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1.
西藏芒康县金沙江上游雪隆囊河谷史前时期(全新世晚期)发生了一次明显的堰塞事件,形成了一个湖水体积约3.1×108 m3的大型堰塞湖。该堰塞湖形成后期发生溃决并引发异常大洪水,这一溃决事件发生在大约1 117 A.D.。地震诱发山体滑坡可能是金沙江发生堰塞的直接原因。在雪隆囊古堰塞坝体的下游一侧到其下游3.5 km的范围内,发现大量由砾石、砂和少量黏土组成的混杂堆积体,判定其为滑坡堰塞湖的溃坝堆积,是滑坡坝体及上游河床物质在坝体溃决后快速堆积形成。整套溃坝堆积体具有支撑-叠置构造、叠瓦构造和杂基构造等沉积特征,还具有一种特殊的沉积构造:即在垂向剖面上发育粗砾石层与细砂砾层的韵律互层,但剖面中缺少砾或砂的透镜体。这种沉积构造("互层构造")是溃坝堆积相区别于冲-洪积相、泥石流相等的一种重要判别标志。采用水力学模型反演确定雪隆囊古滑坡堰塞湖溃决洪水的平均流速为7.48 m/s,最大洪峰流量为10 786 m3/s。雪隆囊溃坝堆积体沉积特征及其环境的研究,不但有助于揭示古洪水事件发生的过程和机制,同时对于认识金沙江上游地区的环境演变也具有重要意义。 相似文献
2.
青藏高原东南缘岷江上游地区地质环境条件十分复杂,滑坡堵江灾害及堰塞湖溃决事件频发,重建其灾害演化过程对于地区性防灾减灾和风险控制具有重要指导意义。以川西岷江上游叠溪古滑坡堰塞湖为研究对象,首先利用高精度DEM和ArcGIS软件重建了叠溪古堰塞湖的原始规模,其原始最大湖水面积为1.1×107 m2,相应的湖容量为2.9×109 m3;然后采用经验公式法和HEC-RAS一维水力学模型重建叠溪古堰塞湖溃决洪水的水力学特征。计算结果表明,HEC-RAS模拟的最大溃决洪水洪峰流量为73 060 m3/s,与经验公式法计算结果(74 500~76 800 m3/s,平均值76 000 m3/s)非常接近,误差小于5%。对应的最大洪水深度和流速分别为70.1 m和16.78 m/s,模拟河段的洪水淹没范围约为6.08 km2。综合误差分析推测的溃决洪峰流量误差范围为69 000~81 000 m3/s。叠溪古滑坡堰塞湖溃决洪水在世界范围内是十分罕见的,其最直接的影响是在下游数公里范围的河谷内形成大量带状或台阶状的溃坝堆积体和巨砾石堆积“阶地”,且这种影响仍延续至今,这与前人关于高能洪水水文特征和沉积特征的研究认识高度一致,证明本研究成果是非常可靠的。此外,本研究还表明,HEC-RAS一维水力模型可用于高山峡谷地区古滑坡堰塞湖溃决洪水重建研究,可为青藏高原东南缘岷江上游古环境重建和地貌演化提供参考。 相似文献
3.
《现代地质》2017,(6)
岷江上游叠溪古滑坡堰塞湖在地质历史时期(20~30 ka BP之间)发生了多次溃决,并在其下游岷江两岸形成一套规模罕见(长约5 km)的溃坝堆积物。通过现场调查、测量取样和室内筛分试验,分析了溃坝堆积物的物质组成、粒度分布及粒度参数等特征。结果表明:(1)堆积物主要由砾石、卵石、砂及少量粉/黏土组成;(2)从上段至下段,溃坝堆积物的平均粒径和分选系数逐渐变小,偏度值逐渐变大,且包含了所有的峰态类型;(3)溃坝堆积物各段的粒度频率曲线均为双峰型,概率累积曲线均表现为上凸型,且从上段至下段逐渐变紧凑。这些特征反映了溃坝堆积物物源区以粗砾石/块石为主,且从上段至下段,粗砾石逐渐减少,细粒成分逐渐增加,沉积物的分选性逐渐变好,溃决洪水的水动力强度逐渐减弱。本研究结果对于认识堰塞湖溃坝堆积物沉积特征及沉积环境具有重要指导意义。 相似文献
4.
