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1.
业已证实增生洋壳的扩张速度与扩张量在最近150Ma以来一直在变化。根据计算,如果洋壳的总体增生为2.909km~2/a,则在晚古生代稳定磁场期具最大值4.7km~2/a,而在中古生代时期(2.359km~2/a)与晚三叠世(2.573km~2/a)具有最小值。我们采用每一板块每一时期的固定热点坐标系,计算了最近150Ma期间总体的板块运动(mv)。我们发现有相对于热点旋转极的板块旋转。比如太平洋板块的总体旋转现在相当于24.7×10~(22)kg.sm/a(对大洋岩石圈厚度的计算表明它取决于岩石圈的年龄)。因此,现今所有板块  相似文献   

2.
碱度在火山岩岩石学及地质学上的意义(续)   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
碱度与板块运移速度的关系近代活火山多沿板块边缘分布.板块运移速度与碱度成反相关.运移形式有扩张(洋中脊)与闭合(毕鸟夫带)两种.扩张与闭合速度均与碱度成反相关.如扩张区主要是拉斑玄武岩系列,扩张速度愈大,岩石中SiO_2含量就愈高,碱度愈低.又如闭合区主要为钙碱性系列,但当闭合速度小于2.5cm/年时则变成碱性岩. 太平洋岛弧的闭合速度可分为三类(表7),  相似文献   

3.
有关扩张的模式和速度的资料不足,所以不能建立起板块相对运动的模式。相对于北大西洋和中大西洋的张开而建立的北美板块运动模式(科尼,1972)表明,北美板块离开欧洲向南西向的旋转发生于80~40百万年之前。大洋的法拉龙板块和北美板块间相对运动的模式表明,在80百万年,两个板块  相似文献   

4.
章传银  常晓涛 《地学前缘》2000,7(1):153-159
利用几何大地测量监测数据考察某一岩石圈板块或块体的运动 ,目前的主要方法是选择某一相对稳定点或直接选择地固参考系作为运动参考系 ,计算被考察的板块或块体相对于该相对稳定点的运动或在地固参考系中的运动。显然 ,这种计算结果无法全面直观地表达被考察板块或块体的内部相对运动 ,以及周围板块或块体相对于被考察板块或块体的运动。文中首次尝试了直接选择被考察板块或块体即欧亚板块东南部块体作为参考块体 ,利用一种高精度的几何大地测量监测数据 ,即国际地球参考框架 (ITRF)速度场计算了欧亚板块东南部块体在ITRF参考系中的线性运动模型 ,从而建立了欧亚板块东南部块体的块体参考系 ,并在该块体参考系中计算欧亚板块东南部块体内部及周围板块现今三维相对运动 ,进而分析中国大陆及周围板块的现今相对运动规律 ,以及板块边界处板块的现今相对运动规律。  相似文献   

5.
冲绳海槽是欧亚板块内大陆地壳的扩张作用所形成的一个弧后盆地。以弹性学原理和库仑—莫尔准则为基础,应用二维(2D)有限单元法模拟大陆岩石圈上部的构造应力场和断层发育状况。模型中使用两种位移边界条件,并采用平面应变条件进行计算。扩张位移边界条件加载于冲绳海槽内大陆地壳的底部,俯冲位移边界条件加载于菲律宾海板块的俯冲带。数学模拟的结果表明,大陆地壳底部的扩张作用使得冲绳海槽内发育正断层,最后导致冲绳海槽这一弧后盆地的形成。菲律宾海板块的俯冲作用引起欧亚板块付加体中形成逆掩断层。  相似文献   

6.
大南海地区新生代板块构造活动   总被引:26,自引:8,他引:26       下载免费PDF全文
姚伯初  万玲  吴能友 《中国地质》2004,31(2):113-122
在新生代澳大利亚板块和欧亚板块之间的大洋中,存在一些地块(微板块);同时,澳大利亚板块北部边缘的一些地块先后和澳大利亚板块分离,向北运动,与一些和欧亚板块分离出来的地块先后发生碰撞缝合。在此期间,由于地块分离而发生海底扩张,产生许多小洋盆,如南海、苏录海、苏拉威西海、安达曼海等,最后形成了东南亚地区今日的构造景观。笔者从大南海地区新生代的构造演化史之框架来研究南海地区新生代的构造演化历史,认为南海地区新生代的构造活动既与印度板块和欧亚板块的碰撞有关,也与太平洋板块向欧亚板块的俯冲活动有联系;同时,还受到澳大利亚板块向北运动之影响。南海地区在新生代发生过两次海底扩张,第一次海底扩张发生在42~35Ma前.是受印度板块和欧亚板块碰撞而引起欧亚大陆之下向东南方向之地幔流的影响而发生的,其海底扩张方向为NWSE,产生了南海西南海盆;第二次海底扩张发生于32~17Ma前。由于太平洋板块向欧亚板块俯冲,俯冲的大洋岩石圈已达700km深处,阻挡了欧亚大陆的上地幔向东南方向之流动,从而转向南流动。引起南海地区南北向海底扩张,即新生代第二次海底扩张,产生了南海中央海盆。南海新生代洋盆诞生之后,由于大南海地区继续有地块碰撞和边缘海海底扩张,对南海南部地区产生挤压,从而使这里的沉积发生变形,这就引起万安运动(南海南部)。  相似文献   

