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1.
1 Introduction on CNC-IHDP In recent decades, China has witnessed significant environmental changes due to various natural processes and human activities. The sustainable development of China is facing more and more restrictions from natural resources and…  相似文献   

2.
中国耕地转型与土地整理:研究进展与框架   总被引:16,自引:3,他引:13  
土地利用转型研究是开展土地利用/覆被变化( LUCC) 综合研究的一条新途径。通过整合 社会和环境变化的时间尺度与历史背景, 开展中国耕地转型与土地整理方面研究, 属于IGBP 和 IHDP 联合发起的全球土地计划(GLP) 的重要研究内容。本文在综述土地变化科学( LCS) 的理论 与模型、土地利用转型、耕地变化与土地整理的研究进展基础上, 提出中国耕地转型与土地整理 的研究框架: 运用GIS 技术, 通过综合分析遥感解译的土地覆被数据及建国以来国土资源系统的 耕地面积变化数据, 探讨中国耕地变化的空间格局, 结合自然要素和社会经济要素分析耕地转型 的影响因子; 借鉴国外相关研究, 通过分析特定时期内中国耕地变化的影响因素及相应的管理政 策, 在了解中国耕地变化过程的基础上提出中国耕地转型的理论假设; 结合中国耕地的时空变化 模拟, 进而确定中国耕地变化的区域类型及其所处的转型阶段, 并以此作为指导我国耕地保护的 重要举措———土地整理的理论基础和科学依据。  相似文献   

3.
自然地理学研究前沿   总被引:16,自引:1,他引:15  
自然地理学的研究前沿是在学科发展和社会需求的共同驱动下形成的.对资源环境问题的全球性关注和我国可持续发展面临的重大问题对自然地理学提出了一系列需求.国际地圈生物圈计划、全球环境变化人文因素计划、世界气候研究计划、生物多样性计划以及地球系统科学联盟中的许多领域包含着自然地理学的研究前沿,我国国家重点基础研究发展计划、国家自然科学基金委员会地球科学部优先发展领域、科技支撑计划等也提出了一系列自然地理学的研究前沿.若干自然地理学的新方法和技术已被应用于数据采集、模型模拟、实验室分析、自然地理过程研究、环境变化研究、全球自然地理学研究.本文概括了所有这些前沿领域和论题.  相似文献   

4.
中国农村宅基地转型的理论与证实   总被引:52,自引:5,他引:47  
龙花楼 《地理学报》2006,61(10):1093-1100
土地利用转型是土地利用变化的表现形式之一,也是由IGBP和IHDP联合发起的全球土地研究计划 (GLP) 的重要研究内容。目前土地利用/覆被变化 (LUCC) 研究仍然有待进一步理论化,在学科综合与集成基础上提出的假设对土地变化科学显得尤为重要。土地利用转型研究需要寻求一种综合的方法,来对社会和环境变化的时间尺度和历史背景进行整合。通过分析特定时期内中国农村建房的影响因素及相应的管理政策,在了解中国农村建房发展过程的基础上,提出了中国农村宅基地转型趋势的理论假设:随着社会经济的发展,农村宅基地在增加的建设用地总量中所占比例将由高逐渐降低,直到这一比例趋向于一个固定值。最后运用长江沿线样带农村宅基地转型研究结果验证了该理论假设。  相似文献   

5.
弹性、脆弱性和适应——IHDP三个核心概念综述   总被引:21,自引:5,他引:16  
弹性、脆弱性和适应是全球环境变化人文因素计划( IHDP) 中三个非常重要的核心概念。 由于各自学科研究传统的差异, 不同学科在使用这些概念时其含义有很大差异, 有的甚至是不可 比的。本文主要根据《Global Environmental Change》2006 年第3 期发表的IHDP 学术委员会专题 研讨会成果, 结合UNU 关于脆弱性的研究成果, 重点介绍了这三个核心概念的演变以及相互联 系等方面的最新研究进展。  相似文献   

