共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
本文通过理论计算、数值模拟与穹窿物理模型三维数据对比分析的方法,对HTI介质中纵波方位各向异性现象进行研究.主要是进行目的层动校正速度以及走时的分析.结果显示,理论数值与实验数值耦合较好,HTI介质会引起动校正速度以及走时随方位角呈现椭圆形的变化;同时发现,观测系统中最大偏移距与目的层深度的比值以及方位角分布对各向异性分析有较大影响. 三维纵波方位各向异性分析对于数据的观测系统设计以及数据质量有较高的要求. 相似文献
2.
P波通过裂缝地层传播时,其响应会随着地面观测方位的变化而变化,表现出明显的方位各向异性.这种随方位变化的裂缝响应信息(如振幅等)广泛存在于叠前方位一偏移距二维空间域中,检测此域中的裂缝响应,通过椭圆拟合的方法识别各向异性的存在,进而计算裂缝的方向——椭圆长轴的方向,和裂缝密度——椭圆长轴与短轴的比.本文研究出了一种基于常规叠前地震反射振幅来检测裂缝的三维叠前裂缝储层预测方法.它采用面元组合的方法扩大方位角和偏移距范围;采用多级数据控制技术获取所需的信息;采用稳妥的技术步骤来预测.通过大港油田实际工区的应用,结果表明本文研究出的方法技术应用效果好、精度高、经济实用. 相似文献
3.
The effectiveness of azimuthal apparent-resistivity measurements as a method for determining fracture strike orientations 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
J.P. Busby 《Geophysical Prospecting》2000,48(4):677-695
Azimuthal apparent-resistivity measurements are made for the purpose of determining the strike direction of subvertical fracture sets. Data are collected about a common centre, with an electrode array expanded along a sufficient number of azimuths to define the variation of apparent resistivity with orientation. The apparent resistivities for any one electrode spacing are then plotted in a polar diagram. If the data form an ellipse, this is often interpreted as reflecting aligned, subvertical fracturing. However, it is also possible for heterogeneity within the rockmass to manifest itself, at the scale of the measurement, as a variation of apparent resistivity with azimuth. It is recommended that the offset Wenner array is used for all measurements and that a parameter is introduced, the homogeneity index, which defines whether the variations due to homogeneous anisotropy, such as subvertical fracturing, are greater than those due to inhomogeneity. This simple parameter, which is the quotient of two standard deviations, is valid for both single-peaked and multiple-peaked ellipses. A four-stage scheme for the interpretation of azimuthal data is suggested and a consistent set of quantitative measures is recommended. These will allow data, collected by different workers over different lithologies, to be compared. There are a number of geological situations which can give rise to anisotropy within the rockmass and great care is needed when interpreting azimuthal data in terms of aligned fracturing. Numerical modelling of the response to a buried channel of a rotated offset Wenner array demonstrates that elliptical data are generated by such a linear feature. Depending on the location of the array with respect to the channel, these data are either indistinguishable from those generated by aligned fracturing, or can be recognized by application of the homogeneity index. In the case where the response can be identified as being due to a channel, diagnostic information can be derived on the location and strike of the channel. 相似文献
4.
Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo inversion for anisotropy of PP- and PS-wave in weakly anisotropic and heterogeneous media 
下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 A single set of vertically aligned cracks embedded in a purely isotropic background may be considered as a long-wavelength effective transversely isotropy (HTI) medium with a horizontal symmetry axis. The crack-induced HTI anisotropy can be characterized by the weakly anisotropic parameters introduced by Thomsen. The seismic scattering theory can be utilized for the inversion for the anisotropic parameters in weakly anisotropic and heterogeneous HTI media. Based on the seismic scattering theory, we first derived the linearized PP- and PS-wave reflection coefficients in terms of P- and S-wave impedances, density as well as three anisotropic parameters in HTI media. Then, we proposed a novel Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo inversion method of PP- and PS-wave for six elastic and anisotropic parameters directly. Tests on synthetic azimuthal seismic data contaminated by random errors demonstrated that this method appears more accurate, anti-noise and stable owing to the usage of the constrained PS-wave compared with the standards inversion scheme taking only the PP-wave into account. 相似文献
5.
