马达加斯加石墨矿地质特征及其成因分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

马金虎 《地质与勘探》2020,56(4):878-888

马达加斯加石墨矿资源丰富,找矿潜力大。对马达加斯加东部及西南部3个典型石墨矿床进行综合对比研究,发现其石墨矿成因类型为区域变质型,矿石工业类型以大鳞片晶质石墨为主,自然类型可分为片岩型、片麻岩型及变粒岩型,石墨矿赋矿地层为Graphite岩系。对含矿岩石进行主量元素分析,认为其原岩为富含有机质、富铝的砂质、粉砂质、泥质沉积碎屑岩;形成环境为活动大陆边缘区域和大陆岛弧区域。马达加斯加石墨矿床的形成均经历了多次变质作用,富含有机质岩石主要通过区域变质作用形成晶质石墨矿床,并在混合岩化及深层次韧性剪切作用下进一步富集成矿。  相似文献   

Conservation,contraception and controversy: Supporting human rights to enable sustainable fisheries in Madagascar     

《Global Environmental Change》2019

Environmental NGOs are increasingly called upon to respect human rights when undertaking conservation programs. Evaluating a family planning program running alongside marine management measures in Madagascar, we find that family planning services provided by an environmental NGO can support women’s reproductive rights. Family planning services allow the option of smaller families, and give more time to work, increased income and better health. These benefits do not translate into increased support for, or participation in, marine management, however, and women who are able to work more are typically fishing more. We identify patriarchal norms as a key factor preventing the family planning programme from manifesting in improved resource stewardship, limiting opportunities for women to participate fully in resource management meetings and diversify their livelihood outside traditional tasks, including fishing. We propose that a successful human rights-based approach must be more comprehensive, targeting multiple rights and challenging existing institutions and power structures.  相似文献   

马达加斯加Maevatanana金矿区花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素特征及其地质意义     

李鹏  刘善宝  施光海  张树德 《岩石学报》2015,31(4):1153-1170

马达加斯加中部Maevatanana、Andriamena和Beforona三条绿岩带共有上百处铬、镍、铁、金等金属矿点。对位于马达加斯加中北部绿岩带的Maevatanana西南部花岗岩体进行主量元素、微量元素、锆石LA-MC-ICP-MS U-Pb定年及Lu-Hf同位素分析。岩体主要由黑云母二长花岗岩构成,为准铝质到弱过铝质的高钾钙碱性系列花岗岩,富集Rb、Ba、K等大离子亲石元素(LILE),亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素(HFSE),其稀土元素总量为∑REE=92.02×10-6,A/CNK=1.01。其内锆石LA-MCICP-MS U-Pb的年龄为739~767Ma,即中新元古代,其εHf(t)均为负值,揭示该矿区花岗岩体源区为陆壳。其中岩浆锆石和继承锆石的Hf同位素二阶段模式年龄相近,表明花岗岩源岩的形成时期和基底黑云角闪斜长片麻岩的原岩一致。地球化学性质显示花岗岩体为I型花岗岩,与埃达克岩类似。综合数据认为岩体形成于中-新元古代(824~720Ma)Rodinia超大陆裂解,伴随Mozambique洋闭合Tanzanian克拉通与印度Dharwar克拉通汇聚背景下的陆缘弧岩浆活动。  相似文献   

The importance of iron speciation (Fe+2/Fe+3) in determining mineral assemblages: an example from the high‐grade aluminous metapelites of southeastern Madagascar     