6.
社会代谢分析为全球环境变化人文因素计划的重要课题之一,已成为当前区域生态研究的热点。本文应用H.T.Odum创立的基于生物物理原理的能值方法结合社会代谢概念,对广东省2006年资源利用种类、效率与代谢循环状况进行了分析,通过一系列能值指标,评价广东省社会代谢的可持续性。结果表明:2006年广东省总体呈现较好的发展局面,能值剩余57.31×1022 sej体现了其财富的真正增长,人均能值使用量为1.60×1016 sej,能值福利水平较高;但同时也暴露出影响广东省社会代谢正常运作的原因:输入能值占总能值使用量比为0.73,对进口资源过度依赖;废弃物能值占总能值使用量比为0.26,废弃物产出过多;环境负荷率为14.36,资源的过度使用使环境承受的压力较大等。研究还发现,广东能值可持续性指数呈现逐步下降趋势。广东省目前的代谢过程仍是线性运作模式为主。未来广东省应向循环代谢模式发展,重组并优化其代谢能力,通过建立低消耗高效益产业体系,加大开发替代性资源和新能源,提高废弃物处理能力和完善代谢机制等措施,提高经济社会发展与自然生态环境的和谐程度。  相似文献   

7.
The Environmental and Genetic Approach for Life on Earth (EAGLE) project   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
The Transdisciplinary Research Integration Center (TRIC) advances the basic objectives under the umbrella of the Research Organization of Information and Systems (ROIS). The TRIC co-ordinates the development of novel fields of research within the Inter-University Research Institute Corporation of Japan. The TRIC program fosters integrated research and develops information platforms that support the quest for new paradigms in the fields of Earth science and life systems. The project, “Environmental and Genetic Approach for Life on Earth with a Study of Relevant Modeling and Prediction Techniques (EAGLE)” began under the TRIC program in 2005. The goal of the EAGLE project is to improve our understanding of ecosystems on Earth and to investigate the mechanisms leading to the evolution of life and the adaptation of species as a result of past environmental changes. The EAGLE project is also positioned as a national project of the “Microbiological and Ecological Responses to Global Environmental Changes in polar regions (MERGE) program”, so called, “MERGE-Japan” which was initiated as part of the International Polar Year (IPY, 2007–2008). A general outline of the current achievements and discussion of the EAGLE project during the IPY period are presented in this progress report.  相似文献   

8.
Reviews     
《The Geographical journal》2001,167(3):277-288
Bppks reviewed:
Reginald Appleyard, (ed.) Emigration dynamics in developing countries. Vol. IV: the Arab region
Curt Meine and Richard L. Knight, (eds.) The Essential Aldo Leopold. Quotations and Commentaries
Jyoti Shankar Singh, Creating a New Consensus on Population
Walden Bello, Shea Cunningham and Li Kheng Poh, A Siamese Tragedy
Bart Makaske, Anastomosing Rivers: Forms, Processes and Sediments
Philip Micklin, Managing Water in Central Asia
Iwao Kobori and Michael H. Glantz, (eds.) Central Eurasian Water Crisis: Caspian, Aral, and Dead Seas
John R. Gold and George Revill, (eds.) Landscapes of Defence
Monica Trujillo Amado Ordonez and Carlos Hernandez, Risk Mapping and Local Capabilities: Lessons from Mexico and Central America
R. Dalton, H. Fox and P. Jones, Classic Landforms of the White Peak (second edition), Classic Landforms of the Dark Peak (second edition)
Tatyana Saiko, Environmental Crises: Geographical Case Studies in Post-Socialist Eurasia
F. Brouwer and P. Lowe, (eds.) CAP Regimes and the European Countryside
Andrew Goudie, The Human Impact on the Natural Environment (fifth edition)
Jean Radvanyi, La Nouvelle Russie (second edition)
John Vogler, The Global Commons: Environmental and Technological Governance (second edition)  相似文献   

