platy), and involving sedimentary matrix of constant grain‐size, are common. In some examples, globular surfaces formed during an early, low‐viscosity phase of magma emplacement into wet sediment. Planar and curviplanar fractures cut some globular surfaces suggesting that these formed slightly later as the magma became more viscous (cooler) and/or vapour films at the magma‐sediment interface broke down. However, the complexities of peperite, in respect to clast types, abundances and distribution, as well as grainsize and structures in the sedimentary component, suggest that a spectrum of fragmentation and mixing processes were involved in fragmenting the sheets. Many peperitic domains include poorly and strongly vesicular parts, resulting in apparent polymictic breccias. Vesiculation of the sheets is interpreted to have occurred in two phases: an early degassing of primary magmatic volatiles and a later, scoria‐forming event, both of which progressed as the magma mixed with unconsolidated sediment. During the later phase, magma incorporated limited amounts of steam from the wet sediment and a vesicular front propagated out into the magmatic component. Confining pressures were insufficient to prevent vesiculation of the magma or to suppress fluidisation of the host sediment along magma‐sediment contacts, but large enough to inhibit large‐scale steam explosivity. Displacement of sediment along contacts may have reduced confining pressures sufficiently to promote vaporisation of pore water, and induce local vesiculation of the magma. 相似文献