S. D. BOGER  R. W. WHITE  B. SCHULTE 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2012,30(9):997-1018

Metapelitic granulites from the Anosyen domain of southeastern Madagascar are exposed in three intercalated formations: the Amparihy, Bakika and Ihosy formations. Although mineralogically distinct from each other, the rocks from these formations show very similar bulk‐rock compositions when measured on a Fe_T basis. The preserved mineral assemblages thus do not reflect differences in the ratios of the main rock‐forming oxides (i.e. Al₂O₃:Fe_T:MgO), but instead reflect variations in the pre‐metamorphic oxidation state of the protolith rocks. These differences in oxidation state are manifested via differences in iron speciation – either Fe⁺² or Fe⁺³. The relatively reduced rocks of the Amparihy Formation preserve the assemblage bi–sp–sill–g–cd, which contrasts markedly with the mostly garnet and spinel‐absent bi–cd–sill–mt assemblages preserved in the strongly oxidized rocks of the Ihosy Formation. Compositionally intermediate rocks of the Bakika Formation are garnet bearing, but sillimanite‐absent, and contain the assemblage sp–g–cd–mag. Modelling of these rocks in the Na₂O–CaO–K₂O–FeO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂O–TiO₂–O system suggests that they evolved along a heating and cooling P–T path with only limited decompression accompanying cooling on the retrograde path. Peak temperatures and pressures of ～880–920 °C and 6–6.5 kbar are inferred for the majority of the Anosyen domain, with slightly lower peak temperatures (～840 °C) estimated in the extreme northwest of the area. The high‐temperature and relatively low‐pressure nature of metamorphism suggests high geothermal gradients existed during orogenesis, which in southern Madagascar is related to the amalgamation of Gondwana (580–520 Ma). Although metamorphic temperatures may have been augmented via thermal advection from the emplacement of the syn‐ to post‐tectonic Ambalavao suite, the high geothermal gradients nevertheless suggest thin and consequently hot lithosphere existed prior to orogenesis.  相似文献   

新元古代地幔柱事件在Rodinia超大陆西缘的响应:来自马达加斯加的初步证据   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

周久龙  邵帅  吴大天  罗照华  邵俭波  王奎良  赵院冬  Vololonirina RASOAMALALA 《岩石学报》2014,30(11):3366-3374

对于Rodinia超大陆西缘在裂解过程中是否发育巨长安第斯型陆弧存在较大争议.马达加斯加即位于古地理再造Rodinia的西缘位置,其太古宙结晶基底中出露有大量新元古代侵入体,是澄清这一争议的理想研究区.由于基性岩浆岩组分识别不足等原因,前人曾认为这些侵入岩形成于俯冲带陆弧环境.但笔者在中北部Alaotra湖地区野外考察期间发现了大量辉长质岩石,对其中典型岩体的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年表明其结晶于798~778Ma之间(最大误差估计).因此,这些辉长岩体事实上与岛内其他新元古代侵入体构成了双峰式侵入岩套,暗示了可能的陆内伸展环境.在此基础上,笔者重新审视了前人已发表的地球化学数据,发现该双峰式侵入岩套的基性组分显示富钾特征和拉斑演化趋势,局部甚至发育了强烈地钒钛磁铁矿化;酸性组分则显示富铁、偏铝-过铝质和碱钙-钙碱性特征,并具有相对较高的K₂O/Na₂O和Ga/Al比值以及高场强元素含量,属于A型花岗岩(铁质花岗岩).这些特征进一步表明该双峰式侵入岩套形成于陆内伸展环境而非陆弧环境.结合本文的初步研究结果和区域地质演化历史,笔者认为马达加斯加这一双峰式侵入岩套很可能是新元古代地幔柱事件在Rodinia超大陆西缘的响应.  相似文献   

Early Albian marine environments in Madagascar: An integrated approach based on oxygen,carbon and strontium isotopic data     