7.
东亚陆缘带构造扩张的深部热力学机制   总被引:6,自引:2,他引:6  
近年来,我国地球科学家提出“陆缘构造扩张”观点,较好的解释了亚洲东部大陆边缘于新生代发生扩张离散运动的原因。本文基于“陆缘构造扩张”观点,探讨东亚陆缘带构造扩张的深部热力学机制。东亚陆缘带是具有强烈岩浆活动和构造变形的扩张带,此构造带的主要地球物理特征是频繁的地震活动和明显的地热异常。东亚陆缘扩张带地震层析成像显示,太平洋板块低角度俯冲到欧亚板块之下并平卧于670km相变界面之上。这种图像可能是俯冲后撤导致陆缘扩张的结果。热模拟及地球动力学计算表明:俯冲后撤时间距今约76Ma,海沟带后撤为陆缘壳体的生长留下空间,并形成东亚陆缘壳体增生扩展的前沿带,陆缘扩张量约700km。  相似文献   

8.
《地学前缘》2017,24(5):192-442
笔者建立了基于地震层析成像的热地幔对流模型,并分别计算了有、无地表板块运动约束下的中国大陆岩石圈底部的地幔对流速度场和水平剪切应力场。结果表明,欧亚板块运动速度对中国大陆地幔浅部的对流速度场影响较大,而对对流应力场的影响较小。在岩石圈底部(约100km深度),对流速度方向差异基本上达到了50%,幅度差异达到了80%以上,而地幔对流应力场的差异在方向上基本上小于10%、幅度上基本上小于20%。因此,如果仅研究岩石圈底部地幔对流应力场,则可以采用无板块速度约束的热对流模型。但如果要研究地幔浅部的对流状态和格局,则需要考虑板块运动速度。  相似文献   

9.
大地测量法和干涉测量法所完成的测量结果证明,岩石圈块以2~9cm/a的速度相对移动,这些数据与根据大洋中脊中扩张速度和其它资料计算的板块运动的最新模式完全吻合,地震层析X射弛摄影能够确定出消减带中岩石圈板的形状,并能追索出其向下地幔段没的深度达1350km。世界重力图,地热图以及热点的研究均证明地幔中存在着要能与地球半径半径变化有关对流理论。  相似文献   

10.
爆破振动速度测试精细分析   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
闫鸿浩  李晓杰  曲艳东  欧阳欣 《岩土力学》2007,28(10):2091-2094
为确定爆破震动衰减规律,通常采用最大振动速度、最大单段药量、布点到爆区中心的距离这3个变量回归计算萨道夫斯基振动速度公式系数。为精细分析爆破振动衰减规律,用单段延时串联起爆网路,结合测试速度图谱的不同时刻最大值、对应单段药量、布点到不同孔位距离,依据一元线性回归原理计算出振动速度公式系数,为爆破振动测试提供了一种精细分析方法。  相似文献   

