共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 125 毫秒
1.
华北地区高产小麦最佳水肥管理技术的探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对华北地区自然降水，土壤肥力，高产麦田水分供需状况和耗肥规律的分析与研究，得出最佳肥水管理模式为；在正常年景下，华北北部浇越冬水，拔节水，开花－灌浆水为宜，中部和南中地区浇了水，开花水为佳；在施肥方面、按目标产量配方施肥法，根据各地土壤肥力状况，计算出氮，磷，钾施用量；土肥，磷钾和２／３的氮肥作底肥，１／３的氮肥作拔节追肥为最佳。 相似文献
3.
4.
人类活动改变了下垫面的自然性质；森林覆盖面积减小，坡地、干旱地植被遭破坏，海洋被石油污染，下垫面自然性质被破坏的直接结果，是气候变干旱，土地沙漠化加剧，风沙尘暴增多。 相似文献
5.
辽西地区土地退化对局地温度影响的数值模拟 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
辽西地区近几十年来土地退化状况严重。许多地区已成为生态脆弱区。利用中尺度模式(MM5V3．5)。选择2001年6月份气象观测资料。根据辽西地区土地退化的有关调查材料。对模式中的下垫面状况(1anduse)进行改变。模拟在下垫面状况改变后。辽西地区和辽宁省的温度变化和感热通量、潜热通量变化。模拟结果表明：在对不同的下垫面状况进行改变后。土地退化地区的6月份的月平均气温将升高0．1～0．7℃。月平均地表温度将升高0．3～1．3℃；地面感热通量增大。潜热通量减小。对试验区内其他地区影响不大。 相似文献
6.
在对土地整理与生态环境建设基本内涵及意义简要介绍的基础上,阐述了土地整理对生态环境的效应。为了减少土地整理带来的负效应,提出了加强土地整理规划的景观生态设计、强化土地整理资金筹措的市场机制、加强土地整理生态环境影响评价的研究、加强土地整理施工的生态设计、完善土地整理项目的管理制度等5项土地整理的生态环境建设措施。 相似文献
7.
本利用不同的景观格局指数对鞍山大麦科自然保护区12种景观类型的斑块数特征、面积特征、周长特征和形状特征进行了景观格局分析，比较了自然景观、半自然景观和人工景观的异质性指数特征。结果表明，各类斑块形状复杂程度较为接近，水域和灌丛斑块形状较湿草甸、阔叶林和针叶林斑块形状简单；菜地和未利用土地破碎化程度较阔叶林和居民点破碎化程度高；自然景观多样性最高，总体上随着人类干扰的加重，景观多样性降低，破碎度升高；半自然景观均匀度最高，其次为自然景观．人工景观最低：优势度顺序相反。 相似文献
8.
气候是农业生产的重要环境条件。 荒地是否宜耕,宜耕荒地如何开发,以及在开垦后采用什么种植制度、作物种类品种、栽培措施、农机具等,都要根据当地气候资源情况和天气气候变化规律来确定。不考虑气候条件而盲目垦荒,不仅不能使开垦的土地高产稳产,反而会使土地受到毁坏,甚至成为荒芜的不毛之地,这种历史教训是不胜枚举的。 我国东北黑龙江、乌苏里江和松花江三条大河汇合处的三江平原,地势平坦、荒原广袤、土地肥沃、水源充足,具备了大规模开垦应具有的许多优良自然条件。三江平原在解放前是著名的“北大荒”,解放后从五十年代起开始大规模垦荒,开垦荒地已达三千多万亩,占荒地总面积的五分之一左右,初步建成为我国的“米粮仓”。但是开垦后农作物产量不稳定,常受 相似文献
9.
青藏高原，一片瑰丽、神奇的土地，日月星辰映照了大地之上人类的劳作和期冀；青海青，黄河黄，风云变幻见证了天空之下血脉的雄浑和大气。自然之手以其无与伦比的技艺和偏爱造化出这里奇特的山川风物，大山、大江、大河、大湖泊、大草原、大盆地、大盐湖构成了青海壮美奇绝的自然和人文景观。为了这块广袤的土地和风云变幻，青海气象工作者用了50年的时间，以团结拼搏、坚忍不拔的毅力，艰苦奋斗、开拓进取的精神书写着一个又一个的神话，创造出了一个又一个的辉煌。 相似文献
10.
11.