《Cretaceous Research》2016

New palaeotemperature reconstructions have been obtained on the basis of oxygen isotopic analysis of 178 aragonitic shell samples taken from specimens of three ammonoid orders (and some corresponding families): Phylloceratida (Phylloceratidae), Lytoceratida (Tetragonitidae) and Ammonitida (Oppeliidae, Desmoceratidae, Silesitidae, Cleoniceratidae and Douvilleiceratidae). Those obtained from aragonite shells, secreted in the lower epipelagic and in the middle mesopelagic zones during coolest season (winter), range from 15.4 to 16.8 °C, and from 11.8 to 12.0 °C, respectively. Presumed spring/autumn palaeotemperatures obtained from aragonite shells, secreted apparently in the upper and lower epipelagic, upper and middle mesopelagic zones, are somewhat higher. Presumed summer palaeotemperatures, calculated apparently for the upper and lower epipelagic, and upper mesopelagic zones range from 19.4 to 21.7 °C, from 17.7 to 19.4 °C, and from 14.4 to 16.1 °C, respectively. The predominant part of investigated ammonoids from Madagascar inhabited the epipelagic zone, but some phylloceratid, tetragonitid and silesitid ammonoids preferred deeper, cooler conditions (upper-middle mesopelagic zone). The study supports the hypothesis that Madagascar was located in middle latitudes within the tropical-subtropical climatic zone during the early Albian. Available carbon and strontium isotope data allow us to assume a more or less expressed carbon and strontium isotope stratification of the water column in this region in the early Albian. On the basis of the stable isotope data, following partly Lukeneder (2015), two large ethological groups can be recognised mainly in mid-aged and adult ammonoids. Some ammonoids (group 1) preferred apparently mesopelagic conditions, and to a lesser degree the epipelagic zone, being mainly cool-requiring animals. However, a significant part of the isotopically investigated ammonoids (group 2) preferred, on the contrary, only epipelagic conditions, being mainly thermophilic dwellers.  相似文献   

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in commercial fish and lobsters from the coastal waters of Madagascar following an oil spill in August 2009     

Rumney HS  Laruelle F  Potter K  Mellor PK  Law RJ 《Marine pollution bulletin》2011,62(12):2859-2862

Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were determined in species of commercial fish and lobsters following an oil-spill just off the protected Madagascan coastline. Samples were collected along the coastline within and outside the affected area. Summed PAH concentrations ranged from 1.9 μg kg⁻¹ to 63 μg kg⁻¹ wet weight, but with no higher molecular weight PAHs (>202 Da) being detected. All concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene, benz[a]anthracene and dibenz[a,h]anthracene were <0.1 μg kg⁻¹ wet weight, well within the EU and UK set limits for the protection of human health. Additionally, samples were calculated as the benzo[a]pyrene toxic equivalency quotient (TEQ) and found to be well below the level of concern in relation to health of human consumers. Evaluation of the biota PAH data indicated the origin of PAH was predominantly petrogenic with >80% arising from oil sources. Profile studies indicate a low-level multisource petrogenic contamination probably representing a pre-spill background for the area.  相似文献   

Structural and remote sensing studies of the southern Betsimisaraka Suture, Madagascar     

Tsilavo Raharimahefa  Timothy M. Kusky 《Gondwana Research》2006,10(1-2):186

An assessment of the southern Betsimisaraka Suture (B.S.) of southeastern Madagascar using remote sensing and field investigation reveals a complex deformation history. Image processing of Landsat ETM+data and JERS-I Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery was integrated with field observations of structural geology and field petrography. The southern B.S. divides the Precambrian basement rocks of Madagascar in two parts. The western part includes Proterozoic rocks whereas the eastern part is an Archean block, named the Masora block. The southern part of the B.S. includes high-grade metamorphic rocks, recording strong deformation and has mineral deposits including chromite, nickel, and emerald, characteristic of oceanic material that is compatible with a suture zone.Large-scale structural features indicate ductile deformation including three generations of folding (F1, F2, and F3) associated with dextral shearing. The first folding event (F1) shows a succession of folds with NE striking axial planes. The second folding event (F2) mainly has north–south striking axial planes and the last event (F3) is represented by mega folds that have ENE–WSW axial plane directions and have NNW and SSE contractional strain patterns. Closure of the Mozambique Ocean between two components of Gondwana sandwiched rocks of the B.S. and formed upright folds and shortening zones which produced N–S trending lineaments. Later dextral movements followed the contraction and formed NW–SE trending lineaments and N–S trending normal faults associated with dextral strike slip faults and fractures.  相似文献   