文章提出了青藏高原东缘南北向河流系统的概念,该系统包括岷江、青衣江、大渡河、鲜水河、雅砻江等总体呈现南北走向的河段,指出南北向河流系统的形成演化具有构造和气候双重意义.晚更新世以来,南北向河流系统发生多次堵江事件,形成数套堰塞湖沉积.选取岷江上游、青衣江上游、大渡河上游3个古堰塞湖进行沉积、构造及年代学研究.结果表明,岷江上游叠溪一带于71ka左右发生了大面积堵江事件,形成了上游长约30km的堰塞湖,堰塞坝位于叠溪以南的下游河谷,沿江分布约10km;该堰塞湖持续了60ka,于11 ka左右彻底溃坝.青衣江上游五龙乡古堰塞湖85ka前形成,35ka前溃坝,规模不详.大渡河上游开绕村古堰塞湖长于5km,堵江时间不明,20～17ka间溃坝,堰塞坝位于色玉村一带.依据这些古堰塞湖的沉积,构造,关键层位光释光测年数据,结合前人研究成果,划分出青藏高原东缘晚更新世中、晚期存在85～70ka,43～30ka和20～10ka的3个构造活跃期,可对应于青藏高原古里雅冰芯δ18O曲线体现出的C1,C3和C4的3次气候冷暖转变期.指出大规模堵江事件是快速的能量物质转化过程,地震释放强大内能,气候因素使得物质得以积累,深切河谷是堵江的有利场所.构造-气候耦合促使大型洪积扇发育、大规模堵江事件发生,进而改变河流动力、塑造河谷地貌. 相似文献
5.
开展古滑坡堰塞湖形成演化过程研究,可以揭示古灾害地质环境效应,重建区域构造历史活动序列和古气候演变特征。特米古滑坡发育于金沙江上游巴塘段,滑坡堆积地貌和堰塞湖相沉积物保存较好,是研究区内古地质环境的良好载体。在遥感解译、无人机测绘、现场调查和地质测年的基础上,结合前人研究成果,分析探讨了特米古滑坡发育特征、堰塞湖形成时间与溃决演化过程。结果表明,特米古滑坡是特大型岩质历史堵江滑坡,滑坡堰塞湖实际形成时间应该远早于2.15 ka BP,历史上曾发生过多次溃决,完全溃决时间大约为1.08 ka BP,堰塞湖稳定保存时间大于1.07 ka。金沙江巴塘段大型堵江滑坡群并非由单次地质事件形成,而是由金沙江断裂带多次强烈地震诱发。 相似文献
6.
四川岷江上游叠溪发育有一套厚度超过200 m、保存较为完整的湖相沉积,被定名为叠溪古堰塞湖相沉积,其形成于距今30 ka前,存活了约15 ka,因此记录了青藏高原东缘晚更新世—全新世(包括末次冰期)的重大地质与环境事件。现有研究初步揭示了古堰塞的沉积特征,但对叠溪古滑坡及古堰塞湖形成与演化的系统研究还十分不足。本文通过详细的野外调查,结合现代遥感测绘技术(无人机载LiDAR),构建叠溪古滑坡的三维地质模型,研究了其地质与地貌特征。同时,采用高密度电阻率法ERT,在滑坡体上布设2条长870 m和990 m的测线,探明了滑坡体内部结构特征。通过古堰塞湖相沉积露头和钻孔的调查,结合激光粒度测试,重建了古堰塞湖的范围、规模与沉积特征。在此基础上,通过对古湖相沉积坡面上多级阶地的分析,初步探讨了古堰塞湖的消亡及其对下游史前古聚落变迁的影响。研究结果表明,叠溪古滑坡不仅完全堵塞岷江而且还堵塞了对岸支沟,堆积体方量达到(1 400~2 000)×106 m3。古堰塞湖在滑坡坝后向上游延伸26 km,所形成的最大湖面覆盖面积约21.4 km2,库容蓄水量约1 670×106 m3。叠溪古滑坡-堰塞湖在岷江上游形成了陡峭的河道裂点(Knickpoint),对山区河道与地貌演化具有长期影响。 相似文献
7.
