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1.
宗日遗址人骨的稳定同位素分析 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
利用C和N稳定同位素分析方法研究了青海宗日遗址先民的食谱,探讨了先民的经济模式以及食谱变化趋势。所有人骨骨胶原中的C,N含量以及C/N摩尔比,均表明样品保存较好,可用作食谱分析。骨胶原的δ13 C值和δ15 N值分析显示,先民主要以C4类植物为食,也摄取一定量的肉食,反映了以粟、黍等为主食而渔猎为辅的生活方式。性质未明墓葬与宗日墓葬之间存在的较大食谱差异,可能与其来自不同文化密切相关。宗日遗址在发展过程中,先民食谱中C4植物增加而肉食类减少,反映了农业加狩猎采集的混和经济模式向稳定农业模式转变的趋势。 相似文献
2.
PAOLO GIACCARIA 《Geographical review》2012,102(3):293-315
The existing postcolonial literature privileges the British and French imperial/colonial history that mirrors the ongoing debate on the relationship among cosmopolitanism, universalism, and imperialism. These debates take for granted the Kantian and Hegelian hierarchy of European civilizations, hence marginalizing the southern shores of Europe and the broader Mediterranean space. Drawing on Mignolo's notion of “border thinking” and on Isin's account of the city as a “difference machine,” I address the issue of how imperialism, colonialism, and cosmopolitanism come together and relate to each other in the context of the Mediterranean (allegedly) cosmopolitan cities. In particular, cosmopolitanism is read as the outcome of the reciprocal adjustment of interior and exterior borders in the making of modernity/coloniality in the Mediterranean. Focusing on the Ottoman millet system, my main claim in this article is that cosmopolitanism worked as a peculiar dispositif within the urban difference machine, enabling the city to sustain the tension between different accounts of citizenship. 相似文献
3.
中国是粟、黍的起源地,但受植物遗存保存状况及研究方法的限制,对粟类旱作农业起源与驯化的时间、地点、种类、过程等的认识仍然存在不同观点。植硅体分析为准确鉴定粟、黍及其野生祖本和亲缘物种提供了新的途径。本文总结了近几年来针对粟、黍种子稃片植硅体研究取得的新进展,获得以下认识:1)进一步明确了稃片表皮长细胞植硅体的形态特征、大小、数量是鉴定考古文化堆积中粟、黍及其野生祖本和亲缘野生物种的可靠指标;2)通过对比我国北方常见的狗尾草属稃片植硅体,发现了ΩⅢ型仅发育于粟和青狗尾草的稃片中部,且其大小与狗尾草属野生植物差异显著;3)分析和说明了稃片植硅体鉴定流程和方法、重点强调了稃片Ω/η类型的鉴定特征和应用范围,以及植硅体统计量等关键问题;4)讨论了粟类稃片植硅体产量与农作物产量的关系以及植硅体埋藏学问题,最后对深化粟类植硅体形态学研究提出了初步建议。希望通过本文的总结与讨论,能够使植硅体分析方法在粟类作物起源和传播的研究中得到更准确、更广泛的应用。 相似文献
4.
亚洲中部干旱区丝绸之路沿线环境演化与东西方文化交流 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
基于环境记录、考古发现,以及同位素资料,对亚洲中部干旱区丝绸之路沿线的全新世以来的环境变化和东西方文化交流进行了梳理。结果表明,研究区独特的地理环境和环境变化过程,深刻地影响着文化的发展和传播。河西走廊受季风影响,表现出季风—西风过渡带干湿变化的模式,晚全新世气候趋向干旱;从新疆到中亚的丝绸之路沿线的环境变化比较一致：在早全新世（BC 6000以前）主要为干旱环境,植被以荒漠类型占优势;中晚全新世,湿润程度增加,草原植被扩展。新疆和中亚全新世中晚期较为湿润的环境为东西文化交流提供了较适宜的环境基础。得益于环境条件的改善,东西方文化交流融合的进程在BC 2000以后明显加速。在BC 2500-2000期间,东西方农业文化在丝绸之路沿线接触融合,是史前丝绸之路的首次贯通;在BC 2000-1000期间,丝绸之路沿线绿洲地带形成了以小麦—/大麦—粟黍—畜牧为特征的混合型经济特征,并扩散到欧亚草原带,和周围的畜牧业形成鲜明的对照,并持续到历史时期。这种空间分异,是地理环境和东西方文化交流共同作用的结果。在史前时期,东西方农业的相向传播和融合,基本沿着山前地带的绿洲蛙跳式前进。到了历史时期,政治版图的变化是影响丝绸之路的首要因素,但环境变化仍然是不可忽略的因素。 相似文献
5.
