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1.
Francis T. Wu 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1978,116(4-5):655-689
Fault gouges have been observed in the surface outcrops, in shallow excavations, and in deep (300 meters below the surface) tunnels and mines in fault zones. The 2-microns fractions in these fault gouges may compose a few percent to more than fifty percent of the total mass in the outcrops, and the mineralogy of the 2-microns fractions consists of a variety of clays (the common ones are montmorillonite, illite, kaolinite, chlorite, vermiculite and mixed-layer clays) and some quartz, feldspars, etc.Although we cannot yet conclude directly from the studies of gouges that similar gouges exist at depths where many large shallow earthquakes are generated, there is a strong possibility that they do, based on (1) available equilibrium data on various clays — for example, kaolinite has been found to exist at 4 kb and 375°C (±15°C) (Thompson, 1970) and montmorillonite + kaolite has been found to exist at 450°C and 4 kb (Velde, 1969); (2) the compatibility of laboratory velocity data in gouge (Wang
et al., 1977) with those in a model for central California (Healy andPeake, 1975); (3) the capability of clays to undergo sudden earthquake-like displacements (Summers andByerlee, 1977); (4) the petrology of intrafault cataclastic rocks in old fault zones (Kasza, 1977); and (5) the compatibility of gouge mineralogy with the mineralogy of hydrothermal clay deposits.If clay gouges are indeed significant components of the fault zone at depth, then the mechanical properties of clays under confining pressures up to 4 kb are important in the behavior of faults. Very few experiments have been performed under such high pressures. But from the physical makeup of clays, we can infer that (1) the range of possible behavior includes stable sliding with vermiculite and montmorillonite (asByerlee andSummers, 1977, have proven) to stick-slip-like behavior with kaolinite, chlorite, etc.; (2) the absence or presence of water will greatly affect the strengths of gouges — it is possible that water may reduce the strength of gouge to a fairly small value. 相似文献
2.
Variation of seismic source parameters and stress drops within a descending slab and its implications in plate mechanics 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A least-squares searching technique has been developed to estimate the source dimensions of intermediate and deep focus earthquakes using azimuthal variations of body wave pulse-widths. With this method and also amplitude data, modes of rupture propagation, seismic moments, and stress drops of 17 intermediate and deep focus earthquakes in the Tonga-Kermadec region have been determined in order to investigate variations in source properties and the state of stress within the descending slab there. Three different modes of rupture; unilateral, bilateral, and circular faults, are compared and tested against observations. Results indicate that the unilateral fault is the best model for most of the earthquakes studied. Stress drops of the 17 events vary within a very large range, from 20 bar to about 4.6 kbar, and change significantly with depth. The magnitude of stress drops for depths between 220 and 430 km is very much higher than at shallower depths. This change in stress drop magnitude at about 220 km-depth seems to reflect a change in material properties both in the mantle and within the slab. Two regions of high stress drop are observed at depths of about 360 and 640 km. A relative minimum of stress drop is found at about 450–560 km where the earthquake frequency is particularly high. Earthquakes at the northern end to the Tonga arc, where the Benioff zone is laterally bent, show systematically higher stress drops than other events at comparable depths, but away from the bend. Also, events in regions of low seismicity appear to have higher stress drops than those in regions of high seismicity. The upper bound of seismic efficiency is found to decrease with depth, implying an increase of frictional force with depth at the earthquake source. 相似文献