金沙江上游新构造运动活跃,崩塌、滑坡、堰塞湖等地质灾害广泛发育,是古、今堰塞湖多发的地区.以金沙江上游雪隆囊大型古滑坡堰塞湖溃坝堆积物为例,对溃坝堆积物的粒度特征及其与沉积环境的关系进行了研究.并对雪隆囊滑坡堰塞湖溃坝堆积物的粒度进行了测试.结果表明：1）从溃坝堆积体的上段→中段→下段,粒度频率曲线分别为单峰、多峰、双峰,粒径有明显的细化趋势（粗→细）;2）溃坝堆积物的分选系数从上段→中段→下段依次减小,表明分选性逐渐变好;3）溃坝堆积物的粒度累积曲线上游段为两段式,中、下游段为三段式,水动力条件从上段→中段→下段依次减弱.以上这些特点综合反映了该研究区内水动力条件由溃坝堆积体上游到下游在逐渐减弱. 相似文献
8.
针对叶城柯克亚乡波龙7.20突发泥石流灾害,现场开展了应急科学调查。对沟下游泥石流堆积区进行量测,对上游突发小型滑坡-堰塞湖-泄流全过程开展实时观察。结果发现:泥石流固体物质主要是晚更新世风积土滑坡和中元古变质岩及碳酸盐岩崩塌,水体来源主要是强降雨导致的上游洪水及堰塞湖溃决;沟谷上游以稀性泥石流为主,下游加入了崩塌块体及河道砂砾石,粘度有所增大;堆积区呈块石散落和淤积状态。据现场多个老堰塞坝推测,波龙沟泥石流发生周期约15~20年。现有停车场位于沟口堆积区,需加大极端洪水及泥石流排泄空间,拓宽排导沟槽净空。 相似文献
9.
岷江上游近两万年前发生了什么事件? 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
在对岷江1933年叠溪古镇地震滑坡调查研究中,对较场大滑坡上覆盖的较古老的土黄色厚土层进行详细研究,发现并确认这是一套静水环境下的河湖相沉积物,定名为叠溪古堰塞湖相沉积。这套湖相沉积物厚度最大可达200余m,根据14C测试,形成于约两万年以前。此后在叠溪下游以及岷江支流杂谷脑河中又发现了几个古堰塞湖沉积物,测年初步判定,也都形成于距今两万年左右。这一事实揭示两万年以前岷江上游曾发生过一次重大的变动,系列堰塞湖几乎在同一时期出现,形成了特殊的生态环境,消亡过程必然对其下游乃至川西平原环境的演化发生重要影响。堰塞湖沉积物中记载了地质环境和古气候环境变化的信息,是深入系统研究青藏高原前缘地质环境近期演化规律的极为可贵的资料。文中对这些古堰塞湖作了简要介绍,并就一些主要问题进行初步讨论。 相似文献
10.
在对岷江1933年叠溪古镇地震滑坡调查研究中,对较场大滑坡上覆盖的较古老的土黄色厚土层进行详细研究,发现并确认这是一套静水环境下的河湖相沉积物,定名为叠溪古堰塞湖相沉积。这套湖相沉积物厚度最大可达200余m,根据14C测试,形成于约两万年以前。此后在叠溪下游以及岷江支流杂谷脑河中又发现了几个古堰塞湖沉积物,测年初步判定,也都形成于距今两万年左右。这一事实揭示两万年以前岷江上游曾发生过一次重大的变动,系列堰塞湖几乎在同一时期出现,形成了特殊的生态环境,消亡过程必然对其下游乃至川西平原环境的演化发生重要影响。堰塞湖沉积物中记载了地质环境和古气候环境变化的信息,是深入系统研究青藏高原前缘地质环境近期演化规律的极为可贵的资料。文中对这些古堰塞湖作了简要介绍,并就一些主要问题进行初步讨论。 相似文献
11.
