共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
The Mapungubwe agro-pastoral society in the Limpopo valley, South Africa, persisted for 300 yrs before disappearing in about 1290 as a result of a decrease in mean annual rainfall (MAR) from about 500 mm to the current 340 mm. The influence of rainfall changes and competition from wildlife on cattle and small stock populations was investigated (agriculture was not) using the SAVANNA model. Six scenarios were compared for a 350 km2 area (Venetia-Limpopo Nature Reserve) for a 280 yrs simulation period: livestock only, wildlife only, and wildlife plus livestock, for a climate of ‘low’ (MAR 340 mm) versus ‘high’ (MAR 480 mm) rainfall. High inter-annual variability in rainfall resulted in highly variable grass production, but production of woody plants was more stable. Extreme drought events of one or more years duration resulted in marked population declines of the grazers, cattle and zebra. Populations of mixed feeders or browsers, including kudu, small stock and impala, were comparatively stable, the latter two mentioned were in part stabilised by offtake. Cattle populations persisted under a high rainfall climate irrespective of wildlife, but became extinct within 120 yrs under a low rainfall climate when competing with wildlife, in particular zebra. The size of the persisting populations of cattle or small stock under low rainfall was about half that for the corresponding high rainfall scenario. Pastoralism based on cattle was apparently unviable once climate started changing, and small stock were probably insufficient for meeting societal needs. Although crop failure is a sufficient explanation for the disappearance of the Mapungubwe settlement, destabilization of pastoralism would have compounded food security. The recorded rapid onset of a dry climate is of portent for current-day pastoral societies in marginal environments. 相似文献
2.
The importance of anchoring seasonal climate forecasts to user needs is examined in this paper. Although it is generally accepted
that seasonal climate forecasts have potential value, many constraints preclude the optimal use of these forecasts, including
the way forecasts are produced, interpreted and applied in a variety of decision-making processes. In South Africa, a variety
of agricultural users exists, ranging from the small-scale farmer to larger commercial farming entities. Useful seasonal are
those produced and disseminated with the end user in mind. A retroactive test period during the 1990s, evaluates the perceived
impact of incorporating seasonal rainfall forecasts into decisions made by commercial crop farmers in the central parts of
South Africa. Although a small sample of commercial farmers was interviewed, the results show some benefits to commercial
agriculture if seasonal climate forecast information is continuously and effectively applied over the long-term. 相似文献
3.
L. M. Druyan 《Climatic change》1991,18(1):17-36
The climate model of the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (Hansen et al., 1983) is used to study the sensitivity of sub-Saharan rainfall to Atlantic Ocean SST. Initial changes of SST in the South Atlantic Ocean on March 1st are shown to reduce the June–August sub-Saharan precipitation totals using the model version with an interactive ocean that updates SST. Evidence is offered in support of theories that link Sahel drought with anomalously warm SST in the eastern South Atlantic and the study compares the model's response to spatially coherent SST anomalies with the response to random SST perturbations. The physical processes whereby SST and sea-level pressure synoptics influence the African summer monsoon are discussed in reference to the simulations. Predictibility of Sahel summer rainfall based on spring SST patterns or spring atmospheric circulation patterns is implied by the results. The SST/Sahel drought links are discussed for projections of future climate characteristics. 相似文献
4.
Tianjun ZHOU Wenxia ZHANG Lixia ZHANG Robin CLARK Cheng QIAN Qinghong ZHANG Hui QIU Jie JIANG Xing ZHANG 《大气科学进展》2022,39(10):1598-1607
The year 2021 was recorded as the 6th warmest since 1880. In addition to large-scale warming, 2021 will be remembered for its unprecedented climate extremes. Here, a review of selected high-impact climate extremes in 2021, with a focus on China, along with an extension to extreme events in North America and Europe is presented. Nine extreme events that occurred in 2021 in China are highlighted, including a rapid transition from cold to warm extremes and sandstorms in spring, consecutive drought in South China and severe thunderstorms in eastern China in the first half of the year, extremely heavy rainfall over Henan Province and Hubei Province during summer, as well as heatwaves, persistent heavy rainfall, and a cold surge during fall. Potential links of extremes in China to four global-scale climate extremes and the underlying physical mechanisms are discussed here, providing insights to understand climate extremes from a global perspective. This serves as a reference for climate event attribution, process understanding, and high-resolution modeling of extreme events. 相似文献
5.