Methane Production, Emission and Possible Control Measures in the Rice Agriculture 总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19
Wang Mingxing Shangguan Xingjian Shen Renxing Wassmann Reiner Seiler Wolfgang 《大气科学进展》1993,10(3):307-314
In the rice field methane is produced in the soil layer with depths of 2-25 cm. The vertical profile of methane production rate in the paddy soil during the water covering period differs from that in the paddy soil in dry phase. Only a small part, about 30%. of the produced methane is emitted to the atmosphere through rice plant, air bubbles, and molecular diffusion. Therefore, the methane emission rate from the rice field depends not only on the methane production rate in the soil, but also on the transport efficiency of the rice plant, air bubble formation that in turn depends on the production rate, and molecular diffusion.Field measurements show that methane emission rates from a particular rice field have very large diurnal, seasonal and interannual variations, which are related to soil characteristics, water regime, farming procedure, local climate, and rice growing activities. The relationship between the methane emission rate and the above mentioned factors is very complicated. The emission rate 相似文献
12.
通过 1 997～ 1 999年在河北省衡水半干旱地区对冬小麦进行耕作、覆盖、底墒和补水灌溉等综合应变防御技术田间试验研究 ,在拔节期以有限水分胁迫效益指标 ( 55% )为依据 ,制定出脯氨酸含量大于 0 .30 g/ 1 0 0 g为小麦受旱的生化指标 ;选取土壤水分、叶面积系数、生物量、补水量、水分利用效率等小麦受旱程度的特征量进行综合分析 ,得出了平均每实施一项抗旱技术 ,可使小麦增产 4.3% ,以深松 覆盖 足墒综合配套技术增产效果最明显 ,可增产 2 7.0 % ,水分利用效率达到 2 0 .1 kg/ ( mm· hm2 ) ,其次是深松 覆盖 欠墒综合配套技术 相似文献
13.
对1955-2010年宿州市冬季降水量和气温变化的数理统计分析结果表明：宿州市冬小麦冬季仍处于缓慢生长状态,特别是在干旱和暖冬的双重影响下,冬季麦田一般需要灌溉一次。在此基础上,采用德尔菲法（Delphi technique）,确定了影响冬季麦田实施灌溉的降水、日最低气温和风速3个气象要素的各自的量化等级和影响灌溉适宜与否的权重系数,给出了冬季干旱时段灌溉气象适宜指数概念和计算模型,再结合天气预报产品的释用方法,得到了冬小麦冬季干旱时段灌溉农用天气预报产品。经实例应用,可适应对外发布冬季麦田灌溉农用天气产品的需要。 相似文献
14.
夏花生常因汛期雨水偏多形成涝渍灾害而减产,探索不同耕作方式下涝渍持续日数对花生光合特性及产量的影响,可为花生涝渍动态监测评估和农业防灾减灾提供参考。选择2019年、2020年每年6—9月,在花生主产区河南驻马店土壤质地为粘土的大田平作、垄作方式下,以豫花22为试验材料,将花生产量形成过程分前期、中期、后期3个时段,分别设计3 d,5 d,7 d,9 d灌水处理。结果表明:相同过程灌水量条件下,垄作比平作涝渍持续日数减少1~5 d,其中淹涝日数偏少3~5 d;3 d灌水处理的涝渍持续日数4~5 d,叶绿素含量和净光合速率等光合参数呈正效应造成茎叶干物质积累增加;各时段涝渍影响均随持续日数的增加而加重,除百仁重涝渍影响表现为中期最大、前期次之、后期最小,其他均为前期最大、中期次之、后期最小;各处理水平涝渍持续日数4~16 d,光合参数影响幅度为1.3%~64.2%,生物量和产量影响幅度为0.6%~44.9%;垄作花生与平作花生相比,因涝渍持续日数减少而使灾害影响减小,前期各处理花生产量减少灾损达3.4%~11.6%。 相似文献
15.
16.
17.
Increases in the number of large-scale land transactions (LSLTs), commonly known as ‘land grabbing’ or ‘global land rush,’ have occurred throughout the lower- and middle-income world over the past two decades. Despite substantial and continuing concerns about the negative socio-environmental impacts of LSLTs, trade-off analysis on boosting crop yield and minimizing climate-related effects remains limited. Our study makes use of a global dataset on LSLTs for agricultural production to estimate potential carbon emissions based on different scenarios of land cover change and fertilizer use, as well as potential value of agricultural production on transacted land. We show that, if fully implemented on ∼ 38 M ha of transacted land, 2.51 GtC will be emitted during land conversion, with another 24.2 MtC/year emitted from fertilizer use, assuming farming technology of investors’ origin is adopted on transacted land. Comparison of different combinations of forest protection policies and agricultural intensification levels reveals that enforcing strict deforestation regulation while promoting fertilizer use rate improves the carbon efficiency of agricultural production. Additionally, positive spillovers of investors’ farming technology on existing arable lands of host countries can potentially double their crop yield. Our analyses thus suggest that fostering agricultural intensification and technology spillovers under strict regulation on land allocation to investors to protect forests would allow for boosting agricultural yield while minimizing carbon emissions. 相似文献
18.