Seismic amplitude variation with offset and azimuth (AVOaz) inversion is well known as a popular and pragmatic tool utilized to estimate fracture parameters. A single set of vertical fractures aligned along a preferred horizontal direction embedded in a horizontally layered medium can be considered as an effective long-wavelength orthorhombic medium. Estimation of Thomsen’s weak-anisotropy (WA) parameters and fracture weaknesses plays an important role in characterizing the orthorhombic anisotropy in a weakly anisotropic medium. Our goal is to demonstrate an orthorhombic anisotropic AVOaz inversion approach to describe the orthorhombic anisotropy utilizing the observable wide-azimuth seismic reflection data in a fractured reservoir with the assumption of orthorhombic symmetry. Combining Thomsen’s WA theory and linear-slip model, we first derive a perturbation in stiffness matrix of a weakly anisotropic medium with orthorhombic symmetry under the assumption of small WA parameters and fracture weaknesses. Using the perturbation matrix and scattering function, we then derive an expression for linearized PP-wave reflection coefficient in terms of P- and S-wave moduli, density, Thomsen’s WA parameters, and fracture weaknesses in such an orthorhombic medium, which avoids the complicated nonlinear relationship between the orthorhombic anisotropy and azimuthal seismic reflection data. Incorporating azimuthal seismic data and Bayesian inversion theory, the maximum a posteriori solutions of Thomsen’s WA parameters and fracture weaknesses in a weakly anisotropic medium with orthorhombic symmetry are reasonably estimated with the constraints of Cauchy a priori probability distribution and smooth initial models of model parameters to enhance the inversion resolution and the nonlinear iteratively reweighted least squares strategy. The synthetic examples containing a moderate noise demonstrate the feasibility of the derived orthorhombic anisotropic AVOaz inversion method, and the real data illustrate the inversion stabilities of orthorhombic anisotropy in a fractured reservoir. 相似文献
6.
Prestack depth migration of multicomponent seismic data improves the imaging accuracy of subsurface complex geological structures. An accurate velocity field is critical to accurate imaging. Gaussian beam migration was used to perform multicomponent migration velocity analysis of PP- and PS-waves. First, PP- and PS-wave Gaussian beam prestack depth migration algorithms that operate on common-offset gathers are presented to extract offset-domain common-image gathers of PP- and PS-waves. Second, based on the residual moveout equation, the migration velocity fields of P- and S-waves are updated. Depth matching is used to ensure that the depth of the target layers in the PP- and PS-wave migration profiles are consistent, and high-precision P- and S-wave velocities are obtained. Finally, synthetic and field seismic data suggest that the method can be used effectively in multiwave migration velocity analysis. 相似文献
7.
Sonja Maultzsch Ramin Nawab Sung Yuh Muhammad Idrees Bernard Frignet 《Geophysical Prospecting》2009,57(2):263-274
We present the analysis of a multi-azimuth vertical seismic profiling data set that has been acquired in a tight gas field with the objective of characterizing fracture distributions using seismic anisotropy. We investigate different measurements of anisotropy, which are shear-wave splitting, P-wave traveltime anisotropy and azimuthal amplitude variation with offset. We find that for our field case shear-wave splitting is the most robust measure of azimuthal anisotropy, which is clearly observed over two distinct intervals in the target. We compare the results of the vertical seismic profiling analysis with other borehole data from the same well. Cross-dipole sonic and Formation MicroImager data from the reservoir section suggest that no open fractures intersect the well or are present within half a metre of the borehole wall. Furthermore, a detailed dispersion analysis of the sonic scanner data provides no indication of stress-induced seismic anisotropy along the logged borehole section. We therefore explain the azimuthal anisotropy measured in the vertical seismic profiling data with a model that contains discrete fracture corridors, which do not intersect the well itself but lie within the vertical seismic profiling investigation radius. We show that such a model can reproduce some basic characteristics of azimuthal anisotropy observed in the vertical seismic profiling data. The model is also consistent with well test data that suggest the presence of a fracture corridor away from the well. With this study we demonstrate the necessity of integrating different data types that investigate different scales of rock volume and can provide complementary information for understanding the characteristics of fracture networks in the subsurface. 相似文献
8.