Michael P.RICHARDS 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2009,52(1):85-92
Despite great achievements in the origins of domestic pigs made by the methods of zooarchaeology and molecular biology, how
to scientifically distinguish the domesticated pigs from wild boars during the early stage of pig domestication is still poorly
understood. Compared to wild boar’s diets which come from the natural environment, the diets of domestic pigs are more easily
influenced by human feeding activities. Therefore, in principle, exploration of the dietary differences among pigs and under-standing
the impact on pig diets fed by humans can have great potential to differentiate between wild boars and domesticated pigs.
To reveal dietary differences among pigs and distinguish the domesticated pigs from wild boars based on comparison with the
diets of humans and other animals, we analyzed the carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes of human bones from Xiaojingshan Site
and animal bones from Yuezhuang Site, both of which belong to Houli Culture in Shandong Province and date to about 8500-7500
years ago. The mean δ13C value ((−17.8 ± 0.3)‰) and δ15N value ((9.0±0.6)‰) in human collagen indicate that although millet agriculture began it was not the main subsistence strategy
as millets are typical of C4 plants and that humans made a living mainly by gathering, hunting or raising some domesticated animals. The δ13C value (−16.1‰) and δ15N value (6.9‰) in the bovine suggest that C3 plants were dominant in its diet with some C4 plants complemented. The fish has lower δ13C value (−24.9‰) and higher δ15N value (8.8‰) than the bovine, which is the characteristic of the isotopic values from Eurasian freshwater fish. Based on
the differences in carbon and nitrogen isotope values, the pigs can be divided into three groups. A group, composed of two
pigs, has low δ13C values (−18.1‰, −20.0‰) and low δ15N values (4.7‰, 6.0‰). B group, only one pig, has the highest δ13C value (−10.6‰) and mediate δ15N value (6.4‰). As for the C group, also only one pig, low δ13C value (−19.0‰) and the highest δ15N value (9.1‰) are observed. Previous studies on the stable isotopes from modern or ancient wild boars’ bones have suggested
that C3 plants are predominated in their diets and that their δ15N values are close to those in herbivores and far from those in carnivores. Based on the comparison with the isotope values
from humans, the wild boars and the domestic pigs from Xipo Site in Henan 6000-5500 years ago and Kangjia Site in Shaanxi
4500-4000 years ago, we conclude that A pig group belongs to wild boars while B and C groups can be attributed to domesticated
pigs.
Supported by Max-Planck Society and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
(Grant No. KJCX3.SYW.N12), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40702003) and President Funding of Graduate
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 相似文献
6.
在分析谷子气候生态适应性的基础上,建立不同气候区谷子气候产量模型。确定影响产量形成关键时段的关键气象因素是≥10℃积温、8～9月平均气温、7月降水以及海拔高度和投入产出比等适生种植区划综合指标体系,据此划分5个谷子气候生态种植区。并提出提高气候生态资源的开发利用途径。 相似文献
7.
青海喇家遗址齐家文化时期黍粟农业的植硅体证据 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
齐家文化时期的农业经济状况是学术界关心的问题.喇家遗址是一处具有中心聚落性质的齐家文化遗址,已有的研究认为喇家遗址齐家文化时期的经济形态是以粟为主的粟黍旱作农业,但在具体的认识上还存在一些不同看法,仍需系统的植物考古学研究进一步验证.对喇家遗址土样的植硅体分析结果显示,齐家文化时期种植的农作物为粟和黍,而且以黍为主,没有发现麦类遗存.以黍为主的种植结构可能与所在区4.5ka B.P.以来气候趋于干冷有关.植硅体和浮选结果在黍粟含量对比上存在差异,我们对这种差异的产生原因进行了探讨.这一结果为重新认识喇家遗址乃至齐家文化的农业生产状况提供了新的参考资料. 相似文献
8.