Lasafam Iturrizaga 《GeoJournal》2005,62(3-4):1-47
At least six devastating glacial floods occurred in the Karambar valley in the 19th and 20th century. Previously mainly the
Karambar glacier was considered as the origin of these outburst floods. However, in this project more detailed investigations
revealed that up to eight more tributary glaciers could have dammed the Karambar valley in historical and prehistorical times.
The ice-dammed lakes reached an approximate length of up to about 5 km and more. The dense concentration of the glacier dams
along a horizontal distance of only 40 km results in a complex interfingering of lake basins and flooded valley sections.
In the individual flood events were probably involved almost synchronously the drainage of at least two lakes resulting in
a lake outburst cascade.
The Karambar case study highlights the characteristic geomorphological landforms of the glacier dams, their lake basins and
the geomorphological impact of the outburst floods. The abundant occurrence of unconsolidated sediments mantling the valley
flanks caused a high sediment load and enhanced the erosion potential of the flood. The erosion cliffs of sediment cones,
up to 100 m high, wash limits along the slopes and longitudinal bars in the gravel floors are main characteristics of the
flood landscape. Secondary temporary lake formations (back water ponding) during the flood events in consequence of blockages
of the ice- and sediment-loaden flood masses occurred at many locations in the narrower valley sections and lasted for several
days. Additionally, debris flows in-between the glacier dams have dammed temporarily the Karambar valley. On the basis of
losses of settlement area and eye-witness reports, the extent, erosion rates and characteristics of the 1905 flood event could
be reconstructed. In order to warn the villagers living downstream, the Karambar people established an early warning fire
system (Puberanch) from Sokther Rabot to Gilgit which was operated until 1905. The reconstructed Karambar flood chronology represents one of
the longest records for this region and provides also information on historical and recent glacier oscillations, especially
on exceptional glacier advances. At present, the Chateboi glacier seals the Karambar valley over a distance of 4 km. An outburst
flood would have disastrous impacts to the human infrastructure as the settlement areas expanded to the flood plains in the
last decades. 相似文献
12.
Flow dynamics,sedimentation and erosion of glacial lake outburst floods along the Middle Pleistocene Scandinavian Ice Sheet (northern central Europe) 
下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Jutta Winsemann Petteri Alho Leena Laamanen Nils Goseberg Jörg Lang Josef Klostermann 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2016,45(2):260-283
During the Middle Pleistocene late Saalian glaciation of northern central Europe numerous pro‐glacial lakes formed along the southwestern margin of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet. Little is known about the drainage history of these lakes, the pathways of glacial lake outburst floods and their impacts on erosion, sedimentation and landscape evolution. This study investigated the impact of the late Saalian Weser and Münsterland Lake (Germany) outburst floods. In particular, we reconstructed the routing and flow dynamics of the lake outburst flood and analysed the flood related sediments. We employed one‐dimensional hydraulic modelling to calculate glacial lake outburst flood hydrographs. We modelled the flow pathway and local flow conditions along the pathway based on the boundary conditions of two different hydrographs and two different ice‐margin positions. The modelling results were compared with geomorphological and sedimentological field data in order to estimate the magnitude and impact of the flood on erosion and sedimentation. Two major lake drainage events are reconstructed for the study area, during which approximately 90–50 km3 of water was released. Modelling results indicate that the lake outburst floods created a high‐energy flood wave with a height of 35–50 m in confined valley areas that rapidly spread out into the Lower Rhine Embayment eventually flowing into the North Sea basin. The sedimentary record of the outburst floods comprises poorly sorted coarse‐grained gravel bars, long‐wavelength bedforms and sandy bedforms deposited by supercritical and subcritical flows. Some parts of the sandy flood deposits are rich in reworked mammoth bones or mammoth and horse teeth, pointing to reworking of older fluvial sediments, hydraulic concentration and subsequent re‐sedimentation of vertebrate remains. These deposits are preserved in sheltered areas or at high elevations, well above the influence of postglacial fluvial erosion. The flood‐related erosional features include up to 80‐m‐deep scour pools, alluvial channels and streamlined hills. 相似文献
13.