多分量地震资料的矢量偏移、多波地震资料的联合解释与反演均需要估算纵横波的速度比,实现纵波与转换横波在时间或深度域的匹配.基于DTW,本文实现了一种适用于PP与PS波直接匹配的动态图像变形算法.该算法分为三个部分:首先,使用二阶对称动态规划算法逐样点递归计算PP与PS波走时或深度的误差累积和;其次,在以误差累积和为目标函数的回溯阶段设定变形窗,并在纵横波速比约束的变形窗内递归回溯搜索匹配路径;最后,根据最大相关系数判定准则在匹配路径中确定最佳匹配路径,获得使PP与PS波匹配的拉伸或压缩时移量.利用所获得的拉伸压缩时移量计算纵横波速度比就可以实现PP与PS波之间的匹配.模型与实际陆上多分量地震资料测试结果表明:该方法具有较高的匹配精度,且对于信噪比、相似度较低的多分量地震资料,该方法也能产生较好的匹配效果. 相似文献
9.
Understanding the effects of in situ fluid content and fracture parameters on seismic characteristics is important for the subsurface exploration and production of fractured porous rocks. The ratio of normal-to-shear fracture compliance is typically utilized as a fluid indicator to evaluate anisotropy and identify fluids filling the fractures, but it represents an underdetermined problem because this fluid indicator varies as a function of both fracture geometry and fluid content. On the bases of anisotropic Gassmann's equation and linear-slip model, we suggest an anisotropic poroelasticity model for fractured porous reservoirs. By combining a perturbed stiffness matrix and asymptotic ray theory, we then construct a direct relationship between the PP-wave reflection coefficients and characteristic parameters of fluids(P-and S-wave moduli) and fractures(fracture quasi-weaknesses), thereby decoupling the effects of fluid and fracture properties on seismic reflection characterization.By incorporating fracture quasi-weakness parameters, we propose a novel parameterization method for elastic impedance variation with offset and azimuth(EIVOA). By incorporating wide-azimuth observable seismic reflection data with regularization constraints, we utilize Bayesian seismic inversion to estimate the fluid content and fracture parameters of fractured porous rocks. Tests on synthetic and real data demonstrate that fluid and fracture properties can be reasonably estimated directly from azimuthal seismic data and the proposed approach provides a reliable method for fluid identification and fracture characterization in a gas-saturated fractured porous reservoir. 相似文献
10.
Despite the complexity of wave propagation in anisotropic media, reflection moveout on conventional common-midpoint (CMP) spreads is usually well described by the normal-moveout (NMO) velocity defined in the zero-offset limit. In their recent work, Grechka and Tsvankin showed that the azimuthal variation of NMO velocity around a fixed CMP location generally has an elliptical form (i.e. plotting the NMO velocity in each azimuthal direction produces an ellipse) and is determined by the spatial derivatives of the slowness vector evaluated at the CMP location. This formalism is used here to develop exact solutions for the NMO velocity in anisotropic media of arbitrary symmetry. For the model of a single homogeneous layer above a dipping reflector, we obtain an explicit NMO expression valid for all pure modes and any orientation of the CMP line with respect to the reflector strike. The contribution of anisotropy to NMO velocity is contained in the slowness components of the zero-offset ray (along with the derivatives of the vertical slowness with respect to the horizontal slownesses) — quantities that can be found in a straightforward way from the Christoffel equation. If the medium above a dipping reflector is horizontally stratified, the effective NMO velocity is determined through a Dix-type average of the matrices responsible for the ‘interval’ NMO ellipses in the individual layers. This generalized Dix equation provides an analytic basis for moveout inversion in vertically inhomogeneous, arbitrarily anisotropic media. For models with a throughgoing vertical symmetry plane (i.e. if the dip plane of the reflector coincides with a symmetry plane of the overburden), the semi-axes of the NMO ellipse are found by the more conventional rms averaging of the interval NMO velocities in the dip and strike directions. Modelling of normal moveout in general heterogeneous anisotropic media requires dynamic ray tracing of only one (zero-offset) ray. Remarkably, the expressions for geometrical spreading along the zero-offset ray contain all the components necessary to build the NMO ellipse. This method is orders of magnitude faster than multi-azimuth, multi-offset ray tracing and, therefore, can be used efficiently in traveltime inversion and in devising fast dip-moveout (DMO) processing algorithms for anisotropic media. This technique becomes especially efficient if the model consists of homogeneous layers or blocks separated by smooth interfaces. The high accuracy of our NMO expressions is illustrated by comparison with ray-traced reflection traveltimes in piecewise-homogeneous, azimuthally anisotropic models. We also apply the generalized Dix equation to field data collected over a fractured reservoir and show that P-wave moveout can be used to find the depth-dependent fracture orientation and to evaluate the magnitude of azimuthal anisotropy. 相似文献
11.
