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1.
团雾和高速公路团雾的定义内涵外延尚未统一,没有标准定义。为有效预防高速公路团雾天气灾害,减少因高速公路团雾所造成的交通事故,有必要规范高速公路团雾分级预警标准。基于高速公路团雾的水平能见度和水平尺度等监测数据,借鉴部分学者专家的意见和建议,确定团雾和高速公路团雾的定义。分析高速公路团雾的特征、成因、时空分布及团雾的危害,统计分析高速公路团雾多发路段的交通事故数据资料与AWMS气象监测数据资料,确立高速公路团雾与车辆交通安全性关系。依据同车道前后车辆的相对停车视距和安全停车距离等分析,评估车辆在不同水平能见度数值条件下,行驶在团雾区域内外车辆发生交通事故的危险性大小,遵照相关法律、条例、标准及其规范,按水平能见度数值范围和覆盖路面长度划分高速公路团雾预警等级。研究结果表明:(1)高速公路团雾的水平尺度一般小于5 km,水平能见度通常小于200 m。(2)高速公路团雾具有多发性,时空分布不均,多发生于当日22时次日08时。(3)高速公路团雾的事故率高,造成的交通事故比较严重。(4)可以根据团雾特征和潜在危害性确定团雾和高速公路团雾定义的内涵外延,给出术语定义。(5)可根据高速公路团雾的水平能见度、交通事故、停车视距等分析,划分预警级别,规范监测和预报预警服务,减少交通事故的发生。 相似文献
2.
为了利用大量视频监控设备提高能见度数据采集密度,提出一种基于实景图像转换的、采用简单卷积神经网络分类提取能见度等级的算法。该算法假设视频设备水平安装且具备开阔视野, 对原始视频图像进行水平分块,提取各分块的梯度、饱和度和亮度信息组成新的图像,基于简单卷积神经网络建模。采用2019年9月—2020年12月上海洋山港气象站29668张视频图像进行训练,建立识别模型,并采用2021年1—5月5757张视频图像对模型进行测试。采用该算法建立的模型参考雾的预报等级(GB/T 27964—2011)将能见度分为5个等级进行检验,白天准确率为87.99%,夜间准确率为81.32%,优于直接采用AlexNet模型。对1000 m以下低能见度天气的识别准确率达95%以上。利用现有的视频摄像头,可有效弥补气象站点能见度仪数据不足的问题,在气象业务上有一定的应用价值。 相似文献
3.
The relationship between the factor of temperature difference of the near-surface layer(T_(1000 hPa)-T_(2m))and sea fog is analyzed using the NCEP reanalysis with a horizontal resolution of l°xl°(2000 to 2011) and the station observations(2010 to 2011).The element is treated as the prediction variable factor in the GRAPES model and used to improve the regional prediction of sea fog on Guangdong coastland.(1) The relationship between this factor and the occurrence of sea fog is explicit:When the sea fog happens,the value of this factor is always large in some specific periods,and the negative value of this factor decreases significantly or turns positive,suggesting the enhancement of warm and moist advection of air flow near the surface,which favors the development of sea fog.(2) The transportation of warm and moist advection over Guangdong coastland is featured by some stages and the jumping among these states.It also gets stronger over time.Meanwhile,the northward propagation of warm and moist advection is quite consistent with the northward advancing of sea fog from south to north along the coastland of China.(3) The GRAPES model can well simulate and realize the factor of near-surface temperature difference.Besides,the accuracy of regional prediction of marine fog,the relevant threat score and Heidke skill score are all improved when the factor is involved. 相似文献
4.
There is an increased demand for the accurate prediction of fog events in the Sichuan Basin (SCB) using numerical methods. A dense fog event that occurred over the SCB on 22 December 2016 was investigated. The results show that this dense fog event was influenced by the southwest of a low pressure with a weak horizontal pressure gradient and high relative humidity. This fog event showed typical diurnal variations. The fog began to form at 1800 UTC on 21 December 2016 (0200 local standard time on 22 December 2016) and dissipated at 0600 UTC on 22 December 2016 (1400 local standard time on 22 December 2016). The Weather Research and Forecasting model was able to partially reproduce the main features of this fog event and the diurnal variation in the local mountain to basin winds. The simulated horizontal visibility and liquid water content were used to characterize the fog. The mountain to basin winds had an important role in the diurnal variation of the fog event. The positive feedback mechanism between the fog and mountain to basin winds was good for the formation and maintain of the fog during the night. During the day, the mountain to basin wind displayed a transition from downslope flows to upslope flows. Water vapor evaporated easily from the warm, strong upslope winds, which resulted in the dissipation of fog during the day. The topography surrounding the SCB favored the lifting and condensation of air parcels in the lower troposphere as a result of the low height of the lifting condensation level. 相似文献
5.