青藏高原冬季积雪影响我国夏季降水的模拟研究 总被引：23，自引：9，他引：14
利用区域气候模式 (NCC_RegCM1.0) 对青藏高原前冬积雪对次年夏季中国降水的影响进行了数值模拟研究, 所得结果与实际观测的积雪和降水的关系较为吻合, 即长江流域、 新疆地区夏季多雨, 华北和华南少雨, 这与我国最近二十年来维持的 “南涝北旱” 雨型较为一致。因此, 可以认为青藏高原冬季多雪, 是引起中国东部夏季降水出现 “南涝北旱” 的一个重要原因。本文揭示了青藏高原冬季积雪影响我国夏季降水的可能物理机制。青藏高原冬季多雪, 会导致青藏高原地面感热热源减弱, 这种热源的减弱在冬季导致冬季风偏强, 可以影响到我国华南、 西南及孟加拉湾地区。同时, 由于高原热源的减弱可持续到夏季, 成为东亚夏季风和南亚夏季风减弱的一个原因。在积雪初期, 地面反射通量的增加起了主要作用; 在积雪融化后, “湿土壤” 在延长高原积雪对天气气候的影响过程中起了重要作用。初期的反射通量增加减少了太阳辐射的吸收、 融雪时的融化吸热, 以及后期的湿土壤与大气的长期相互作用, 作为异常冷源, 减弱了春夏季高原热源, 是高原冬季积雪影响夏季风并进而影响我国夏季降水的主要机理。本文的模拟结果表明, 青藏高原冬季积雪的显著影响时效可以一直持续到6月份。 相似文献
6.
春末夏初少雨是青藏高原东侧天气气候的一种重要现象。它对高原东侧广大地区的农业影响很大。此时正值春麦拔节到乳熟的需水关键期,因此降水的多少决定着产量的高低。根据文献[1]的分析,甘肃中部5—6月的降水量与定西地区夏田单产的相关系数为0.478,信度为0.05。我们曾计算过古浪县5—6月降水量与春小麦产量之间的相关系数为0.668,信度高达0.001。这些说明产量在很大程度上取决于降水的多少,因此春末夏初降水的预报,一向是我省广大台站的重要课题。本文介绍了我们近年业务预报方法的建立和应用。 相似文献
7.
Summer rainfall variability (October to March) shows inter-annual to multi-decadal fluctuations over a vast area of subtropical Argentina between 28°S–38°S and 65°W–70°W. Statistically significant oscillations of quasi-period in the bands of 18–21, 6, 4 and 2 years can be found throughout the region and intra-regionally, though the latter are variable. The lower frequency variation produces alternating episodes of above and below normal rainfall each lasting roughly 9 years. This quasi-fluctuation appears to be shared with the summer rainfall region of South Africa and were in-phase related one another until mid-1970s. The teleconnection between both subtropical regions could be generated by an atmospheric-oceanic bridge through the global sea surface temperatures (SSTs), particularly those of the equatorial-tropical South Atlantic. From mid-1970s, the alternating wet and dry pattern has been interrupted in the Argentine region producing the longest, as yet unfinished, wet spell of the century. Thus, a significant change of the long-term variation was observed around 1977 toward lower frequencies. Since then the statistical model that explains more than 89% of the variance of the series until 1977, diverges from the observed values in the 1980s and 1990s. In addition the Yamamoto statistical index, employed to detect a climatic jump, reaches its major value in 1973 at the beginning of the current long wet spell. Therefore the change could be located between 1973 and 1977. Application of the t-student's test gives significant differences of mean values for pre-1977 and post-1977 sub-samples from both individual time series and the regional index series. The spectral analysis also shows changes in energy bands in concordance with the features of the change that occurred from mid-1970s. The change gives rise to a significant increment of more than 20% in average of normal rainfall over the region. Conversely, a drought between mid-1980s and the 1990s has been observed in the South African counterpart with severe characteristics, thereby continuing the quasi-18-year oscillation. Consequently, the low-frequency coherent behaviour between both the Argentine and South African regions is lost from the mid-1970s. The analysis of association of wet/dry spells and warm/cold, El Niño/La Niña episodes appears to be not significant at scales of year-to-year variability although at decadal to multi-decadal scales the association could be relevant. More than one process of multi-decadal variability of global SSTs could influence the Argentine summer rainfall region and the former bi-decadal teleconnection. Finally, potential hypothetical factors of change are discussed, such as the strengthening of direct and indirect mechanisms of moisture flux transport associated with global warming, low-level atmospheric circulation changes and/or to SSTs mean condition long-term variations over tropical and subtropical South Atlantic and South Pacific oceans. 相似文献
8.