在界面两侧地层的弹性参数弱反差的假设难以成立的情况下,本文提出用平均入射角道集进行PP波与PS波的联合反演.首先,在PP波与PS波AVA(amplitude versus angle,振幅随入射角变化)道集的基础上,分别选择小入射角范围与大入射角范围的AVA道集进行局部加权叠加,以获得由两个角度组成的平均入射角道集,并作为后续反演的输入数据.然后,再通过最小二乘原理建立了PP波与PS波联合反演目标函数,推导了模型修改量的向量公式,建立了平均入射角道集联合反演的流程.模型数据与实际数据的测试结果表明:在信噪比较低、地层弹性参数反差较大、层厚较薄的情况下,该反演方法的精度在很大程度上超过了基于近似反射系数的反演方法,为复杂油气藏勘探提供了新的思路. 相似文献
12.
A modified reverse-time migration algorithm for offset vertical seismic profiling data is proposed. This algorithm performs depth imaging of target areas in the borehole vicinity without taking into account the overburden. Originally recorded seismograms are used; reliable results can be obtained using only the velocity profile obtained along the well. The downgoing wavefield emitted from a surface source is approximated in the target area using the transmitted P-wave, recorded by the receivers deployed in the well. This is achieved through a reverse-time extrapolation of the direct transmitted P-wave into the target area after its separation in offset vertical seismic profiling seismograms generated using a finite-difference scheme for the solution of the scalar wave equation.
The proposed approach produces 'kinematically' reliable images from reflected PP- and PS-waves and, furthermore, can be applied as a salt proximity tool for salt body flank imaging based on the transmitted PS-waves. Our experiments on synthetic data demonstrate that the modified reverse-time migration provides reliable depth images based on offset vertical seismic profiling data even if only the velocity profile obtained along the borehole is used. 相似文献
The proposed approach produces 'kinematically' reliable images from reflected PP- and PS-waves and, furthermore, can be applied as a salt proximity tool for salt body flank imaging based on the transmitted PS-waves. Our experiments on synthetic data demonstrate that the modified reverse-time migration provides reliable depth images based on offset vertical seismic profiling data even if only the velocity profile obtained along the borehole is used. 相似文献
13.
Raphael Di Carlo Silva dos Santos João Carlos Ribeiro Cruz Manuel de Jesus dos Santos Costa 《Geophysical Prospecting》2020,68(7):2046-2063
Recently, the interest in PS-converted waves has increased for several applications, such as sub-basalt layer imaging, impedance estimates and amplitude-versus-offset analysis. In this study, we consider the problem of separation of PP- and PS-waves from pre-stacked multicomponent seismic data in two-dimensional isotropic medium. We aim to demonstrate that the finite-offset common-reflection-surface traveltime approximation is a good alternative for separating PP- and PS-converted waves in common-offset and common shot configurations by considering a two-dimensional isotropic medium. The five parameters of the finite-offset common-reflection-surface are firstly estimated through the inversion methodology called very fast simulated annealing, which estimates all parameters simultaneously. Next, the emergence angle, one of the inverted parameters, is used to build an analytical separation function of PP and PS reflection separation based on the wave polarization equations. Once the PP- and PS-converted waves were separated, the sections are stacked to increase the signal-to-noise ratio using the special curves derived from finite-offset common-reflection-surface approximation. We applied this methodology to a synthetic dataset from simple-layered to complex-structured media. The numerical results showed that the inverted parameters of the finite offset common-reflection-surface and the separation function yield good results for separating PP- and PS-converted waves in noisy common-offset and common shot gathers. 相似文献
14.