9.
For over 30 years, IHP (International Hydrological Programme) has been actively operating as a UNESCO’s (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) international scientific cooperative programme in water research, water resources management, education and capacity-building, and the only broadly-based science programme of the UN (United Nations) system in this region. By a number of initiatives and networks, the IHP has progressively carried out activities on the quantity and quality of global/regional water resources, transboundary water resources management, mitigation of water related hazards, and water education. While addressing comprehensive areas over water challenges, greater emphasis has been placed on the role of water resources management for sustainable development and with respect to the expected changes in climate and environmental conditions. WWAP (World Water Assessment Programme) and its major product WWDR (World Water Development Report) in East Asia are under the framework of IHP which supports field oriented activities on monitoring freshwater, developing case studies, enhancing national assessment capacity, and facilitating decision making processes. In light of transboundary waters in IHP, RSC (Regional Steering Committee) plays a focal role for facilitating regional cooperation in the Southeast and East Asia and Pacific States. Furthermore, ISI (International Sediment Initiative) and IFI (International Flood Initiative) have significant roles, respectively, for the management of erosion and sedimentation in line with river system or reservoir management, and for the flood management focusing on capacity building of each country in East Asia. There are other major areas of concern under UNESCO’s IHP programme in East Asia, specifically in aspects including, mitigating water conflicts on transboundary aquifers through ISARM (International Shared Aquifer Resources Management), water management of arid areas through Water and Development Information for Arid Lands- A Global Network (Asian G-WADI), and sustainable management of groundwater by UNESCO Water Chair, as well as water education through the programme of Sustainable Water Integrated Management- Educational Component.  相似文献   

10.
钟赛香  胡鹏  薛熙明  杨硕  朱佩娟 《地理学报》2015,70(12):2011-2031
针对地理学多因素综合评价中较少探讨指标权重赋值方法的选择,以及少有研究涉及人文地理期刊的多因素综合评价,本文设计了基于合理权重赋值方法选择的多因素综合评价模型,并将其应用于科学网数据库内的“期刊引证报告(JCR)”中分类为人文地理类的70种人文地理期刊的综合评价。该模型针对7种指标权重客观赋值方法,采用“异同比较”,分析不同方法在不同参数设置下和聚类与否情况下的权重值、评价值和评价序的变化特征与分布规律,并依据该变化特征与分布规律,实现了对各种方法的“优劣比较”和最优选择。应用该模型对JCR中70种人文地理期刊进行排序分等,其中排名第一的“全球环境变化和政策”等14种期刊为位列第一等分的高影响力期刊。本研究完善了多因素综合评价体系,也丰富了对人文地理期刊的认知。  相似文献   

11.
Book Reviews     
Books reviewed in this article:
Climatology: An Atmospheric Science . John J. Hidore and John E. Oliver.
Geomorphology in the Tropics: A Study of Weathering and Denudation in Low Latitudes . Michael F. Thomas.
Hydrology and Water Management in the Humid Tropics . Michael Bonell, Maynard M. Hufschmidt and John S. Gladwell.
The Environment and International Relations . John Vogler and Mark F. Imber (eds.).
Summary and Selected Papers of the SEAPOL Tri-Regional Conference . Kathleen I. Matics and Ted L. McDorman (eds.)
Trade, Aid and Global Interdependence . George Cho.
Communication and the "Third World" . Geoffrey Reeves.
East Asian Economies: Transformation and Challenges . Toshihiko Kawagoe and Sueo Sekiguchi (eds.).
Counting the Cost: Economic Growth and Environmental Change in Thailand . Jonathan Rigg (ed.).  相似文献   

