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1.
Stephen B. Castor 《Resource Geology》2008,58(4):337-347
Rare earth elements (REE) have been mined in North America since 1885, when placer monazite was produced in the southeast USA. Since the 1960s, however, most North American REE have come from a carbonatite deposit at Mountain Pass, California, and most of the world’s REE came from this source between 1965 and 1995. After 1998, Mountain Pass REE sales declined substantially due to competition from China and to environmental constraints. REE are presently not mined at Mountain Pass, and shipments were made from stockpiles in recent years. Chevron Mining, however, restarted extraction of selected REE at Mountain Pass in 2007. In 1987, Mountain Pass reserves were calculated at 29 Mt of ore with 8.9% rare earth oxide based on a 5% cut‐off grade. Current reserves are in excess of 20 Mt at similar grade. The ore mineral is bastnasite, and the ore has high light REE/heavy REE (LREE/HREE). The carbonatite is a moderately dipping, tabular 1.4‐Ga intrusive body associated with ultrapotassic alkaline plutons of similar age. The chemistry and ultrapotassic alkaline association of the Mountain Pass deposit suggest a different source than that of most other carbonatites. Elsewhere in the western USA, carbonatites have been proposed as possible REE sources. Large but low‐grade LREE resources are in carbonatite in Colorado and Wyoming. Carbonatite complexes in Canada contain only minor REE resources. Other types of hard‐rock REE deposits in the USA include small iron‐REE deposits in Missouri and New York, and vein deposits in Idaho. Phosphorite and fluorite deposits in the USA also contain minor REE resources. The most recently discovered REE deposit in North America is the Hoidas Lake vein deposit, Saskatchewan, a small but incompletely evaluated resource. Neogene North American placer monazite resources, both marine and continental, are small or in environmentally sensitive areas, and thus unlikely to be mined. Paleoplacer deposits also contain minor resources. Possible future uranium mining of Precambrian conglomerates in the Elliott Lake–Blind River district, Canada, could yield by‐product HREE and Y. REE deposits occur in peralkaline syenitic and granitic rocks in several places in North America. These deposits are typically enriched in HREE, Y, and Zr. Some also have associated Be, Nb, and Ta. The largest such deposits are at Thor Lake and Strange Lake in Canada. A eudialyte syenite deposit at Pajarito Mountain in New Mexico is also probably large, but of lower grade. Similar deposits occur at Kipawa Lake and Lackner Lake in Canada. Future uses of some REE commodities are expected to increase, and growth is likely for REE in new technologies. World reserves, however, are probably sufficient to meet international demand for most REE commodities well into the 21st century. Recent experience shows that Chinese producers are capable of large amounts of REE production, keeping prices low. Most refined REE prices are now at approximately 50% of the 1980s price levels, but there has been recent upward price movement for some REE compounds following Chinese restriction of exports. Because of its grade, size, and relatively simple metallurgy, the Mountain Pass deposit remains North America’s best source of LREE. The future of REE production at Mountain Pass is mostly dependent on REE price levels and on domestic REE marketing potential. The development of new REE deposits in North America is unlikely in the near future. Undeveloped deposits with the most potential are probably large, low‐grade deposits in peralkaline igneous rocks. Competition with established Chinese HREE and Y sources and a developing Australian deposit will be a factor. 相似文献
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3.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(8):967-982
ABSTRACTThis work presents zircon ages and Hf-in-zircon isotopic data for Permian and Triassic A-type granitoids and reviews the evolution of central Inner Mongolia, China, during the early Permian and Late Triassic. SHRIMP U–Pb dating of zircons of peralkaline granites yielded 206Pb/238U ages of 294 ± 4 Ma and 293 ± 9 Ma that reflect the time of Permian magmatism. Zircon ages were also obtained for Late Triassic granites (226 ± 4 Ma, 224 ± 4 Ma). Our results, in combination with published zircon ages and geochemical data, document distinct magmatic episodes in central Inner Mongolia.The Permian peralkaline granites show typical geochemical features of A-type granites, which also have highly positive zircon εHf(t) values (+4.9 – +17.1), indicating a significant contribution of an isotopically depleted source, likely formed from mantle-derived magmas. Late Triassic A-type granitoids, however, in central Inner Mongolia show large variations and mostly positive in zircon εHf(t) values (?1.3 – +13.5), suggesting derivation from a mixture of crust and mantle or metasomatized lithospheric mantle with crustal contamination. The geochemical characteristics of the Permian peralkaline granites and Late Triassic A-type granitoids are consistent with a post-collisional setting and were likely related to asthenosphere upwelling during the evolution of the Northern Block and Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). 相似文献
4.