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— On the basis of both experimental and field studies, solution transfer processes are expected to be important in contributing to fault strength recovery (healing) under the hydrothermal conditions prevailing in large parts of the seismogenic zone. However, most experimental work on healing effects in faults has been done using quartzo-feldspathic sliding surfaces or fault gouges, under conditions in which solution transfer processes are very slow. Mechanisms of fluid-assisted fault healing are accordingly rather poorly understood. We have performed slide-hold-slide fault healing experiments on simulated faults containing brine-saturated granular halite as a fault rock analogue. Halite was used because solution transfer processes are known to be rapid in this system under easily accessible conditions. We studied the effects of hold time duration, shear stress during hold, pre-hold sliding velocity and pore-fluid composition on strength evolution. The results show rapid fluid-assisted compaction and stress relaxation during hold periods, and a significant hold time-dependent strengthening upon re-shear. The data reveal that healing resulted from both a packing density increase and a contact area/strength increase during hold periods. The general type of behaviour observed is similar to that observed in quartzo-feldspathic gouges at room temperature, although important differences were observed as well. Notably, the time-dependence of healing deviates from the log-linear trend observed in gouges where solution transfer processes are absent. This means that if pressure solution is an important healing mechanism in natural faults, applying a log-linear trend will underestimate natural fault healing rates. 相似文献
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The rupture dimensions of earthquake faults are important parameters for characterizing earthquake ruptures and ground motions. Two key parameters to be determined are the rupture depth and dip angle of earthquake faults. Dislocation theory in an elastic half space indicates that if a seismic rupture directly runs up to the ground surface, there exist zero points of horizontal strain in the surface deformation, which correspond to the rupture depths, except for pure strike-slip faults. In this study, we use numerical simulations to investigate the possibility of inferring rupture depths from zero-strain points for cases of buried faults and heterogeneous media. The results show that the correspondence of zero-strain points to the rupture depths can be influenced by the heterogeneity of the underground media and the stress field. For buried faults, the correspondence relationship is approximately valid when the fault depth is <1 km. In addition, the range of earthquake fault dip angles can be estimated by horizontal displacements on the ground. We also study how to determine the rupture depths of faults from InSAR data after large earthquakes, and successfully apply the method to the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. The method proposed here, which determines the parameters of fault geometry according to surface deformation, is simple and easy to perform. With independent of aftershocks, it can provide valuable constraints to kinematic inversions. 相似文献
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潮汐应力与大震关系研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
选用1976—2009年全球震源深度小于70 km, MW≥7.0的地震为研究对象, 利用震源机制解资料, 对每个地震的发震断层面进行了判断, 得到233个地震的发震断层面解。 据此, 本文讨论了发震时断层面上的地球固体潮汐剪应力方向与滑动方向的关系以及潮汐正应力在发震时所处的相位, 发震时断层面的库仑应力值。 结果表明, 当潮汐剪应力方向与滑动方向一致时触发作用最为明显, 逆断层地震与潮汐的关系最为密切; 而当潮汐剪应力方向与滑动方向相反时, 地震较少发生。 相似文献