1997年初夏云南严重干旱的诊断分析 总被引：14，自引：2，他引：12
对１９９７年初夏云南发生的严重干旱灾害从大气环流和海气相互作用角度对其成因进行了详细的诊断研究,提出了一个考虑物理诊断与统计预测相结合的云南初夏降水综合预测方案,对作好该地区的气候预测有一定的参考价值。 相似文献
9.
利用甘肃中部13个测站历年4～6月的旬降水、温度资料，分析了干旱年、月、(旬)降水量、平均温度等气候变化特征及其空间分布。在此基础上，建立了相应的春、夏干旱短期气候预测系统模型。经业务使用，准确率较高。 相似文献
10.
浙江省秋季降水趋势及旱涝年特征 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
用浙江省36站39a的降水资料及全国160站49a降水和气温资料研究浙江省秋季降水的变化趋势及旱涝特征。结果表明：浙江省秋季降水具有明显负趋势。还指出：浙江省秋季旱涝变化的主要形式是全省基本一致的趋势，但沿海与内陆的变化有一定差异；浙江省的旱涝与我国秋季的大尺度雨带的位置的关系密切；旱涝前期我国气象要素场有明显的异常特征。用蒙特卡罗（Monte Carlo)模拟方法和t检验法对气象要素的长期变化进行了统计检验。 相似文献
11.
华南地区干旱气候预测研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
选用华南地区15个站近50年的年(季、月)降水资料,对华南地区干旱年景进行分析,并做气候预测。采用极差法计算各站点年雨量的临界值,评定严重干旱年和一般干旱年。分析发现,华南地区年雨量变化有明显的阶段性,1961~2003年间,平均4.3年有一个干旱年,14.3年有一个严重干旱年。介绍了几种实际预报中用到的旱涝预测方法:指数曲线方程预报方法、时间序列多周期特征值叠加预报法、综合气候预测方法、最优遥相关分析预报方法。对华南地区未来10年总的旱涝趋势的预测结论是:2005年雨量偏多,2006~2008年偏旱为主,2009~2012年是多雨期。 相似文献
12.
Assessment of agricultural drought using a simple water balance model in the Free State Province of South Africa 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Water Requirement Satisfaction Index (WRSI) at three different probability levels (20%, 50%, and 80%) was used to quantify drought affecting rain-fed maize production in the Free State Province of South Africa based on climate data from 227 weather stations. Results showed high spatial variability in the suitability of different areas: the southern and southwestern localities are unsuitable due to high drought incidences; the northern, central, and western regions are marginally suitable; the eastern, northerneastern areas and a few patches in the northwest are highly suitable with relatively low drought severity. Proper choice of maize varieties to suit conditions at different localities is crucial. The Mann–Kendall test and coefficient of variation were further used to determine trends and temporal variability, respectively, in the WRSI, seasonal rainfall, and seasonal maize water requirements. Results of this analysis revealed no significant positive trends in the WRSI, no significant negative trends in seasonal rainfall, and no significant positive trends in maize water requirements, contradicting previous findings of increased drought severity. Seasonal rainfall and the WRSI showed high interseasonal variability, while seasonal maize water requirements showed low variability. In view of these observations, it is apparent that realignment of management practices is an overdue prerequisite for sustainable maize production. 相似文献
13.