Analysis and high-resolution modeling of a dense sea fog event over the Yellow Sea 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
Gang Fu Jingtian Guo Shang-Ping Xie Yihong Duan Meigen Zhang 《Atmospheric Research》2006,81(4):293-303
A ubiquitous feature of the Yellow Sea (YS) is the frequent occurrence of the sea fog in spring and summer season. An extremely dense sea fog event was observed around the Shandong Peninsula in the morning of 11 April 2004. This fog patch, with a spatial scale of several hundreds kilometers and lasted about 20 h, reduced the horizontal visibility to be less than 20 m in some locations, and caused a series of traffic collisions and 12 injuries on the coastal stretch of a major highway. In this paper, almost all available observational data, including Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)-9 visible satellite imagery, objectively reanalyzed data of final run analysis (FNL) issued by the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and the sounding data of Qingdao and Dalian, as well as the latest 4.4 version of Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) model, were employed to investigate this sea fog case. Its evolutionary process and the environmental conditions that led to the fog formation were examined by using GOES-9 visible satellite imagery and sounding observations. In order to better understand the fog formation mechanism, a high-resolution RAMS modeling of 4 km × 4 km was designed. The modeling was initialized and validated by FNL data. A 30-h modeling that started from 18 UTC 10 April 2004 reproduced the main characteristics of this fog event. The simulated lower horizontal visibility area agreed reasonably well with the sea fog region identified from the satellite imagery. Advection cooling effect seemed to play a significant role for the fog formation. 相似文献
6.
江苏地区一次罕见持续性强浓雾过程的成因分析 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
2013年11月30日—12月9日,江苏出现持续10 d的强浓雾天气。利用秒级探空资料、能见度资料、江苏省高速公路沿线高时空密度的交通气象观测站资料以及NCEP/NCAR的1°×1°的分析资料,结合天气形势、气象要素、物理量场,对这次持续性强浓雾的特点和形成、维持机制进行分析。结果表明,(1)此次雾过程持续时间长、范围广、强度大、污染重。(2)在大陆高压控制下,江苏长时间处于高压带的均压区内是这次连续性强浓雾过程的重要天气条件。(3)地面辐射冷却、低空下沉气流以及东南暖湿气流是强浓雾形成的重要原因。(4)双层逆温和深厚的逆温层是出现强浓雾的重要热力条件。(5)弱冷空气入侵,是雾体爆发增强的促发因子。 相似文献
7.
Dr. G. Ragette 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1991,46(1-2):65-75
Summary On October 20, 1974, an occluding cyclone, which did not intensify any more crossed central Europe. Considerable pressure tendencies reflecting the displacement of the storm were observed during its passage. Although horizontal density advection contributed least to density and thus pressure changes, it was still of decisive importance for both. The other larger contributors, whose net effect was usually opposed to the effect of horizontal advection, nearly cancelled each other. Thus there was a fair correlation between horizontal advection and density tendency, and the actual density and pressure changes frequently turned out smaller than if caused by advection alone.It has been shown that in the lowest 3 km usually. For the mass divergence this inequality was observed in the frontal zones where horizontal advection was considerable. In particular, warm air advection reduced the effect of horizontal velocity convergence near the warm front. Thus, vertical mass divergence became predominant and caused a density decline. Cold air advection accompanying the cold front was responsible for horizontal divergence to be overcompensated by vertical mass convergence which induced rising density.With 11 Figures 相似文献
8.
This note describes a numerically stable version of the improved Mellor–Yamada (M–Y) Level-3 model proposed by Nakanishi and Niino [Nakanishi, M. and Niino, H.: 2004, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 112, 1–31] and demonstrates its application to a regional prediction of advection fog. In order to ensure the realizability for the improved M–Y Level-3 model and its numerical stability, restrictions are imposed on computing stability functions, on L/q, the temperature and water-content variances, and their covariance, where L is the master length scale and q
2/2 the turbulent kinetic energy per unit mass. The model with these restrictions predicts vertical profiles of mean quantities such as temperature that are in good agreement with those obtained from large-eddy simulation of a radiation fog. In a regional prediction, it also reasonably reproduces the satellite-observed horizontal distribution of an advection fog. 相似文献
9.