吉林省白头山火山岩的岩石学研究 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
白头山火山位于吉林省东部,主要由一套粗面岩—钠闪碱流岩组成。岩石中长石斑晶的成分表现出逐步富Or的趋势。单斜辉石早期向富Fe,而晚期表现为向富NaFe3+Si2O6的方向演化。矿物成分变化规律的研究揭示了白头山火山岩与长白山玄武岩之间的成因联系。岩石主要元素化学成分在过碱性酸性岩系统的Q—Ab—Or相图及SiO2—Al2O2—Na2O+K2O图上的投影,表明了白头山火山岩的演化主要是受碱性长石的分离结晶所控制,但在从粗面岩到石英粗面岩的演化过程中涉及少量斜长石组分的分离结晶。用最小二乘法对白头山火山岩的成因及其演化过程进行了定量模拟。所得结果与岩相学和岩石化学的分析结果相吻合,证实了白头山火山岩是由长白山玄武岩分离结晶形成的成因假说。根据热力学计算和过碱性岩石的高温高压实验,推测岩浆形成温度分别为1074—928℃,形成压力约在2-3kb。 相似文献
5.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(12):1103-1120
The Malani Igneous Suite is characterized by discontinuous, ring-shaped outcrops of peralkaline granite associated with minor exposures of volcanic rocks around Barmer town in southwestern Rajasthan, India. These granites are defined as peralkaline, within plate, and A-type based on their bulk rock compositions. The most distinctive geochemical characteristics of these A-type granites are enrichments in Na2O + K2O, Fe/Mg, Zr, Nb, Y, depletions in Al2O3, CaO, Sr, and low-absolute abundances of incompatible trace elements compared to granites from adjoining areas. The igneous activity is considered as a reflection of the ‘Pan-African Event’. The correlative mineralogy, chemical characteristics, and tectonic setting of the peralkaline granites from the study area, and comparison with data from adjoining areas, suggest their generation under a common thermal event. 相似文献
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浙江桃花岛碱性和普陀山铝质A型花岗岩副矿物对比研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
浙江舟山群岛的桃花岛和普陀山分别出露有大片中国东部沿海典型的燕山期碱性和铝质A型花岗岩,二者的岩石化学和主要造岩矿物存在明显差别。利用电子探针进行的测试分析表明,它们在副矿物组合及副矿物特征方面的差异也很显著：桃花岛碱性A型花岗岩中副矿物组合为富钍锆石、褐帘石、硅钛铈矿、钛磁铁矿和富锰钛铁矿;普陀山铝质A型花岗岩中的副矿物组合为贫钍锆石、富钍独居石、磁铁矿、金红石和红钛锰矿。二者更可从单颗粒矿物（特别是锆石）的成份和内部结构上加以区分。这些副矿物上的差异暗示了两类A型花岗岩的源区成分、结晶环境和物理化学特征存在明显不同：（1）碱性A型花岗岩的源岩相对较多地包含了来自较深部的地幔组分岩浆;（2）碱性A型花岗岩形成的温度相对较高,而铝质A型花岗岩结晶阶段的氧逸度较高;（3）碱度和磷活度的差异也是导致一些副矿物种类结晶差异的关键因素。 相似文献
7.
吉林省白头山火山岩的微量元素及其岩石学意义 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
白头山火山岩中含有一套粗面岩—钠碱流岩,与下伏的长白山玄武岩组成一个岩石系列。在白头山火山岩中,REE、Zn、Zr等元素十分富集,而过渡元素及Sr、Ba等元素极其贫 化。REE配分具明显的Eu负异常,许多不相容元素在岩石系列中表现出良好的线性关系。依据微量元素行为的数学模式对这些特征进行定性分析和定量模拟,其结果表明白头山火山岩是由长白山玄武岩岩浆经结晶分异形成的。 相似文献
8.