转换波方位各向异性裂缝检测技术研究及应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
HTI裂缝各向异性介质中,转换波随方位角的变化比较复杂,目前还没有解析公式可以表达其变化特征,只能通过物理实验或数值模拟来分析其应用的可能性.数值模拟结果表明,转换波在裂缝各向异性介质中传播时,其R分量和T分量的振幅属性都具有明显的方位各向异性特征,R分量振幅方位各向异性拟合椭圆的长轴方向指示裂缝方位,这与纵波方位各向异性特征相似;根据P波AVAZ方位各向异性分析原理,对转换波R分量振幅方位各向异性曲线进行方位椭圆拟合,寻找椭圆的长轴方向,即裂缝主方位,再由P波AVAZ技术中振幅响应与炮检方向和裂缝走向之间的夹角关系式得到裂缝的发育密度,从而构建转换波方位各向异性AVAZ裂缝检测技术.该技术已用于川西新场气田某区块的裂缝储层预测,取得了较好的应用效果. 相似文献
15.
叠前纵波和转换波地震资料Q值提取及反Q滤波(英文) 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
纵波和转换波联合的多波地震勘探技术是解决复杂油气勘探的有效技术,提高转换波的分辨率是其关键问题之一。影响转换波分辨率的主要原因是地层对地震波的吸收,有效地计算地层Q值、消除地层吸收对转换波传播的影响,是提高转换波分辨率的关键。本文提出了从叠前转换波道集中估算横波Q值的方法,并利用沿射线路径的波场延拓,将一种稳定有效的反Q滤波方法应用到叠前共炮点纵波和转换波道集的衰减补偿中。模型资料结果表明,本文提出的估算转换横波Q值的方法精度较高;模型资料和实际资料的吸收补偿结果表明,此稳定全反Q滤波能有效地提高叠前纵波和转换波资料的分辨率。 相似文献
16.
为研究井周裂缝发育特征,本文提出一种新型方位侧向测井方法,利用三维有限元法,模拟裂缝的方位侧向测井响应.结果显示,深浅侧向电阻率幅度差异受裂缝倾角的控制,低角度缝为负差异,高角度缝为正差异;倾斜裂缝张开度的增大使测井响应值减小,方位电阻率差异增大;井周方位电阻率可反映裂缝方位产状,单一缝或裂缝密度较小时,沿裂缝走向的方位电阻率小,沿裂缝倾向的方位电阻率大;裂缝发育地层的测井响应显示宏观各向异性特征,但方位电阻率的差异显示发生反转现象,即沿裂缝走向/层理方向的方位电阻率大,沿裂缝倾向/垂直层理方向的方位电阻率小;对方位电阻率测井响应进行井周成像,直观显示了裂缝的产状和发育特征. 相似文献
17.
Reflection moveout inversion in azimuthally anisotropic media: accuracy, limitations and acquisition 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
AbdulFattah Al-Dajani Tariq Alkhalifah & Frank Dale Morgan 《Geophysical Prospecting》1999,47(5):735-756
Parameter estimation from the elliptical variations in the normal-moveout (NMO) velocity in azimuthally anisotropic media is sensitive to the angular separation between the survey lines in 2D, or equivalently, the source-to-receiver azimuth in 3D, and to the set of azimuths used in the inversion procedure. The accuracy in estimating the orientation of an NMO ellipse, in particular the parameter α, is also sensitive to the magnitude of anisotropy. On the other hand, the accuracy in estimating the semi-axes of the NMO-velocity ellipse is about the same for any magnitude of anisotropy. To invert for the NMO ellipse parameters at least three NMO-velocity measurements along distinct azimuth directions are needed. In order to maximize the accuracy and stability in parameter estimation, it is best to have the azimuths for the three source-to-receiver directions 60° apart. Having more than three distinct source-to-receiver azimuths (e.g. full azimuthal coverage) provides a useful data redundancy that enhances the quality of the estimates. In order to maximize quality in the inversion process, it is recommended to design the seismic data acquisition such that it contains small sectors (≤10°) with adequate fold and offset distribution. Using three NMO-velocity measurements, 60° apart, an azimuthally anisotropic layer overlain by an azimuthally isotropic overburden (as might occur for fractured reservoirs) should have a relative thickness (in time) with respect to the total thickness at least equal to the ratio of the error in the NMO (stacking) velocity to the interval anisotropy of the fractured layer. Coverage along more than three azimuths, however, improves this limitation, which is imposed by Dix differentiation, by at most 50%, depending on the number of observations (NMO velocities) that enter the inversion procedure. 相似文献
18.