沪宁高速公路一次复杂性大雾过程的数值模拟试验 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
为探明高速公路大雾天气的成因和演变规律,揭示雾影响交通能见度的机理,本文根据布设于我国沪宁高速公路沿线的环境气象自动监测系统(AWMS)实测资料和覆盖公路周边地区的常规气象台站观测资料,筛选出2009年11月7日发生在沪宁高速公路上的一次典型复杂性大雾天气过程.在分析天气实况的基础上,应用高时空分辨率的非静力中尺度数值预报模式WRF3.1,结合NCEP 0.5°×0.5°气象再分析资料,对该过程进行了数值模拟;利用实测资料对模拟结果进行了验证,并剖析了此次复杂性大雾过程形成的动力、水汽和热力条件.研究表明:(1)本次大雾前后的天气形势相对稳定,江苏地区主要受入海反气旋西南侧东南气流影响,整个大雾过程中地面风力始终微弱,为大雾形成提供了有利的动力条件;(2)模式模拟的由大气液态含水量条件判别的成雾区分布与实测雾区范围基本吻合;(3)模式模拟的能见度与AWMS实测能见度十分接近;(4)本次大雾过程最初是团雾雏形,在夜间辐射冷却作用下,转为辐射雾,之后,来自东南海上的暖湿空气平流进入江苏陆地后,所产生的平流雾雾体与原有辐射雾雾体结合发展为范围更大的辐射平流混合雾;(5)日出后短波辐射增温是此次复杂性大雾雾体得以快速消散的主要原因. 相似文献
10.
雨雾、雪雾共生天气气象要素分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用多通道微波辐射计、边界层风廓线仪及自动/人工气象站等观测资料, 分析了2007年秋冬季北京地区雨雾和雪雾两次共生天气形成与维持过程中地面和高空气象要素伴随降雨、 降雪过程的变化。结果显示:(1) 高湿和小风是雨雾、雪雾生成并造成地面低能见度的主要气象条件。大雾形成与维持过程中, 地面水平能见度与相对湿度的反相关关系非常显著。能见度越低时, 雾的含水量也越高。 (2) 较弱的降雨和降雪可以促使雾含水量减少, 提高能见度, 但降雨或降雪蒸发增湿又利于雾的维持。 (3) 雨雾在降雨过程中高层气温经历大幅增降, 除可能受天气系统影响外, 与云层中水汽凝结释放的大量潜热和含水量大幅度增加也有关系。雪雾在降雪过程中高层温度总体随着时间趋于降低且变化幅度较小。 (4) 在降雨、降雪过程中雨雾和雪雾低层一直存在水汽饱和层, 且饱和层的顶部随降雨和降雪强度的加大而抬升, 厚度不断加大, 造成地面水平能见度进一步下降。结合催化剂人工消雾与共生雾降水 (降雨或降雪) 相似的原理, 个例分析结果初步表明较弱的降雨或降雪过程对消除暖雾、冷雾的影响有限, 对改善地面水平能见度并不显著, 这对人工消雾技术研究具有一定的启发作用。 相似文献
11.
选用大雾观测资料测算城市地区的雾灾危险性指数,以规则网格作为评估单元,逐网格计算网格区域内的路网密度,以此作为雾灾的空间脆弱性指标,并针对重点设施的分布情况对脆弱性指数进行空间叠加订正;选用网格内的人口密度作为雾灾的易损性指标;危险性、脆弱性及易损性3项指标按5:2:1的分配比例综合测算雾灾的风险指数。实例研究选用北京地区1996年1月—2006年12月的大雾资料,按空间网格化方法对大雾灾害风险进行评估,结果表明:北京地区雾灾脆弱性指数的高值区域与高速路及环城路延伸方向一致,城市中心为人口集中分布地区,其综合风险指数高,与高速路段、环城路及机场等地段均为雾灾的高风险区域,北京东南部地区年平均雾日数相对较多,危险性指数值也较高,是雾灾较高风险区域。 相似文献
12.