古堰塞湖溃决洪水事件的重建是当前地学研究的热点问题之一,寻找足够的可参考的现代溃决洪水事件案例是顺利开展这项工作的基础。2018年11月13日发生在金沙江干流的白格堰塞湖超万年一遇的溃决洪水事件(学术界称之为“11·3”白格堰塞湖溃决洪水事件)就是一个难得的样本。这次溃决事件发生在枯水期,洪峰完全由溃决洪水产生,没有叠加其他来源,对评估流域地貌和沉积体系对堰塞溃决事件的响应有很好的参考价值。本文以溃决洪水事件受灾最为严重的奔子栏—石鼓段为研究区,通过详细的野外调查和初步的水力学估算发现“11·3”白格堰塞湖溃决洪水事件在奔子栏—石鼓段的地貌作用主要表现为洪水淹没区的岸坡塌岸和沉积物堆积,未发现明显的基岩侵蚀。沉积物主要由分选良好的具水平纹层的砂组成。受金沙江较低的河床比降影响,洪水产生的基底剪切应力较弱在27~142 N/m2,不能悬浮和搬运直径5 cm以上的砾石,也不能产生明显的磨蚀和冲(撞)击作用。在发生塌岸的部分段落,洪水沉积物中有砾石坠入,甚至会出现类似浊流沉积的层序。这些现象的发现对深入理解堰塞湖溃决洪水的复杂地貌过程和沉积特征有重要参考意义。 相似文献
14.
应用深水沉积学和地震沉积学的相关理论,通过岩心观察描述、钻测井资料分析及平面沉积相编图,对下刚果盆地A区块白垩系Pointe Indienne组深水重力流的类型、沉积特征、垂向沉积组合及沉积模式进行了探讨分析,指出该地区发育砂质碎屑流、泥质碎屑流、浊流及与重力流形成过程相关的滑动—滑塌沉积,并总结了该深水重力流的沉积模式。结果表明:砂质碎屑流沉积以块状层理细砂岩为主,含大型漂浮泥砾和泥岩撕裂屑;泥质碎屑流沉积以泥级碎屑为主,含有少量的暗色泥岩碎屑和砂质团块,见“泥包砾”结构;浊流沉积以发育完整或不完整的鲍马序列为特征;滑动—滑塌沉积具有明显的剪切滑移面,可见旋转火焰构造、砂岩扭曲杂乱分布及褶皱变形层;纵向上可识别出4种类型的重力流沉积垂向组合,以多期砂质碎屑流沉积叠置和砂质碎屑流沉积与浊流沉积叠置最为常见;研究区深水重力流沉积可分为上部扇、中部扇和外部扇3部分,上部扇以主水道沉积为主;中部扇以辫状水道和溢岸沉积为主,砂体厚度较大;外部扇以朵叶体沉积和薄层浊积岩为主,砂体厚度相对较薄。 相似文献
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Historical glacier-dammed lakes and outburst floods in the Karambar valley (Hindukush-Karakoram) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Lasafam Iturrizaga 《GeoJournal》2005,63(1-4):1-47
At least six devastating glacial floods occurred in the Karambar valley in the 19th and 20th century. Previously mainly the Karambar glacier was considered as the origin of these outburst floods. However, in this project more detailed investigations revealed that up to eight more tributary glaciers could have dammed the Karambar valley in historical and prehistorical times. The ice-dammed lakes reached an approximate length of up to about 5 km and more. The dense concentration of the glacier dams along a horizontal distance of only 40 km results in a complex interfingering of lake basins and flooded valley sections. In the individual flood events were probably involved almost synchronously the drainage of at least two lakes resulting in a lake outburst cascade. The Karambar case study highlights the characteristic geomorphological landforms of the glacier dams, their lake basins and the geomorphological impact of the outburst floods. The abundant occurrence of unconsolidated sediments mantling the valley flanks caused a high sediment load and enhanced the erosion potential of the flood. The erosion cliffs of sediment cones, up to 100 m high, wash