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1.
In this study we observed the microphysical properties, including the vertical and horizontal distributions of ice particles,liquid water content and ice habit, in different regions of a slightly supercooled stratiform cloud. Using aircraft instrument and radar data, the cloud top temperature was recorded as higher than -15℃, behind a cold front, on 9 September 2015 in North China. During the flight sampling, the high ice number concentration area was located in the supercooled part of a shallow convective cloud embedded in a stratiform cloud, where the ambient temperature was around -3℃. In this area,the maximum number concentrations of particles with diameter greater than 100 μm and 500 μm(N_(100) and N_(500)) exceeded 300 L~(-1) and 30 L~(-1), respectively, and were related to large supercooled water droplets with diameter greater than 24 μm derived from cloud–aerosol spectrometer probe measurements. The ice particles types in this region were predominantly columnar, needle, graupel, and some freezing drops, suggesting that the occurrence of high ice number concentrations was likely related to the Hallett–Mossop mechanism, although many other ice multiplication processes cannot be totally ruled out.The maximum ice number concentration obtained during the first penetration was around two to three orders of magnitude larger than that predicted by the Demott and Fletcher schemes when assuming the cloud top temperature was around-15℃.During the second penetration conducted within the stratiform cloud, N_(100) and N_(500) decreased by a factor of five to ten, and the presence of columnar and needle-like crystals became very rare. 相似文献
2.
This study explores the microphysical responses to a cloud seeding operation in the Sanjiangyuan region, China. The cloud seeding was performed using a zigzag flight pattern, while the detection phase was accomplished using a back-and-forth flight pattern through the top of a stratocumulus layer. Global Position System（GPS） and Particle Measuring System（PMS） data obtained during the operation are used to determine the efective cloud area before and after the operation, diferentiate the phase states of cloud particles, and analyze changes in the concentrations of liquid cloud particles and ice crystals, the evolution of the cloud particle spectrum, and the content of supercooled water. The median diameter of liquid cloud particles in the area of the cloud-seeding operation was 3.5–18.5 μm, most cloud particles observed in the 21.5–45.5-μm size regime were ice crystals, while all particles of size 50 μm and above were in the ice phase. Changes in the concentration and typical diameter of cloud particles within 36 km downwind of the cloudseeding operation did not exceed natural fluctuations in the cloud area before the operation; however, the concentration of liquid cloud particles decreased substantially in areas with high concentrations of supercooled water（concentrations of supercooled water exceeding 0.01 g m 3）. The concentration of ice crystals within the measuring range of the Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe（FSSP） increased substantially, the water content of ice-phase particles increased, and the average supercooled water content in the cloud decreased from（68.3± 23.1）% before the operation to（34.2± 12.4）%. The efects of cloud seeding were more pronounced in parts of the cloud where the content of supercooled water was higher. Little to no efects were observed in parts of the cloud with low concentrations of supercooled water. 相似文献
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4.
Ice nucleating particle(INP) measurements were made at two high-altitude stations in India. Aerosols collected on filter paper at Girawali Observatory, Inter University Center for Astronomy Astrophysics(IGO), and at the Radio Astronomy Center, Ooty(RAC), were activated in deposition mode using a thermal gradient diffusion chamber to determine the INP concentrations. The measurement campaigns at IGO were conducted during 2011, 2013 and 2014, and at RAC during 2013 and 2014. When the aerosol samples were exposed to an ice supersaturation of between 5% and 23% in the temperature range~(-1)7.6?C to-22?C, the maximum INP number concentration at IGO and RAC was 1.0 L~(-1) and 1.6 L~(-1), respectively.A maximum correlation coefficient of 0.76 was observed between the INP number concentration and ice supersaturation. The airmass trajectories analyzed for the measurement campaigns showed that the Arabian Desert and arid regions were the main INP contributors. Elemental analysis of particles showed the presence of Na, Cl, Si, Al, Fe, Cu, Co, Cd, S, Mn and K, as well as some rare-Earth elements like Mo, Ru, La, Ce, V and Zr. When aerosols in the size range 0.5–20 μm were considered, the fraction that acted as INPs was 1 : 10~4 to 1 : 10~6 at IGO, and 1 : 10~3 to 1 : 10~4 at RAC. The higher ratio of INPs to aerosols at RAC than IGO may be attributable to the presence of rare-Earth elements observed in the aerosol samples at RAC, which were absent at IGO. 相似文献
5.