Despite the long interest in understanding fog processes and improving fog parametrization, numerical modelling of fog remains
an important challenge in short-term forecasts, due to the diversity and scales of the mechanisms involved with fog parametrization.
In this study, we focus on the key processes that govern performance in fog modelling in very stable conditions. Large-eddy
simulations at very high resolution are tested against the observations from Cardington, UK, presented in Part I of this study.
The radiation fog forms in statically stable conditions. Five hours after its formation, the fog deepens rapidly and a significant
cooling associated with the formation of positive curvature can be seen in the vertical profiles of potential temperature
around 50 m. After roughly 8 h of development, a mixed layer has formed at the base of the fog, driven by surface instability.
We show that the model captures well the change in static stability, but fails at capturing correctly the mechanisms associated
with the deepening of the fog layer. Different possible mechanisms are discussed and tested with the model, such as additional
drainage flow and cold air advection, which might result from local heterogeneity. The sensitivity of these results to different
microphysical parametrizations is also briefly addressed. 相似文献
13.
2007年2月21日北京地区发生了一次严重的平流雾, 对广大群众的出行和交通影响甚大, 属高影响天气事件。该文利用首都机场地面观测、北京市自动气象站观测以及NCEP分析场等资料对该过程进行分析, 同时利用MM5模式对该过程进行数值模拟研究。分析表明:造成北京地区此次平流雾的主要天气形势是弱低压辐合型。平流雾发生前, 北京地区没有明显冷空气侵入, 大气层结相对稳定, 地面观测到中尺度辐合线, 其南侧的东南气流向北京地区输送了水汽, 为夜间雾的形成提供了良好的基础条件。模拟结果表明:模拟的雾区范围及其移动基本与实况吻合, 显示了中尺度模式预报平流雾的潜在能力。进一步分析表明:雾区的边缘具有明显的水平温度梯度; 在贴地面层东南气流被雾区阻挡偏向西, 在雾区前沿辐合; 雾区的逆温区前沿930 hPa以下存在一个明显的垂直热力环流, 雾区下沉, 雾区前沿上升。 相似文献
14.
一次高压型海雾中的液态含水量演变特征 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
2008年3月16—17日在粤西电白出现了一次在高压天气系统控制下的海雾过程。利用这次海雾的综合观测数据,分析了这一高压型海雾的液态含水量演变特征,讨论了液态含水量与雾滴平均直径和数密度以及气温、风速、湍流交换等的关系。结果显示:(1)海雾有发展-消散-再发展的准周期性变化特征;(2)海雾过程中的雾滴数有显著的变化,而雾滴平均直径的变化较小;雾滴数变化对海雾的发展、消散起主要作用;(3)在海雾生成和发展阶段,空气的冷却机制起主要作用;而在海雾的维持阶段冷却机制的作用并不明显;(4)在雾的生成阶段,弱湍流交换有利于雾的生成;而在雾的发展和维持阶段,湍流交换减弱,液态水增长,反之液态水减少。湍流交换的强、弱与海雾发展-消散-再发展的周期性变化有密切关系。 相似文献
15.
An observational and modeling study of a sea fog event over the Yellow Sea on 1 August 2003 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Gang Fu Pengyuan Li Joseph G. Crompton Jingtian Guo Shanhong Gao Suping Zhang 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2010,107(3-4):149-159
A dense sea fog episode that occurred near the coastal city of Qingdao in the Shandong Peninsula of China on 1 August 2003 is investigated by using all of the available observational data and high-resolution modeling results from the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS). This fog event reduced the horizontal visibility to be less than 60 m in some locations and caused several traffic accidents locally. In this paper, all of the available observational data, including visible satellite imagery of Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)-9 and MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), objectively reanalyzed Final Analysis (FNL) data issued by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), sounding data at the Qingdao and Dalian stations, and the latest 4.4 version of the RAMS model, were employed to study this sea fog case. We begin with the analyses of the environmental conditions of the sea fog event, including the large-scale conditions, the difference between T 2m (air temperature at 2 m altitude) and sea surface temperature (SST), and the atmospheric sounding profiles of the two stations. The characteristics of this sea fog event was documented by using visible satellite imagery of GOES-9 and MODIS. In order to better understand the fog formation mechanism, a high-resolution RAMS model of dimensions 4 km × 4 km was designed, which was initialized and validated by FNL data. A 54-h modeling period that started from 18 UTC 31 July 2003 reproduced the main characteristics of this sea fog event. The simulated lower visibility area agreed well with the sea fog area identified from the satellite imagery. It is shown that advection cooling effect plays a significant role in the fog formation. 相似文献
16.