11.
目前人类对地球的认识仍很肤浅,无论国外还是国内对于地球动力学问题仍在探索过程中,Science杂志2005年公布的125个重大科学问题中的第10个问题是“地球内部是如何运行的”,提出地球动力来源还尚未解决。 2017年出版的《中国学科发展战略--板块构造与大陆动力学》认为板块构造理论虽然取得了巨大成功,但该学说依然存在其形成以来就存在的难题,即板块动力、板块起源及板块上陆三大问题,驱动板块运动的动力机制是最为重要的问题,也是亟待解决的问题。 研讨会分两个环节,一是主要观点报告环节,二是讨论争鸣环节。 在报告环节,涉及动力机制的主要有5位报告人,分别阐述了他们的主要观点。梁光河提出了新大陆漂移说,通过大量证据分析认为传统的海底扩张驱动大陆漂移的模式存在很多问题,很多地质和地球物理观测事实说明持续推动大陆漂移的动力不是海底的持续扩张,而是大陆板块后下方持续的岩浆上涌推动大陆板块向前漂移,那是一个自发的连锁反应。万天丰认为传统的海底扩张传送带模式很难解释大陆板块漂移速度远远大于地幔对流速度这个问题,提出了陨击说。陨石撞击诱发地幔底劈推动大陆板块运动这个新的驱动模式。唐春安提出了地球龟裂说,认为地球内部热能的积累与释放,使得地质历史上岩石圈地幔具有冷热交替的周期。毛小平分析认为,目前所提出的地球动力中,只有周向应力具有足够数量级的应力,可以推动板块运动;周向应力在岩石圈薄弱处释放从而产生地壳相对运动;长期以来解释不了的“地壳异常压力”其实就是周向应力,而可独立于重力的构造力、碰撞力并不存在。 在讨论争鸣环节,大家针对地壳运动的动力来源自由发言。梁光河指出万天丰提出的陨石撞击可以较好地解释超大陆裂解的初始动力,但不同意陨石撞击可以提供持续的大陆漂移的动力,以印度板块的北漂为例,因为地幔的巨大黏滞阻力,需要无数个陨石定点撞击印度板块后面才可能持续推动印度板块漂移。唐春安提出地球的锅盖效应,因此上地幔具有冷热周期,在热周期地壳才会大规模漂移,按照力学机制,大洋中脊和转换断层不可能是海底扩张产生的,应该是大陆漂移拉开产生的断裂系统。最后杨巍然总结发言,认为陨石撞击是一个重要因素,地球上的构造运动都可以归结为开合运动,海底扩张和大陆漂移都是存在的,地体构造也是科学的。研讨会取得的共识是:大陆的确存在大规模水平运动,传统的地幔对流传送带驱动模式存在很多与观测事实不符的问题,需要重新认识驱动机制和驱动力的问题,对板块俯冲问题多数持怀疑甚至反对的观点。其驱动力应该来自重力和地球内部热力,但它们之间是如何相互作用的,仍需要进行更深入的研究。  相似文献   

12.
南海扩张的动力学因素及其数值模拟讨论   总被引:22,自引:6,他引:16  
由于南海处于欧亚板块、太平洋板块和印度-澳大利亚板块的交汇区,演化历史十分复杂,历来存在多种成因观点的争论。本文采用数值模拟方法,在XiaBinetal.(2005)、夏斌等(2004)、崔学军等(2005)、谢建华等(2005)相关工作基础上,对南海扩张机制进行了进一步探讨,并针对南海地区“近南北向水平拉张”南海扩张的贡献大小,以及“近南北向水平拉张”与“地幔上涌”在南海扩张中作用的相互关系进行了数值模拟实验。结果表明由印度-欧亚板块碰撞和太平洋板块向欧亚板块俯冲的共同作用,所导致的“南北向构造拉张”和“地幔上涌”的共同作用能有效引起岩石圈和地壳两者很大程度的减薄。因此认为这种“南北向构造拉张”和“地幔上涌”的共同作用方式最有利于南海的扩张。  相似文献   

13.
南海西缘新生代沉积盆地形成动力学探讨   总被引:8,自引:3,他引:5  
通过对南海西缘新生代沉积盆地伸展作用、沉降、构造变形等特征分析,检查印支地块多条近北西向走滑断裂时间、幅度等特征以及与盆地之间联系,结果表明印度-欧亚碰撞引起的逃逸作用与南海西缘新生代盆地没有直接的成因联系;两个与俯冲有关的不同扩张机制与南海西缘新生代盆地有成因联系,即(1)太平洋板块在古新世到始新世的滚动后退,太平洋-欧亚板块汇聚速率的降低驱使这些盆地产生初始伸展作用;(2)渐新世到中中新世古南海南倾俯冲板块的拖曳力,进一步驱使这些盆地的伸展及接着的南海扩张.  相似文献   