A set of vertical profiles of aerosol number concentrations, size distributions and cloud condensation nuclei(CCN)spectra was observed using a passive cloud and aerosol spectrometer(PCASP) and cloud condensation nuclei counter, over the Tongliao area, East Inner Mongolia, China. The results showed that the average aerosol number concentration in this region was much lower than that in heavily polluted areas. Monthly average aerosol number concentrations within the boundary layer reached a maximum in May and a minimum in September, and the variations in CCN number concentrations at different supersaturations showed the same trend. The parameters c and k of the empirical function N = c S~kwere 539 and1.477 under clean conditions, and their counterparts under polluted conditions were 1615 and 1.42. Measurements from the airborne probe mounted on a Yun-12(Y12) aircraft, together with Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model backward trajectories indicated that the air mass from the south of Tongliao contained a high concentration of aerosol particles(1000–2500 cm~(-3)) in the middle and lower parts of the troposphere. Moreover, detailed intercomparison of data obtained on two days in 2010 indicated that the activation efficiency in terms of the ratio of NCCNto N_a(aerosols measured from PCASP) was 0.74(0.4 supersaturations) when the air mass mainly came from south of Tongliao, and this value increased to 0.83 on the relatively cleaner day. Thus, long-range transport of anthropogenic pollutants from heavily polluted mega cities,such as Beijing and Tianjin, may result in slightly decreasing activation efficiencies. 相似文献
6.
The membrane filters used for sampling at a height of 60 m and at ground level were processed with a drop freezing technique and a static vapor-diffusion chamber. Comparisons of IN concentrations obtained by the two techniques are made. The blank filter counts and ice nucleus measurement reproducibility are analysed, The factors affecting IN concentration measurements are discussed and some favorable operation conditions are suggested. It has been found that: (a) the IN concentrations typically range from 0.2 L-1 to 2.0 L-1 at -20℃, (b) significarit time variations in IN concentrations occurs, (c) the IN concentrations obtained by the drop freezing technique typically exceed the value given by the diffusion chamber, (d) their variation trends are generally in phase, (e) high IN concentrations are often associated with precipitation events. 相似文献
7.
Zhaobin SUN Xiaoling ZHANG Xiujuan ZHAO Xiangao XIA Shiguang MIAO Ziming LI Zhigang CHENG Wei WEN Yixi TANG 《Journal of Meteorological Research》2018,(2)
We used simultaneous measurements of surface PM_(2.5) concentration and vertical profiles of aerosol concentration,temperature, and humidity, together with regional air quality model simulations, to study an episode of aerosol pollution in Beijing from 15 to 19 November 2016. The potential effects of easterly and southerly winds on the surface concentrations and vertical profiles of the PM_(2.5) pollution were investigated. Favorable easterly winds produced strong upward motion and were able to transport the PM_(2.5) pollution at the surface to the upper levels of the atmosphere. The amount of surface PM_(2.5) pollution transported by the easterly winds was determined by the strength and height of the upward motion produced by the easterly winds and the initial height of the upward wind. A greater amount of PM_(2.5) pollution was transported to upper levels of the atmosphere by upward winds with a lower initial height. The pollutants were diluted by easterly winds from clean ocean air masses. The inversion layer was destroyed by the easterly winds and the surface pollutants and warm air masses were then lifted to the upper levels of the atmosphere, where they re-established a multi-layer inversion. This region of inversion was strengthened by the southerly winds, increasing the severity of pollution. A vortex was produced by southerly winds that led to the convergence of air along the Taihang Mountains. Pollutants were transported from southern–central Hebei Province to Beijing in the boundary layer. Warm advection associated with the southerly winds intensified the inversion produced by the easterly winds and a more stable boundary layer was formed. The layer with high PM_(2.5) concentration became dee-per with persistent southerly winds of a certain depth. The polluted air masses then rose over the northern Taihang Mountains to the northern mountainous regions of Hebei Province. 相似文献
8.