limits along the slopes and longitudinal bars in the gravel floors are main characteristics of the flood landscape. Secondary temporary lake formations (back water ponding) during the flood events in consequence of blockages of the ice- and sediment-loaden flood masses occurred at many locations in the narrower valley sections and lasted for several days. Additionally, debris flows in-between the glacier dams have dammed temporarily the Karambar valley. On the basis of losses of settlement area and eye-witness reports, the extent, erosion rates and characteristics of the 1905 flood event could be reconstructed. In order to warn the villagers living downstream, the Karambar people established an early warning fire system (Puberanch) from Sokther Rabot to Gilgit which was operated until 1905. The reconstructed Karambar flood chronology represents one of the longest records for this region and provides also information on historical and recent glacier oscillations, especially on exceptional glacier advances. At present, the Chateboi glacier seals the Karambar valley over a distance of 4 km. An outburst flood would have disastrous impacts to the human infrastructure as the settlement areas expanded to the flood plains in the last decades. 相似文献
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第四纪巨型堰塞湖溃决产生的高能洪水是地球及其他星球上已知规模最大的陆地淡水事件。越来越多的研究证明高能洪水事件具有普遍性,广泛发育于欧亚大陆、北美洲和南美洲等地区。研究者发现不同地区高能洪水事件的沉积特征具有一定的共性,但其典型沉积序列却依然缺失。本文首先回顾了全球已报道高能洪水案例并介绍了高能洪水的定义,总结了高能洪水沉积的特征与地层层序,归纳了其典型沉积序列及其标志性特性。同时,沉积证据是高能洪水的唯一记录,本文通过沉积层序的解读以期重建单次或多次高能洪水的流量过程、水动力条件和物质输送方式。典型高能洪水沉积物多呈块状构造,席状展布,缺乏黏土和粉砂粒级,发育层合并现象、“漂浮”碎屑、内碎屑、脱水构造和同生变形构造。高能洪水典型沉积序列由下往上包括底部粗粒平行、大型斜坡沉积、水平纹层、波纹和沙垄交错层理、粉砂层和顶部泥石流沉积。该沉积序列由高浓度悬浮质的快速沉积主导,可对应于单次的水流增强与减弱;从洪水过程曲线的时间尺度理解,其代表了洪水的涨水和消落过程,其间伴随着水流的周期性强烈脉动。最后,简单介绍了我国已发现的高能洪水事件,展望了我国的高能洪水研究。 相似文献
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可可西里卓乃湖溃决后湖区环境变化及盐湖可能的溃决方式 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
2011年9月卓乃湖溃决后引发的区域沙漠化灾害现象对区域生态环境已经造成了一定影响。同时下游的盐湖在接收洪水后水位持续上涨, 对青藏公路工程走廊内管线工程运行安全造成了重大的威胁。本文根据野外考察资料对卓乃湖的溃决过程和溃决后的影响进行了简要分析, 并对下游盐湖可能的溃决方式进行了分析。卓乃湖的溃决是由于湖区降水增多导致湖水外溢, 冲垮湖堤造成的。卓乃湖溃决后出露湖底成为沙尘暴的策源地, 出露湖底和周边草场形成了大面积的沙漠化区域。随着卓乃湖湖水不断排出, 洪水对出水口和下游河道进行着持续的冲蚀作用, 一方面导致湖底出露面积进一步扩大, 湖区沙漠化现象加剧, 另一方面导致下游河道侵蚀加深加宽, 对区域地形破坏进一步加强。对比卓乃湖区地形条件和水平衡特征, 盐湖的溃决方式将与卓乃湖类似, 洪水对下游的破坏作用要大于库赛湖区和海丁诺尔湖区。由于盐湖每年可排出的水量大于卓乃湖区, 当盐湖溃决后, 后期洪水对河道的冲蚀作用要大于卓乃湖区。 相似文献