This paper provides one of the first empirical studies that examine the impact of climate change adaptation practices on technical efficiency (TE) among smallholder farmers in Nepal. An adaptation index is used to explore the impact of farmers’ adaptation on TE using the stochastic frontier analysis framework. Data for six districts of Nepal representing all three agro-ecological regions (terai, hill, and mountain) were collected from a focus group discussion, a stakeholder workshop and a household survey. The survey shows that about 91% of the farming households have adopted at least one practice to minimize the adverse impacts of climate change. Empirical results reveal that adaptation is an important factor explaining efficiency differentials among farming households. Those adopting a greater number of adaptation practices on a larger scale are, on average, found to be 13% more technically efficient than those adopting fewer practices on smaller scale. The empirical results also show that average TE is only 0.72, indicating that there are opportunities for farming households in Nepal to further improve productive efficiency, on average by 28%. Other important factors that explain variations in the productive efficiency across farming households include farmer’s education level, irrigation facilities, market access, and social capital such as farmer’s participations in relevant agricultural organizations and clubs. This study provides empirical evidence to policy makers that small scale adjustments made by farmers in response to climate change impacts are effective in improving farmers’ efficiency in agriculture production. This indicates a need for farmers’ involvement in climate change adaptation planning. 相似文献
19.
Improving the adaptive capacity of small-scale irrigation systems to the impacts of climate change is crucial for food security in Asia. This study analyzes the capacity of small-scale irrigation systems dependent on the Asian monsoon to adapt to variability in river discharge caused by climate change. Our study is motivated by the Pumpa irrigation system, a small-scale irrigation system located in Nepal that is a model for this type of system. We developed an agent-based model in which we simulated the decisions farmers make about the irrigation strategy to use according to available water flow. Given the uncertainty associated with how climate change may affect the Asian monsoon, we simulated the performance of the system under different projections of climate change in the region (increase and decrease in rainfall, reduction and expansion of the monsoon season, and changes in the timing of the onset of the monsoon). Accordingly to our simulations, farmers might need to adapt to rainfall intensification and a late onset in the monsoon season. The demands for collective action among farmers (e.g. infrastructure repair, meetings, decisions, etc.) might increase considerably due to climate change. Although our model suggests that investment in new infrastructure might increase the performance of the system under some climate change scenarios, the high inequality among farmers when water availability is reduced might hinder the efficiency of these measures due to a reduction of farmers’ willingness to cooperate. Our modeling exercise helps to hypothesize about the most sensitive climate change scenarios for smallscale irrigation farming in Nepal and helps to frame a discussion of some possible solutions and fundamental trade-offs in the process of adaptation to improve for food and water security under climate change. 相似文献
20.
Adaptive management and related fields have theorized new governance strategies that embrace complexity and are able to respond effectively to changing and unpredictable biophysical dynamics. However, this body of work pays inadequate attention to important on-the-ground realities, including feasibility of implementation and the power dynamics embedded in multi-scalar systems of environmental governance. This paper presents findings from a research project on challenges to adaptive management in the variable wetland ecosystem of the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Many residents of this rural region rely on transitional agricultural practices, shifting between dryland and floodplain farming in response to dynamic precipitation and flooding patterns. Higher than average floods in 2009–2011 inundated many floodplain fields past the point of production, causing farmers to shift to the dryland for multiplem seasons. At the same time, the highly centralized Government of Botswana began to implement stricter regulations over floodplain resources, which stemmed in part from a new adaptive management plan developed for the region. As a result, many farmers felt pressured by the government to abandon transitional livelihood practices and to shift permanently to dryland agriculture even though many preferred to continue floodplain farming. This loss of a responsive livelihood strategy will likely result in decreased long-term adaptive capacity for many residents. Drawing on these findings, this paper advances the argument that if adaptive management is to become a viable option for communities in changing environments, more attention must be given to the role of unequal power relations in multi-scalar systems of environmental governance. 相似文献