The horizontal transversely isotropic model, with arbitrary symmetry axis orientation, is the simplest effective representative that explains the azimuthal behaviour of seismic data. Estimating the anisotropy parameters of this model is important in reservoir characterisation, specifically in terms of fracture delineation. We propose a travel‐time‐based approach to estimate the anellipticity parameter η and the symmetry axis azimuth ? of a horizontal transversely isotropic medium, given an inhomogeneous elliptic background model (which might be obtained from velocity analysis and well velocities). This is accomplished through a Taylor's series expansion of the travel‐time solution (of the eikonal equation) as a function of parameter η and azimuth angle ?. The accuracy of the travel time expansion is enhanced by the use of Shanks transform. This results in an accurate approximation of the solution of the non‐linear eikonal equation and provides a mechanism to scan simultaneously for the best fitting effective parameters η and ?, without the need for repetitive modelling of travel times. The analysis of the travel time sensitivity to parameters η and ? reveals that travel times are more sensitive to η than to the symmetry axis azimuth ?. Thus, η is better constrained from travel times than the azimuth. Moreover, the two‐parameter scan in the homogeneous case shows that errors in the background model affect the estimation of η and ? differently. While a gradual increase in errors in the background model leads to increasing errors in η, inaccuracies in ?, on the other hand, depend on the background model errors. We also propose a layer‐stripping method valid for a stack of arbitrary oriented symmetry axis horizontal transversely isotropic layers to convert the effective parameters to the interval layer values. 相似文献
19.
提出了利用人工爆破P波走时反演地壳介质方位各向异性参数的方法. 在假定介质是弱各向异性介质的情况下, 使用扰动理论得到了线性化的反演公式, 其中待反演的弱各向异性参数是P波走时的线性函数. 如果在反演公式中参考走时取相同震中距接收点的P波平均走时, 那么所获得的弱各向异性参数与参考介质速度的选取无关. 反演得到的弱各向异性参数可以看作是不同震中距和不同深度范围内介质的等效弱各向异性参数. 等效弱各向异性参数在一定程度上反映了不同深度范围内水平方向相速度随方位的变化. 这种变化可能是不同时期构造应力作用的结果. 2007年中国地震局在首都圈怀来地区实施了一次大吨位人工爆破实验, 以爆破点为中心, 布设了高密度的地震观测台网和台阵. 台站相对于爆破点具有360°的全方位覆盖, 所得到的地震记录数据为研究怀来、 延庆地区地壳介质P波方位各向异性提供了必要条件. 我们通过走时反演获得了与水平方位相关的弱各向异性参数, 并对弱各向异性参数进行坐标变换, 得到了能够直观描述岩石弱各向异性的具有水平对称轴的横向各向同性介质, 给出了对应的3个独立弱各向异性参数及其对称轴方位, 讨论了介质各向异性与构造应力场的关系. 结果表明该地区地壳介质存在明显的方位各向异性, 其最大值约为4.6%. 相似文献
20.
The outer vents in the Auckland Volcanic Field lie within 19 to 559 m (mean 224.75 m) of a ‘best-fit' ellipse with a 28.9-km-long major axis trending almost north–south, and a minor axis 16.5 km long. The ellipse has formed the outer boundary of the field since the inception of volcanism 140,000 years ago. We present the following testable hypotheses as an explanation of this pattern: The boundary is the expression of a corresponding elliptical source area at depth in the lithospheric mantle (possibly asthenosphere material trapped at this level). The ellipse may represent a depth contour on a very small upper mantle dome or of a lens intruding into a neck of an extensional structure. Alternatively it could be the boundary of a flat elliptical area where tensional stresses allow decompressional melting. The elliptical tensional region may either have developed in a releasing bend during strike-slip faulting along a fundamental lithosphere structure inherited from Mesozoic tectonics, associated with the NNW-trending Dun Mountain ophiolite belt, or may represent the tip of a fracture along which the Auckland Volcanic Province is propagating northward. 相似文献