Hamdy M. Abdalla 《Resource Geology》2006,56(3):365-370
Abstract. The REE-mineralized alkaline granites in Egypt are divided into the following three classes: (1) Mesozoic, anorogenic nepheline syenite ring complexes with REE amounting up to 1.3 %, particularly in their fenitized parts (e.g. Abu Khruq), (2) an orogenic peralkaline syenite-granite, composed of i) Zr, Nb, - REE, and Th-enriched peralkaline granite-syenite complexes with REE amounting up to 0.5 % (e.g. Um Hibal, Tarbite North and South, Gharib, and Zarget Naam) and ii) Y, Th, HREE, and P-enriched post-Cretaceous peralkaline complexes that intrude the Phanerozoic rocks of the Southwestern Desert with REE amounting up to 2 % (e.g. Gara El Hamra), and (3) upper Proterozoic, post-orogenic siderophyllite alkali feldspar granite with REE amounting up to 0.8 %, particularly in their apical miarolitic pegmatites and albitized zones (e.g. Kadabora-Abu Dob and Um Naggat). Special attention is given to the Abu Khruq and Gara El Hamra granitic bodies. 相似文献
9.
Gehad M. Saleh 《中国地球化学学报》2006,25(2)
The Zargat Na'am ring complex crops out 90 km NW of Shalatin City in the Southeastern Desert of Egypt. The ring complex forms a prominent ridge standing high above the surrounding mafic-ultramafic hills. It is cut by two sets of joints and faults which strike predominantly NNW-SSE and E-W,and is injected by dikes, porphyritic alkaline syenites, and felsite porphyries. It consists of alkali syenites, alkali quartz syenites, and peralkaline arfvedsonite-bearing granitic and pegmatitic dikes and sills.The complex is characterized locally by extreme enrichments in REEs, wolframite and rare, high field strength metals (HFSM), such as Zr and Nb. The highest concentrations ( 1.5 wt% Zr, 0.25 wt% Nb,0.6 wt% ∑REEs) occur in aegirine-albite aplites that formed around arfvedsonite pegmatites. Quartzhosted melt inclusions in arfvedsonite granite and pegmatite provide unequivocal evidence that the peralkaline compositions and rare metal enrichments are primary magmatic features. Glass inclusions in quartz crystals also have high concentrations of incompatible trace elements including Nb (750 × 10-6), Zr (2500 × 10-6) and REEs (1450 × 10-6). The REEs, Nb and Zr compositions of the aegirine-albite aplites plot along the same linear enrichment trends as the melt inclusions, and Y/Ho ratios mostly display unfractionated, near-chondritic values. The chemical and textural features of the aegirine-albite aplites are apparently resultant from rapid crystallization after volatile loss from a residual peralkaline granitic melt similar in composition to the melt inclusions. 相似文献
10.
J. B. Waterhouse 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(3):369-370
Three suites of alkaline granite can be recognised in the Narraburra Complex at the triple junction of the Tumut, Giralambone‐Goonumbla and Wagga Zones, central southern New South Wales. On the basis of K2O/Na2O ratios, biotite and hornblende‐biotite potassic I‐type granites have been assigned to the Gilmore Hill (K2O/Na2O 1.00) and Barmedman Suites (K2O/Na2O > 1.2). These are metaluminous to weakly peraluminous suites that crystallised from high‐temperature,reduced magmas with the least fractionated members of each suite having high Ba and low Rb abundances compared to other Lachlan Fold Belt granites. Fractionated members of these suites have high abundances of high‐field‐strength elements, similar to those observed in A‐type granites. Arfvedsonite and aegirine‐arfvedsonite granites have been assigned to the peralkaline Narraburra Suite. Granites from this suite have chemistry consistent with them being the intrusive equivalents of comendites and they are also similar in some respects to A‐type granites: they have, for example, particularly high abundances of Zr. The A‐type signature is, however, at least in part the result of strong fractionation. Total‐rock Rb–Sr isotopic analyses from both I‐type suites plot on the same isochron, giving an age of 365 ± 4 Ma (Srl = 0.70388 ± 53). A total‐rock isochron for the peralkaline Narraburra Suite gives a less well‐defined age of 358 ± 9 Ma (Srl = 0.7013 ± 80). The Late Devonian Rb–Sr ages may be emplacement ages or a result of resetting during fluid‐rock interaction. Although granites of the Narraburra Complex have geochemical affinities with alkaline granites formed late in orogenic cycles, they post‐date arc magmatism by at least 75 million years and they formed in a within‐plate setting. Magmatism was related to localised reactivation of major faults (Gilmore Fault and the Parkes Thrust) in the region, and to partial melting involving both enriched mantle and Ordovician shoshonitic crustal components. Emplacement of the Narraburra Complex was contemporaneous with magmatism in the Central Victorian Magmatic Province and A‐type magmatism in eastern New South Wales. Collectively, all these magmatic events were related to extension post‐dating amalgamation of the western and central/eastern subprovinces of the Lachlan Fold Belt. 相似文献