Origin of the high variability of water mineral content in the bedrock aquifers of Southern Madagascar     

V. Rabemanana  S. Violette  G. de Marsily  H. Robain  B. Deffontaines  P. Andrieux  M. Bensimon  A. Parriaux 《Journal of Hydrology》2005,310(1-4):143-156

This study assesses the causes of the high spatial variability of the mineral content of groundwater in crystalline bedrock of Southern Madagascar. Although many kilometres from the coast and at a mean altitude of 400 m a.s.l, wells drilled in this area produce water with electrical conductivities in the range of 300–30,000 μS cm⁻¹ with a high spatial variability. Chemical and isotopic data are used to identify the processes involved in the groundwater mineralization. It is shown that the chemical composition of the groundwater in this region has its origin in (i) normal silicate and carbonate weathering reactions and (ii) input of marine salts, probably via rainfall recharge, modified by evapo-concentrative processes probably including precipitation and re-dissolution of secondary evaporites in the unsaturated zone. To obtain a better understanding of the spatial salinity distribution, well parameters such as yields, weathered zone thickness, weathered materials and morphological positions (upper slope, mid-slope, lower slope or valley bottom) are scrutinized.

A correlation was found between high salinity and low flow, shallow groundwater environments (flat hill tops, valley bottoms, weakly developed and clayey weathered zones) and between low salinity and high flow environments (granular, well-developed weathered zones and situation on valley slopes).  相似文献   

Subduction,mega-shear systems and Late Palaeozoic basin development in the African segment of Gondwana     

Johan N. J. Visser  Hermann E. Praekelt 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1996,85(4):632-646

 Basins within the African sector of Gondwana contain a Late Palaeozoic to Early Mesozoic Gondwana sequence unconformably overlying Precambrian basement in the interior and mid-Palaeozoic strata along the palaeo-Pacific margin. Small sea-board Pacific basins form an exception in having a Carboniferous to Early Permian fill overlying Devonian metasediments and intrusives. The Late Palaeozoic geographic and tectonic changes in the region followed four well-defined consecutive events which can also be traced outside the study area. During the Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous period (up to 330 Ma) accretion of microplates along the Patagonian margin of Gondwana resulted in the evolution of the Pacific basins. Thermal uplift of the Gondwana crust and extensive erosion causing a break in the stratigraphic record characterised the period between 300 and 330 Ma. At the end of this period the Gondwana Ice Sheet was well established over the uplands. The period 260–300 Ma evidenced the release of the Gondwana heat and thermal subsidence caused widespread basin formation. Late Carboniferous transpressive strike-slip basins (e.g. Sierra Australes/Colorado, Karoo-Falklands, Ellsworth-Central Transantarctic Mountains) in which thick glacial deposits accumulated, formed inboard of the palaeo-Pacific margin. In the continental interior the formation of Zambesi-type rift and extensional strike-slip basins were controlled by large mega-shear systems, whereas rare intracratonic thermal subsidence basins formed locally. In the Late Permian the tectonic regime changed to compressional largely due to northwest-directed subduction along the palaeo-Pacific margin. The orogenic cycle between 240 and 260 Ma resulted in the formation of the Gondwana fold belt and overall north–south crustal shortening with strike-slip motions and regional uplift within the interior. The Gondwana fold belt developed along a probable weak crustal zone wedged in between the cratons and an overthickened marginal crustal belt subject to dextral transpressive motions. Associated with the orogenic cycle was the formation of mega-shear systems one of which (Falklands-East Africa-Tethys shear) split the supercontinent in the Permo-Triassic into a West and an East Gondwana. By a slight clockwise rotation of East Gondwana a supradetachment basin formed along the Tethyan margin and northward displacement of Madagascar, West Falkland and the Gondwana fold belt occurred relative to a southward motion of Africa. Received: 2 October 1995 / Accepted: 28 May 1996  相似文献