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由地震活动参数分析龙门山-岷山断裂带的现今活动习性与强震危险性 总被引：38，自引：0，他引：38
根据最近28年的区域台网地震资料,利用b值空间分布及断裂带分段的多地震活动参数值的组合方法,结合历史强震背景,分析了沿川北龙门山-岷山断裂带不同断裂段的现今活动习性,并初步判别出了潜在的强震危险段落。研究结果表明:龙门山断裂带中-南段存在6个具有不同现今活动习性的段落,其中,绵竹-茂县段处于相对高应力背景下的频繁中-小震活动状态,被认为是龙门山断裂带上未来最可能发生强震的地段;江油-平武段处于相对高应力背景下的稀疏中-小震活动状态,未来有可能发生中强地震。而岷山断裂带中的岷江断裂段和虎牙断裂段,以及叠溪隐伏逆断层地区均具有相对偏低的应力水平,可能与其不久前分别发生过大地震和强震有关,未来不太长的时期内复发大地震的可能性较小。 相似文献
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The stress state near the Gofukuji Fault, central Japan, was estimated by simultaneously applying deformation rate analysis (DRA), the acoustic emission (AE) method, and AE rate analysis (AERA) to drilling core samples recovered from depths of 327 and 333 m at a site close to the fault. The obtained stress state was for a strike‐slip fault. It is predicted from the estimated stresses that a tensile stress of 6.4 ± 1.1 MPa acted on the borehole wall at 333 m depth during drilling. This is comparable to the typical tensile strength of granodiorite. The tensile stress estimated at 327 m depth is less than the tensile strength. This is consistent with observations of drilling‐induced tensile fracture (DITF) at depths between 329 and 334 m. Ratios of the shear stress to normal stress (normalized shear stress) acting on the fault are calculated to be 0.4–1.0, which are comparable to friction coefficients of rocks measured in laboratories. The large normalized shear stress may represent strength recovery of the Gofukuji Fault. The impendency of earthquake occurrence on this fault is evaluated to be high from the recurrence interval of earthquakes on the fault. 相似文献
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Depths of earthquake occurrence and large slip distribution are critical for seismic hazard assessment.Numerous examples show that earthquakes with similar magnitudes,however,can result in significantly different ground shaking and damage.One of the critical factors is that whether the large slip was generated near the ground surface.In this article,we reviewed two aspects that are important on this regard,shallow slip deficit and nucleation depth.Understanding how shallow future earthquakes may nucleate in particular regions,such as shale gas fields,is critical for hazard assessment.Whether or not a strong earthquake may slip significantly at shallow depths(less than 3 km)plays crucial rules in seismic hazard preparation and should be further investigated by integrating high-resolution fault zone observations,dynamic rupture simulation,and fault zone properties.Moreover,precisely resolving shallow depth and slip distribution of earthquakes demands InSAR and/or other image data that can better capture the near-fault deformation to constrain the source parameters of earthquakes. 相似文献
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简述了最近20年来国内外岩石高速摩擦实验研究领域的进展和动态:岩石高速摩擦实验技术的发展实现了对高滑动速率、大位移的地震过程的实验模拟;其结果揭示了岩石和断层泥在地震滑动速率下的力学性状,深化了对断层滑动弱化机制、临界滑动距离、以及地震发生过程的认识和理解;实验在假玄武玻璃成因方面取得了重要进展,并提出了断层发生地震滑动可能留下的其它地质证据,可望为研究断层滑动性状与地震物理过程提供新的思路和信息.岩石高速摩擦实验今后的发展方向主要包括:发展具有加温系统和孔隙压系统的岩石高速摩擦实验装置,研究水热作用下岩石和断层泥的高速摩擦性状;室内实验和地震资料分析相结合研究断层滑动和地震机制;室内实验和野外地质调查相结合探索断层发生地震错动的地质证据等等. 相似文献
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本文在讨论辽宁、渤海及沿岸地区的原地应力测量、地震震源机制解,小震综合断层面解,形变资料反演的应力场资料基础上,对各资料作了综合加权处理,求得本地区的远场水平应力方向,大小及随深度变化,在应力场数值模拟中以此作为力的边界条件。 相似文献
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《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》2002,129(1-2):67-82