14.
A multiyear solution of the SIRGAS-CON network was used to estimate the strain rates of the earth surface from the changing directions of the velocity vectors of 140 geodetic points located in the South American plate. The strain rate was determined by the finite element method using Delaunay triangulation points that formed sub-networks; each sub-network was considered a solid and homogeneous body. The results showed that strain rates vary along the South American plate and are more significant on the western portion of the plate, as expected, since this region is close to the subduction zone of the Nazca plate beneath the South American plate. After using Euler vectors to infer Nazca plate movement and to orient the velocity vectors of the South American plate, it was possible to estimate the convergence and accommodation rates of the Nazca and South American plates, respectively. Strain rate estimates permitted determination of predominant contraction and/or extension regions and to establish that contraction regions coincide with locations with most of the high magnitude seismic events. Some areas with extension and contraction strains were found to the east within the stable South American plate, which may result from different stresses associated with different geological characteristics. These results suggest that major movements detected on the surface near the Nazca plate occur in regions with more heterogeneous geological structures and multiple rupture events. Most seismic events in the South American plate are concentrated in areas with predominant contraction strain rates oriented northeast-southwest; significant amounts of elastic strain can be accumulated on geological structures away from the plate boundary faults; and, behavior of contractions and extensions is similar to what has been found in seismological studies.  相似文献   

15.
Recent high-resolution models of past plate motions and their comparison with plate motion models inferred from space geodetic techniques reveal a number of short-term variations in global plate velocities over the past 10 Myrs. Such variations serve as powerful probe into the nature and magnitude of plate boundary forces, because they are unlikely to originate from changes in mantle buoyancy forces, which evolve on longer time scales. Here we explore the constraints of the velocity record using a novel coupled modeling-approach of global neo-tectonic simulations combined with realistic plate driving forces obtained from mantle circulation models (MCMs) to arrive at simple global budgets of mantle, lithosphere and plate boundary forces. We focus on three plate boundary systems along the Nazca/South America plate margin, the Aleutian trench and the India/Australia plate boundary to show that gravitational spreading from high topography in the Andes and Tibet contributes substantially to the global plate tectonic force balance and that this contribution is sufficient to explain some 35% of recent velocity changes over the Earth's surface, including among others the observed 30% convergence reduction between the Nazca/South America plates. Our models make a number of specific predictions such as significant lateral variations in plate coupling forces along a given margin revealed by trench-parallel gravity and bathymetry anomalies and the occurrence of large earthquakes, as well as differences by as much as a factor of five from margin to margin. They also support the notion of a relatively young plate boundary separating the India and Australia plates, which has been previously suggested based on independent observations. Importantly, we find that the modeled Nazca/South America convergence reduction explains recent spreading-rate variations in the South Atlantic and South Pacific, which points to the importance of far field effects on the adjacent continents in explaining the spreading record of oceanic basins. Our numerical results demonstrate (a) that detailed budgets of forces acting upon plates can be obtained and (b) support the notion of strong forcing along weak plate boundaries.  相似文献   

16.
The most significant vertical movements of the oceanic crust in the Central Atlantic are characteristic of transverse ridges confined to transform fracture zones. These movements are also recorded in some local depressions of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) and in older structures of deep-sea basins. The amplitude of such movements substantially exceeds that related to the cooling of lithospheric plates. Vertical movements can be driven by various factors: the thermal effect of a heated young MAR segment upon a cold plate, thermal stress, thermal energy released by friction in the course of displacement of fault walls relative to each other, serpentinization of the upper mantle rocks in the transform fault zone, and lateral compression and extension. The alternation of compression and extension that arises because of the nonparallel boundaries of the transform fracture zone and the unstable configuration of the rift/fracture zone junction was the main factor responsible for the formation of the transverse ridge in the Romanche Fracture Zone. The most probable cause of the vertical rise of the southern transverse ridge in the Vema Fracture Zone is the change in the spreading direction. In general, the fracture zones with active segments more than 100 km long are characterized by extension and compression oriented perpendicularly to the main displacement and related to slight changes in the spreading configuration. It is impossible to single out ambiguously the causes of vertical movements in particular structural features. In most cases, the vertical movements are controlled by several factors, while the main role belongs to the lateral compressive and tensile stresses that appear owing to changes in the movement of lithospheric blocks in the course of MAR spreading.  相似文献   