12.
For over 30 years, IHP (International Hydrological Programme) has been actively operating as a UNESCO’s (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) international scientific cooperative programme in water research, water resources management, education and capacity-building, and the only broadly-based science programme of the UN (United Nations) system in this region. By a number of initiatives and networks, the IHP has progressively carried out activities on the quantity and quality of global/regional water resources, transboundary water resources management, mitigation of water related hazards, and water education. While addressing comprehensive areas over water challenges, greater emphasis has been placed on the role of water resources management for sustainable development and with respect to the expected changes in climate and environmental conditions. WWAP (World Water Assessment Programme) and its major product WWDR (World Water Development Report) in East Asia are under the framework of IHP which supports field oriented activities on monitoring freshwater, developing case studies, enhancing national assessment capacity, and facilitating decision making processes. In light of transboundary waters in IHP, RSC (Regional Steering Committee) plays a focal role for facilitating regional cooperation in the Southeast and East Asia and Pacific States. Furthermore, ISI (International Sediment Initiative) and IFI (International Flood Initiative) have significant roles, respectively, for the management of erosion and sedimentation in line with river system or reservoir management, and for the flood management focusing on capacity building of each country in East Asia. There are other major areas of concern under UNESCO’s IHP programme in East Asia, specifically in aspects including, mitigating water conflicts on transboundary aquifers through ISARM (International Shared Aquifer Resources Management), water management of arid areas through Water and Development Information for Arid Lands- A Global Network (Asian G-WADI), and sustainable management of groundwater by UNESCO Water Chair, as well as water education through the programme of Sustainable Water Integrated Management-Educational Component. Author: Ramasamy Jayakumar, native of India, Ph.D, specialized in application of remote sensing, GIS, geo-statistical methods in hydrogeological modelling and irrigation water management.  相似文献   

13.
严平  董治宝 《干旱区地理》2004,27(3):451-454
简要介绍了国际风沙会议(ICAR)的历史,评述了2002年在美国Lubbock召开的ICAR-5会议的主要成果,分析当前国际沙漠研究的热点领域和发展趋势。  相似文献   

14.
《国际水道非航行使用法公约》被认可的区域差异性   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
余世维  冯彦  王文玲 《地理学报》2017,72(2):303-314
《国际水道非航行使用法公约》是第一个生效、旨在实现跨境水资源公平合理利用的全球公约,但《公约》原则与条款争议造成缔约国数量有限,综合影响力受到削减。利用《全球跨境流域》、《国际淡水条约数据库》、《世界环境协定》等数据库信息等,确定《公约》缔约国的国际河流地理位置,结合各缔约国水资源及利用现状、跨境水资源分布及区域合作开发状况、《公约》原则和争议条款等,分析、判断缔约国的区域及目标差异特征,结果表明:① 缔约国仅分布于欧洲、亚洲和非洲3个地区36国家,《公约》被认可程度低、影响力有限;② 《公约》在平衡上下游权利与义务中对下游国谋求水开发利益更为有利,下游国缔约意愿更强、对其认可度最高;《公约》对中游、边界及上下游均衡及支流地区的流域国有制衡作用,影响着流域国的缔约愿意;③ 缺水状况和位居下游、国际河流地位重要及对跨境水资源的依赖驱使相关国家不断寻求增强对跨境水资源管控能力的途径,缔结《公约》成为一项重要选择;④ 区域性水法的发展与实践是流域国缔结《公约》的基础,绝大多数国家的缔约意愿多源于对水资源合作开发实践,而流域下游及中游国家则源于跨境水资源合作机制建设和水资源合作开发两个方面的经验。  相似文献   

15.
中国与中亚地区油气资源合作开发模式与前景分析   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
国际合作是全球化时代的重要特征,国际能源合作是国际合作的重要组成部分。本文以中国与中亚地区的油气资源合作开发为载体,研究双方在油气资源合作开发方面的基础、现状、模式及前景,认为双方存在着供需互补的合作基础;将已有合作归结为油气资源开发的合作与修建油气运输管线的合作两类,按国别主要分为哈萨克斯坦、土库曼斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦三国;总结了双方在合作中存在的模式,主要包括产量分成模式、联合经营模式、技术服务模式等三种;最后,以双方互补的资源格局、良好的政治环境、毗邻的地理位置及其他领域的合作为依据,展望了双方在油气资源开发领域合作的广阔前景。  相似文献   