太湖及与湖岸城市间大气颗粒物分布特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用冬季连续2 d在两种气象条件下分别环绕太湖对湖泊近无锡区域、湖心区域、近西山岛区域和近苏州区域近湖层的PM0.5、PM2.5和PM10进行质量浓度观测,并通过分析同期相应气象资料(包括高空和地面风场、流场以及湖面站点的水平垂直风向风速等气象数据),探讨湖泊区域内外颗粒物浓度变化的时空特征以及受气象条件变化的影响。研究表明:第1天当天气为晴转阴且无雾时,由于湖面本身缺乏密集强排放源,以及因湖面大气上升运动较强使颗粒物容易被扩散稀释,且受偏东转东南气流所带来的气团较干净影响,湖面湖心区域和离岛区域颗粒物浓度明显低于上游城市;而在第2天当天气为雾时情况则相反,由于湖面大气较弱的上升运动使得大气颗粒物不容易被扩散稀释,且湖泊强大的水汽源影响有助于气溶胶和颗粒物的生成进而使得湖面颗粒物浓度大于周围城市。此外还发现在两种天气下,颗粒物浓度都存在无锡区域最高,湖心区域次之,苏州区域较低的特征。并且,在雾天不同粒径颗粒物间变化的相关系数更高。 相似文献
17.
利用WRF模式和GFS资料对2016年11月28—29日乌鲁木齐机场一次冻雾天气过程进行预报,针对不同微物理过程、近地层、陆面过程、边界层等方案设计了13个预报方案组合,并将预报结果与观测资料进行对比分析发现,此次冻雾过程预报中,模式对陆面过程、近地层、边界层等参数化方案组合较为敏感,最优方案组合微物理过程为WDM6、近地层方案为QNSE,陆面过程方案为Noah,边界层方案QNSE。以最优的方案组合预报结果对此次冻雾进行分析,发现利用模式预报的环流形势、层结条件、温湿条件、混合条件等能够很好的判断出此次冻雾过程。就此个例而言,WRF模式预报的机场上空稳定层的变化,湿层结构、风场的水平和垂直结构等,对冻雾的生消以及冻雾过程中的能见度变化有一定的指示意义。 相似文献
18.
近地层辐射过程与雾微结构的相互作用特征 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
利用2006-2009年南京郊区（32°12’N,118°42’E,25ma．s．1）冬季雾综合观测资料,分析了近地层辐射特征与雾微物理结构的相互作用。结果表明,净辐射通量密度介于-50～＋25W·m12时,雾层中雾滴数浓度逐渐增加,且雾滴半径越小,雾滴数密度增大越显著。近地层辐射冷却或弱增温,有利于雾滴活化和凝结增长。地面辐射增温较强时,雾滴数浓度和不同尺度雾滴数密度均减少,且雾滴半径越小,雾滴数密度减小得越快。太阳短波反射率的变化主要受雾滴数浓度、平均半径和液态含水量的影响。雾过程中,雾滴数浓度和液态含水量每增大100cm-3和0．001g·m-1。引起的太阳短波反照率的增量分别为5．29×10-3和1．18×10-4。 相似文献
19.
一次大雾形成过程的数值模拟分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用非静力中尺度模式MM5V3对2009年11月30日到12月1日天津武清地区的一次大雾天气过程进行了数值模拟研究,这次大雾过程主要分布在天津、河北、山东地区,天津市武清县位于大雾的边缘位置.此次雾过程可以分为3个阶段.11月30日的17:00(北京时间,下同)至12月1日00:00是雾的形成阶段,12月1日00:00出现雾,00:00至09:00是雾的发展阶段,09:00之后是雾的消散阶段.模拟研究表明长波辐射降温使得温度下降并导致逆温层出现,同时由于暖湿气流输送,观测点处具有充足的水汽供应,促使了大雾的形成;在雾形成之后,逆温层的维持、持续的长波辐射降温有利于雾的不断发展;而后期辐散下沉运动明显,水汽不断向外辐散,使得雾逐渐消散.湍流对雾的影响是向上和向四周传输水汽,使得雾范围扩大,但如果太强,又会使得雾很快消散. 相似文献