We propose a model which may explain seismic sequences which are often observed in seismogenic regions, as for example in the Apenninic chain (Italy). In particular, we consider a normal fault and earthquakes taking place at different depths: a first shock in a shallower layer and a second in a deeper one. The normal fault is embedded in a viscoelastic half-space. As a consequence of the rheology, there are two different brittle layers, a shallower and a deeper one, where earthquakes can nucleate. Between these two layers, the rheological behavior is ductile. The thicknesses of the layers depend on the geothermal profile that is calculated taking into account the profile of the thermal and rheological parameters with depth. The fault plane, crossing layers with different rheological behavior, is heterogeneous in respect to the slip style: seismic in the brittle layers, aseismic in the ductile layer. Dislocations in the shallower layer are assumed to produce aseismic slip in the area of the fault belonging to the ductile layer. The stress concentrated, by the seismic and aseismic dislocations, on the fault plane section in the deeper brittle layer is evaluated. It is compared with the tectonic stress rate in order to calculate how much earlier the second earthquake would occur compared to if just the bare tectonic sstress was acting. It results that such an advance is comparable with typical recurrence times of earthquakes and so a mechanism of interaction between different seismic sources, mediated by aseismic slip, can be supposed. The strains and displacements at the Earth’s surface due to seismic and aseismic slip are calculated. They are large enough to be detected by present geodetic techniques. 相似文献
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本研究利用CAP方法反演得到了2013—2017年辽宁地区19个3.5级以上地震的震源机制解.结果显示辽宁地区地震的震源机制以走滑类型为主,P轴和T轴方位分别集中在北东东和北北西方向,分别与区域构造应力场主压和主张应力方向一致.矩心深度结果反映辽宁地区在地壳内各个深度的位置都可能孕震,而以地壳中部最为活跃.灯塔地区地壳极浅部曾发生中等强度的地震,在地震减灾工作中需要引起注意.而盖州地区地壳底部仍有少量地震,显示其附近岩石仍具有脆性特性,且该处邻近一级块体边界,贯穿地壳的断层导致下地壳也有地震发生.震源机制结果显示区域构造应力场对辽宁地区大部分地震的发生有着主导作用,在局部地区复杂的断层构造也会对震源机制产生较大影响. 相似文献
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CHARACTERISTICS OF TECTONIC STRESS FIELD OF THE XIAOWAN RESERVOIR BEFORE AND AFTER THE IMPOUNDMENT 
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下载免费PDF全文 Using the seismic waveform data of Xiaowan seismic network and Yunnan seismic network, we determined the focal mechanisms of 36 earthquakes(ML ≥ 3.0)from Jun. 2005 to Dec. 2008 and 51 earthquakes(ML ≥ 2.5)from Jan. 2009 to Dec. 2015 by generalized polarity and amplitude technique.
We inverted tectonic stress field of the Xiaowan reservoir before impounding, using the focal mechanisms of 36 earthquakes(ML ≥ 3.0)from Jun. 2005 to Dec. 2008 and CAP solutions of 58 earthquakes(ML ≥ 4.0)collected and the solutions in the Global Centroid Moment Tensor(GCMT)catalog; We inverted local stress field of the reservoir-triggered earthquake clustering area, using 51 earthquakes(ML ≥ 2.5)from Jan. 2009 to Dec. 2015.
Focal mechanisms statistics show that, the Weixi-Qiaohou Fault is the seismic fault. Focal mechanisms were strike-slip type in initial stage, but normal fault type in later stage. Focal depths statistics of 51 earthquakes(ML ≥ 2.5)show that, the average value of focal depths in period Ⅰ, period Ⅱ and period Ⅲ are 8.2km, 7.3km and 7.8km respectively and the standard deviations are 4.3km, 3.5km and 6.0km respectively. The average value of focal depths is basically stable in different period, only the standard deviation is slightly different. Therefore, there is not positive connection between focal depth and deviation of focal mechanisms. What's more, there are 2 earthquakes(number 46 and number 47 in Fig.5 and Table 3)with almost the same magnitude, epicenter and focal depth, but they have different faulting types as normal and strike-slip. The focal mechanism of event No.46 is strike:302°, dip:40° and rake:-97° for plane Ⅰ, however, the focal mechanism of event No.47 is strike:292°, dip:82° and rake:140° for plane Ⅰ. Likewise, earthquake of number 3 and number 18 have similar characteristic. Therefore, the obvious focal mechanism difference of similar earthquake pair indicates the complexity of Weixi-Qiaohou Fault.