16.
林柄全  孙斌栋 《地理研究》2022,41(9):2385-2403
“全球集群网络”理论是经济地理学领域的新兴主题,是在产业集群研究方向上对“网络外部性”进行探讨。本文构建了网络外部性和集聚外部性影响企业TFP(全要素生产率)的理论分析框架,利用企业层面的专利数据和供应链合作数据,描绘中国汽车制造业产业集群之间的创新合作网络和供应链合作网络,并采用固定效应面板回归模型检验和对比网络外部性和集聚外部性对企业TFP的影响,结果显示:集群之间的供应链合作网络对企业TFP产生异质性的作用。对于具有稳定的供应链合作关系的企业,其所在的产业集群与其他集群的供应链合作有助于增加企业TFP;对于缺少稳定供应链合作关系的企业,其TFP的增加主要得益于集群内部密集的供应链合作引发的集聚外部性。进一步中介效应分析发现,网络外部性对TFP的影响是源于“学习机制”和“匹配机制”,即集群间的供应链合作能够提升企业研发能力、提高对供应链合作企业的匹配效率,从而提高企业TFP。研究结论丰富了全球集群网络的理论框架,并具有重要的政策参考价值。  相似文献   

17.
人口和人均食物需求的增加对全球耕地产生了显著的影响。利用欧空局提供的精度为300m的最新土地覆被产品,文章分析了1992-2015年全球耕地的时空变化趋势和耕地转化特征。结果显示:1)在1992-2004年间全球耕地面积增长迅速,而在2004-2012年间耕地增长缓慢,2012年后耕地有缓慢减少的趋势。2)在洲尺度上,非洲耕地有一直增长的态势,而其他洲耕地都经历了耕地转型,有先增长后下降的趋势;在收入较高的国家,耕地多有下降的趋势。3)全球耕地增长的热点区域主要分布在亚马逊林地、欧亚大草原和撒哈拉沙漠边缘。全球耕地减少的中心从欧洲转移到亚洲。由于迅速的城市化,亚洲耕地扩张侵占了大量农田。  相似文献   

18.
As a contribution to the International Polar Year program MERGE (Microbiological and Ecological Responses to Global Environmental change in polar regions), studies were conducted on the terrestrial and aquatic microbial ecosystems of northern Canada (details at: http://www.cen.ulaval.ca/merge/). The habitats included permafrost soils, saline coldwater springs, supraglacial lakes on ice shelves, epishelf lakes in fjords, deep meromictic lakes, and shallow lakes, ponds and streams. Microbiological samples from each habitat were analysed by HPLC pigment assays, light and fluorescence microscopy, and DNA sequencing. The results show a remarkably diverse microflora of viruses, Archaea (including ammonium oxidisers and methanotrophs), Bacteria (including filamentous sulfur-oxidisers in a saline spring and benthic mats of Cyanobacteria in many waterbodies), and protists (including microbial eukaryotes in snowbanks and ciliates in ice-dammed lakes). In summer 2008, we recorded extreme warming at Ward Hunt Island and vicinity, the northern limit of the Canadian high Arctic, with air temperatures up to 20.5 °C. This was accompanied by pronounced changes in microbial habitats: deepening of the permafrost active layer; loss of perennial lake ice and sea ice; loss of ice-dammed freshwater lakes; and 23% loss of total ice shelf area, including complete break-up and loss of the Markham Ice Shelf cryo-ecosystem. These observations underscore the vulnerability of Arctic microbial ecosystems to ongoing climate change.  相似文献   