中国夏季降水异常EOF模态的时间稳定性分析 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
本文基于1980~2012年中国160个台站降水资料,利用滑动交叉检验等方法讨论了中国夏季降水距平和距平百分率EOF各模态的时间稳定性,在此基础上探讨了EOF方法在中国夏季降水短期气候预测中的应用条件和潜在能力。研究表明,随机剔除一年样本,中国夏季降水距平场前四个EOF模态表现出显著的稳定性。若时间系数完全预测准确,则潜在的可预测站点主要位于黄河以南地区,理想预测与原始降水的距平相关系数为0.6左右。相对而言,降水距平百分率各模态的时间稳定性易受极端降水事件的影响,当人为削弱这种影响后,随机剔除一年样本,其前三个模态的稳定性得到提高,潜在的可预测站点均匀分布,理想预测与原始降水的距平相关系数为0.48。但是,伴随着预报时效的增加,降水距平和距平百分率后三个EOF模态的时间稳定性下降,预示着EOF方法对未来两年以上降水的预测能力将会明显下降。 相似文献
14.
Uncertainties in simulating regional climate of Southern Africa: sensitivity to physical parameterizations using WRF 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
This study aims at quantifying seasonal biases of regional climate model outputs during southern African summer, against a dense in situ measurement network (daily rain-gauge and surface air temperature records, and 12?h UTC radiosondes), and uncertainties associated with some physical parameterizations. Using the non-hydrostatic Advanced Research Weather Forecast (WRF) laterally forced by ERA40 reanalysis, twenty-seven experiments configured with three schemes of cumulus (CU), planetary boundary layer (PBL) and microphysics (MP), are performed at 35?km horizontal resolution during the core of a summer rainy season (December 1993 to February 1994 season) representative of the South African rainfall climatology. WRF simulates accurately seasonal large-scale rainfall patterns, as well as seasonal gradients of South African rainfall and 2-m temperature, and seasonal vertical profiles of the air temperature and humidity. However seasonal biases fluctuate strongly from an experiment to another, denoting considerable uncertainties generated by the physical package. Rainfall amounts are the most sensitive parameter to the tested schemes. Their geography, intensity, and intraseasonal characteristics are predominantly sensitive to CU schemes, and much less to PBL and MP schemes. Some CU-PBL combinations produce additive effects, which can dramatically either reduce or increase biases. Satisfactory configurations are found for South African climate, which would not have been possible without testing numerous physical parameterizations. 相似文献
15.
Daniel E. Vasey 《Climatic change》2001,48(1):243-263
In this study two statistical techniques were used to assess buffers within the farm food chain in late preindustrial Iceland. Both methods arrived at similar quantitative assessments. The chain's tangible links were grass, livestock, and the human population, but it began with temperature, the primary determinant of grass yield and a proxy for grass yield in this study. The buffers were large in spite of the marginal nature of cattle, sheep, and horse farming in the subarctic climate, and the poverty of much of the population. One method of study involved comparison of livestock reductions and human population decrease in seven crises between 1784 and 1888, with attention to temperature data for crises after 1823, when continuous systematic meteorological observations began. The other method is time-series analysis using temperature observations, livestock counts which began in 1817, and several human demographic variables. The discussion focuses on likely buffers, notably alternative sources of winter fodder for livestock and of food for the human population. 相似文献
16.
Notes of Numerical Simulation of Summer Rainfall in China with a Regional Climate Model REMO 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Regional climate models are major tools for regional climate simulation and their output are mostly used for climate impact studies. Notes are reported from a series of numerical simulations of summer rainfall in China with a regional climate model. Domain sizes and running modes are major foci. The results reveal that the model in forecast mode driven by "perfect" boundaries could reasonably represent the inter-annual differences: heavy rainfall along the Yangtze River in 1998 and dry conditions in 1997. Model simulation in climate mode differs to a greater extent from observation than that in forecast mode. This may be due to the fact that in climate mode it departs further from the driving fields and relies more on internal model dynamical processes. A smaller domain in climate mode outperforms a larger one. Further development of model parameterizations including dynamic vegetation are encouraged in future studies. 相似文献
17.