Considering the quiet-active character of reservoir-triggered earthquakes, we discussed the change of local stress field in different period. The σ1 of tectonic stress field was in the near-south direction, with a dip angle of 14° before the impoundment, however, the direction of σ1 of local stress field changed continuously, with the dip angle getting larger after the impoundment. The direction of σ1 of local stress field of reservoir-triggered earthquake clustering area is close to the strike of Weixi-Qiaohou Fault, and reservoir impoundment increased the shear stress in the fault, so the weakening of fault was beneficial to trigger earthquakes. Comprehensive analysis suggests that fluid permeation and pore pressure diffusion caused by the water impounding, and the weakening of fault caused by local stress field are the key factors to trigger earthquake in the Xiaowan reservoir. 相似文献
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采用双差层析成像方法,对2014年3月27日M4.7和3月30日M4.5秭归震群重定位显示:0～5 km深度层P波高速区分布在仙女山断裂北中段和九畹溪断裂北段,天阳坪断裂一带为低速区;8 km深度层高速区分布在九畹溪断裂东侧,仙女山断裂较低;11 km层高速区仅分布在高桥断裂和周家山—牛口断裂之间地带。在地震集中区的下方(即8～12 km处)存在分布较为稳定的低速区,较大地震事件主要分布在高速区或高低速区交界地带,低速区内则很少有地震分布。局部高速体的存在为岩石发生瞬间破裂提供了物质基础,其与低速体间的梯度带是发震构造常发育的区域。研究区内的仙女山断裂北段、九畹溪断裂正是在该梯度带内发育的两条活动断裂。本地震序列的自地表至5 km和5～10 km深度范围内均有大量破裂存在表明,浅层地震仍在水库渗透范围内,而深部地震则与流体渗透无关。此次地震活动同时存在水库诱发地震和构造地震存在。 相似文献
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利用2000—2013年四川数字地震台网和水库台网的波形资料以及川西流动台阵的事件波形,通过辨识发生在同一断层位置上的重复地震来定量研究鲜水河断裂带南段的深部变形.针对研究区台站分布稀疏的客观情况,应用了子采样条件下基于S-P相对到时差来约束震源位置一致性的方法,在鲜水河断裂带识别出11组重复地震,并利用连续波形资料进行了重复地震完整性的初步测试,同时运用结合波形互相关资料的双差法来完成研究区背景地震和重复地震位置的精确定位.重新定位后的地震图像展示研究区中上地壳存在明显缺震层,其与壳内的低速低阻层相吻合.利用重复地震的地震矩和重复间隔,估算出鲜水河断裂带南段孕震深部的滑动速率为3.0~10.2mm·a-1,显示研究区不同地震构造区的深部滑动速率存在明显差异. 相似文献
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大地震应力触发概念自提出至今被广泛应用。 库仑应力与后续地震活动对应效果受到多种因素影响。 其中, 不同深度断层滑动量不同导致不同深度静态库仑应力图像差异, 选取哪一个深度的应力图像来讨论后续地震趋势是一个重要问题。 本文提出一个计算方法, 首先计算不同深度静态库仑应力, 然后在同一个位置取不同深度库仑应力最高值, 绘制静态应力分布图像, 并以2010年玉树地震为例, 结合地震活动及静态库仑应力分布对这种计算方法的效果进行对比。 结果显示, 按照本文提出的计算方法, 利用不同学者给出的玉树地震破裂模型计算均显示, 玉树地震后2年内3级以上余震几乎全部发生在库仑应力增加区。 相似文献
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利用云南数字地震台网1999—2015年的波形资料,通过识别在断层同一位置发生的重复微震来估算红河断裂带北段不同孕震深度的断层滑动速率.针对研究区台站分布稀疏的客观情况,采用基于子采样条件下S-P相对到时差约束地震相对位置,从而确保震源位置一致性的方法,在红河断裂带北段及其附近区域识别出23组重复微震,其复发间隔变化明显.重复微震的时空变化初步分析表明,研究区频繁的背景地震活动和相邻较近的重复微震之间的相互作用都会对重复微震的复发间隔产生影响.利用重复微震的震级和复发间隔,估算得到红河断裂带北段6.0～13.4km孕震深处的滑动速率为2.3～10.0mm·a-1,显示不同孕震深度的滑动速率存在差异. 相似文献