19.
BOOK REVIEWS     
Book Reviewed in this article: Women, Work, and Ideology in the Third World . Haleh Afshar, ed. The Birth of the National Park Service. The Founding Years 1913–33 . Horace M. Albright Theatres of Accumulation: Studies in Asian and Latin American Urbanization . Warwick Armstrong and T.G. McGee. New Tools for Social Scientists, Advances and Applications in Research Methods . William D. Berry and Michael S. Lewis -Beck , eds . Uncertain Dimensions: Western Overseas Empires in the Twentieth Century . Raymond F. Betts. Geography of Sugar Cane . Helmut Blume. The Mines of Neptune: Minerals and Metals from the Sea . Elisabeth Mann Borgese. Geographical Dimensions of Energy . F.J. Calzonetti and B.D. Solomon, eds. Statistical Methods for Geographers . W. A. V. Clark and P. L. Hosking. In The Wake of Columbus, Islands and Controversy . John DeVorsey, Jr., and John Parker, eds. Housing, States and Localities . Peter Dickens, Simon Duncan, Mark Goodwin and Fred Gray. Physician Location and Specialty Choice . Richard L. Ernst and Donald E. Yett. Practical Ecology for Geography and Biology: Survey, Mapping, and Data Analysis . D.D. Gilbertson , M. Kent and F.B. Pyatt Large Scale Water Transfers: Emerging Environmental and Social Experiences . Genady N. Golubev and Asit K. Biswas, eds. The Nature of the Environment . Andrew Goudie. Planning for Population Change . W.T.S. Gould and R. Lawton. The Niger and its Neighbors: Environmental History and Hydrobiology. Human Use and Health Hazards of the Major West African Rivers . A.T. Grove, ed. Remote Sensing of Ice and Snow . Dorothy K. Hall and Jaroslav Martinec. Atlas of Antebellum Southern Agriculture . Sam Bowers Hilliard. Galilee Divided; The Israel-Lebanon Frontier, 1916-1984 . Frederic C. Hor . Plains Country Towns . John C. Hudson. Agricultural Geography: A Social and Economic Analysis . Brian W. Ilbery. Industry in the 1980s: Structural Change and Interdependence . U.N. Industrial Development Organization. Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States . Kenneth T. Jackson. The Industrial Geography of Italy . Russell King. Studies in Linguistic Geography: The Dialects of English in Britain and Ireland . John M. Kirk, Stewart Sanderson, J.D.A. Widdowson, eds. Tourism: A Community Approach . Peter E. Murphy. Cities and Services: The Geography of Collective Consumption . Steven Pinch. An Historical Geography of Europe 1800–1914 . Norman J. G. Pounds. An Introduction to Human Ecology Research on Agricultural Systems in Southeast Asia . A. Terry Rambo and Percy E. Sajise, eds. Discovering Past Landscapes . Michael Reed, ed. Managing the Ocean: Resources, Research, Law . Jacques G. Richardson, ed. Carta fitosociologica de la transecta botanica de la Patagonia Austral . F.A. Roig , Juan Anchorema , Orlando Dollenz , A.M. Faggi and Eduardo Mandez Intermetropolitan Migration in Canada: Changing Determinants over Three Decades . R. Paul Shaw. Chinese Cities—The Growth of the Metropolis since 1949 . Victor F. Sit, ed. Urbanization in the World-Economy . Michael Timberlake, ed. The Al Business: Commercial Uses of Artificial Intelligence . Patrick H. Winston and Karen A. Prendergast, eds.  相似文献   

20.
Africa is facing both challenges and opportunities in pursuing sustainability. The nexus approach of Climate, Ecosystems and Livelihoods (CEL) is a promising way to seize the “power of integration” for achieving sustainability of the African continent. Based on taking stock of the work of various organizations especially the United Nations Environment Programme International Ecosystem Management Partnership (UNEP-IEMP) in the Africa, this article explores the demands and opportunities for delivering the CEL approach in Africa and provides perspectives on how to promote it in the framework of China-Africa cooperation in future. It concludes that Africa is one of the focal regions in the delivery of the CEL nexus approach; UNEP-IEMP has launched several major initiatives that lay the foundation for delivering the nexus approach of CEL in Africa; however, more ambitious cooperation should be taken through a broad China-Africa partnership, based on existing institutions, networks and ongoing programmes in both Africa and China, to support future China-Africa cooperation on the nexus approach of CEL.  相似文献   

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