17.
姜丽娜  夏丹  朱政源 《世界地质》2018,37(1):199-206
为了研究三肇地区扶余油层砂岩储层特征,采用三维CT扫描技术和恒速压汞技术,对储层微观孔喉结构特征进行表征。结果表明,常规砂岩储层的孔喉大量发育,连通性好,为微米级孔喉。致密砂岩储层孔喉非均质性强,孤立零散分布,连通性差,以纳米级孔喉为主。微观孔喉特征的差异决定了油气充注、运移、聚集及渗流机理等成藏动力学特征具有差异性。通过对该区扶余油层砂岩储层的高压压汞实验、浮力与毛细管阻力公式计算及岩芯流动实验进行分析,认为油气在常规砂岩储层中初次运移动力是超压,二次运移及聚集的主要动力是浮力,油气以侧向运移为主,断层和砂体的匹配是主要的运移通道,流体流动状态呈达西渗流规律;油气在致密砂岩储层中运移动力为超压,油气以垂向运移为主,流体呈低速非达西渗流现象,以活塞-推挤的方式聚集。由于常规和致密油藏成藏动力学特征的差异,决定了油藏地质特征及分布的差异。三肇地区常规油藏主要是远距离、构造高部位聚集,上油下水规律明显,受构造控制;致密油藏主要是近距离、源下聚集,"甜点区"富集,圈闭边界不明显。  相似文献   

18.
A large-scale collision at a plate boundary is expected to play an important role not only in the deformation at the boundary but also in the motion of the plate carrying the buoyant material to be accreted. Possible changes in rates and directions of such motions may be calculated provided that certain assumptions are made about the nature of the driving forces. In this model we shall assume basically that:
1. (1) an oceanic plate is driven by slab pull and ridge push, being resisted by basal asthenospheric drag and slab resistance; and
2. (2) because of detachment, slab pull is lost upon collision.
If, however, the calculated motion following collision has a convergent component at the boundary, a new subduction zone, with an increasing slab pull force, forms seaward of the accreting buoyant material.Calculations were first made on an idealized planar octagonal plate. Results indicated that, so long as the scale of collision is limited, changes in motion take place but the motion returns to the initial state. However, for large-scale collisions, the plate motion suffers a large directional change, which also changes the nature of some boundaries, and hence the motion approaches a new steady-state motion irreversibly. Calculations were then conducted on an idealized Philippine Sea plate on a spherical earth. For a sizable collision along the Taiwan-Philippine-Mindanao boundary, this boundary and perhaps the Bonin-Mariana boundary, may become a transform fault provided that slab pull-ridge push is the driving force. These results provide some support to Uyeda-McCabe model (1983) of episodic spreading of the Philippine Sea basins, as well as the predominance of strike-slip motion along collision boundaries. Finally, in agreement with prior studies, subduction of a ridge system, assumed to have been located along the southwestern rim of the Paleo-Pacific plate, was shown to be consistent with the change in direction of motion of that plate at 43 m.y.B.P.Calculations conducted in this study show that predicted changes are model dependent so that comparisons with observed or inferred motions may be useful as a means of estimating the relative importance of the various potential driving forces.  相似文献   

19.
陶明信 《沉积学报》1994,12(4):40-50
学术界普遍认为吐-哈盆地为板块碰撞作用所形成的压(扭)性盆地。本文研究发现,吐-哈盆地在沉积演化、构造变形、盆地结构、地球物理场及其所反映的壳幔结构等方面都与中国东部张性伸展盆地具有相似的特征;盆地自晚二叠世发育起,经历了两次(P-J,K-R)持续稳定而漫长的伸(扩)展演化,其间在侏罗纪末期和第四纪早期,盆地伸展与沉积受到两次短暂挤压作用的遏制而中断,同时改造了盆地长期形成的伸展构造。盆地伸展是由于“地幔底辟”作用,而两次挤压作用(火焰山运动和西域运动)则是由于盆地伸展,使其南、北邻区遭受挤压变形而长期积累应力,以至于在短时间内发生断裂作用并释放应力而反作用于盆地的结果。从而本文提出吐-哈盆地为张性伸展盆地这一新的观点;结合有关模拟实验结果,同时提出“地幔底辟-盆地伸展-两侧挤压变形与应力积累-应力释放-伸展与沉积中断”的大陆板内地球动力学与运动学模式。  相似文献   

20.
地幔活动在南海扩张中的作用数值模拟与讨论   总被引:8,自引:5,他引:3  
对于地幔活动对南海扩张有无影响及影响大小这一问题,目前仍存在不同观点。本文采用数值模拟方法对地幔活动在南海扩张中的作用和影响进行了考查,结果表明:地幔上涌作用能引起南海岩石圈很大程度的减薄,但对南海地壳减薄影响很小;地幔上涌作用是南海扩张的重要动力学因素之一,但只在地幔上涌作用下要很长的时间才能打开南海。  相似文献   

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