The 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report stated that in many regions extreme climate events are becoming increasingly frequent and that this trend will continue. However, few quantitative studies have examined the damage to society or industry that may be caused by future meteorological disasters. This study quantitatively estimates the risk of future drought and winter disasters (dzud) in Mongolia leading to massive livestock loss by applying an empirical tree-based model to data derived from the basic local trend in projections of an Earth system model (a climate model coupled with ecosystem models) based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenario A2. The results indicate that drought is the dominant factor for high livestock mortality, and the frequency of meteorological disasters leading to high livestock mortality during 2010–2099 will be lower than that during 1940–2003, mainly because of a slight increase in the leaf area index (LAI, representing forage for livestock), which is caused by increased summer rainfall. The increased precipitation in summer is likely caused mainly by increased precipitable water due to higher air temperature, rather than changes in atmospheric circulation. By the end of the 21st century, however, LAI will drop in the southern most province of Mongolia, inducing severe livestock mortality. This will be caused by extremely high temperatures, which may continue to increase in degree and extent after 2100 if climate change continues. 相似文献
18.
随着风电场的大规模开发,其对气候的影响受到关注,自2000年以来美国和欧洲等国陆续开展了一定的研究,中国也开展了一些观测和模拟研究,对已有研究进行综述可指导这项工作的进一步开展。通过对文献的梳理,总结了风电场对气候影响的研究进程、研究方法、影响机理和研究成果。大量观测和数值模拟结果显示风电场会导致地表气温上升,风电场下游一定距离范围内风速衰减,并间接影响降水、蒸发等其他气象要素,风电场对局地气候变化产生影响的结论具有较高信度;部分模式模拟结果显示未来大规模风电场（群）开发对全球气候也有可能产生一定影响,但仍需进一步的探索。 相似文献
19.
L M Druyan 《Climate Dynamics》1987,2(2):117-126
A 37-year simulation of global climate by a 9-level GCM on an 8°×10° grid showed realistic interannual variation of the computed precipitation over the African Sahel. The model includes an interactive ocean so that interannual variations of sea-surface temperature (SST) also occur. Comparison of an ensemble of five summers that were rainy over the Sahel with five summers of simulated drought showed that insufficient ambient moisture was the immediate cause of the lack of moist convection. The drier conditions are shown to result from weaker moisture advection over the southeast Atlantic Ocean. Weaker southerly winds there and lower sea-level pressure gradients seemed to result from anomalously warm SST. Such SST anomalies have been linked to Sahelian drought in previous observational studies. These regional circulations that were conducive to lower rainfall rates during the north African summer monsoon were not manifestations of the more generalized zonal mean circulation. 相似文献
20.
华南旱、涝年前汛期水汽输送特征的对比分析 总被引：16，自引：5，他引：11
利用卫星遥感反演的降水资料及中国740个测站逐日降水资料,根据定义的旱涝指数,划分了1957—2002年期间的华南旱涝年份。利用NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,分别讨论华南前汛期4~6月、4月及6月的水汽输送的气候特征。在此基础上,进一步研究了4~6月、4月及6月水汽输送及其源地在华南前汛期涝年和旱年的不同特征。结果表明:影响华南的水汽输送环流在南海夏季风建立前后具有明显不同的气候特征,华南前汛期(4~6月)降水应分为南海夏季风爆发前4月份至夏季风爆发与南海夏季风爆发至6月两个时段。来源于西太平洋的水汽输送变化和来自中国北方的水汽输送变化对华南降水异常有重要作用,而阿拉伯海—孟加拉湾地区的水汽输送变化对华南的降水异常影响不大。 相似文献