Improving a drought early warning model for an arid region using a soil-moisture index 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
This study modifies a drought early warning model for Jodhpur district of Rajasthan State in India. The model had employed only two variables derived from the daily rainfall data and estimated pearl millet yield in order to issue a drought early warning. In this study, the model is modified by including an additional variable derived from a soil-moisture index. The modified model explained up to 77.3 percent of the yield variation. When tested, the mean absolute percent error in the estimated yield was 13.7 percent in the case of the modified model as opposed to 18.5% in the case of the existing model. The soil-moisture index and other variables derived from the rainfall data could be potential candidates for developing drought early warning models for other arid regions. 相似文献
9.
新疆地区是史前游牧文化与农业文化交融的重要区域,而地处新疆西天山地区的阿敦乔鲁青铜时代遗址,是古代人类活动、文化发展与演化过程的重要时空节点。但是目前对该遗址古人生存策略,尤其是对于当时人们的饮食结构和遗址的季节性使用的认识,存在不同观点。本研究通过对阿敦乔鲁遗址中房址内堆积物、羊粪化石以及遗址周边现代羊粪、自然地层进行植硅体、孢粉分析,发现了农作物植硅体以黍(Panicum miliaceum)和麦类作物的稃片为主,遗址使用后期出现少量的粟(Setaria italica),揭示了该遗址农作物组成以黍、大/小麦(Hordeum spp./Triticum spp.)为主,兼有粟的混合结构。在秋季(9月份)采集的现代羊粪中,孢粉种类(24个科/属)和浓度(平均65533粒/g)显著高于羊粪化石的孢粉种类(9个科/属)和浓度(平均27189粒/g),且现代羊粪以蒿属(Artemisia)植物(7~10月开花结籽)花粉为主(平均54.95%),羊粪化石中蒿属植物花粉仅有19.20%。来自早熟禾亚科(Pooideae)种子稃片的植硅体,在现代羊粪中的含量(平均3.62%)显著低于在羊粪化石中的含量(平均13.84%),羊粪孢粉和植硅体分析结果,揭示了阿敦乔鲁遗址羊类放牧时间应该处于花期结束后,植物已结籽的秋-冬季节,为阿敦乔鲁遗址冬季牧场的性质提供了植物学证据。同时房址内火塘、活动面和储藏间的堆积中植硅体组合与羊粪化石植硅体组合接近,暗示了羊粪可能被大量收集储藏,作为主要的铺垫物和冬季燃料使用。研究结果对于深化青铜时代以来新疆西天山地区古人生存策略、食物结构等的认识具有重要的推动作用。 相似文献
10.
山西高原是新石器时代末期龙山时代(公元前2900~1800年)具有重要历史地位的区域,研究该区域的史前农业发展状况对于理解其社会复杂化和文明化的经济基础有十分重要的作用。文章利用系统浮选的方法在山西高原的滹沱河上游、蔚汾河流域的考古调查和周家庄遗址的考古发掘过程中提取大植物遗存,获得龙山时期数量众多的以农作物为主的炭化植物种子。在山西高原两处流域的考古调查和周家庄遗址的考古发掘中,共采集、分析浮选样品218份,发现44500余粒炭化植物种子,包括19301粒粟(Setaria italica)、6697粒黍(Panicum miliaceum)、少量水稻遗存(Oryza sativa)以及18456粒杂草种子。出土的大植物遗存显示,山西高原龙山时期的农业经济是以种植粟和黍为主的旱作农业,粟居于主要地位;同时,在山西高原的不同区域农作物结构存在一定的区域差异,在滹沱河上游和蔚汾河流域黍的比例较晋南临汾-运城盆地更高;炭化水稻虽在各个区域均有出土,但在滹沱河上游和蔚汾河流域水稻的比例较晋南临汾-运城盆地要低很多。对山西高原各重要区域考古遗址出土大植物遗存的直接研究,填补了山西高原植物考古工作的空白,对理解山西高原史前社会的经济基础提供了重要的实物资料,为探寻史前人类的农业活动与自然环境、考古学文化之间的关系,深入研究人地关系提供了重要证据。 相似文献