Characteristics of Elemental Composition of PM2.5 in the Spring Period at Tongyu in the Semi-arid Region of Northeast China 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Continuous observations of mass concentration and elemental composition of aerosol particles （PM2.5） were conducted at Tongyu, a semi-arid site in Northeast China in the spring of 2006. The average mass concentration of PM2.5 at Tongyu station was 260.9±274.4 μg m^-3 during the observation period. Nine dust events were monitored with a mean concentration of 528.0±302.7 μgm^-3. The PM2.5 level during non- dust storm （NDS） period was 111.65±63.37 μg m^-3. High mass concentration shows that fine-size particles pollution was very serious in the semi-arid area in Northeast China. The enrichment factor values for crust elements during the dust storm （DS） period are close to those in the NDS period, while the enrichment factor values for pollution elements during the NDS period are much higher than those in the DS period, showing these elements were from anthropogenic sources. The ratios of dust elements to Fe were relative constant during the DS period. The Ca/Fe ratio in dust aerosols at Tongyu is remarkably different from that observed in other source regions and downwind regions. Meteorological analysis shows that dust events at Tongyu are usually associated with dry, low pressure and high wind speed weather conditions. Air mass back-trajectory analysis identified three kinds of general pathways were associated with the aerosol particle transport to Tongyu, and the northwest direction pathway was the main transport route. 相似文献
9.
Cloud properties were investigated based on aircraft and cloud radar co-observation conducted at Yitong, Jilin, Northeast China. The aircraft provided in situ measurements of cloud droplet size distribution, while the millimeter-wavelength cloud radar vertically scanned the same cloud that the aircraft penetrated. The reflectivity factor calculated from aircraft measurements was compared in detail with simultaneous radar observations. The results showed that the two reflectivities were comparable in warm clouds, but in ice cloud there were more differences, which were probably associated with the occurrence of liquid water. The acceptable agreement between reflectivities obtained in water cloud confirmed that it is feasible to derive cloud properties by using aircraft data, and hence for cloud radar to remotely sense cloud properties. Based on the dataset collected in warm clouds, the threshold of reflectivity to diagnose drizzle and cloud particles was studied by analyses of the probability distribution function of reflectivity from cloud particles and drizzle drops. The relationship between reflectivity factor (Z) and cloud liquid water content (LWC) was also derived from data on both cloud particles and drizzle. In comparison with cloud droplets, the relationship for drizzle was blurred by many scatter points and thus was less evident. However, these scatters could be partly removed by filtering out the drop size distribution with a large ratio of reflectivity and large extinction coefficient but small effective radius. Empirical relationships of Z-LWC for both cloud particles and drizzle could then be derived. 相似文献
10.
Precipitation chemistry and corresponding transport patterns of influencing air masses at Huangshan Mountain in East China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
One hundred and ten samples of rainwater were collected for chemical analysis at the summit of Huangshan Mountain, a high-altitude site in East China, from July 2010 to June 2011. The volume-weighted-mean （VWM） pH for the whole sampling period was 5.03. SO2- and Ca2＋ were the most abundant anion and cation, respectively. The ionic concentrations varied monthly with the highest concentrations in winter/spring and the lowest in summer. Evident inter-correlations were found among most ions, indicating the common sources for some species and fully mixing characteristics of the alpine precipitation chemistry. The VWM ratio of [SO]-]/[NO3] was 2.54, suggesting the acidity of rainwater comes from both nitric and sulfuric acids. Compared with contemporary observations at other alpine continental sites in China, the precipitation at Huangshan Mountain was the least polluted, with the lowest ionic concentrations. Trajectories to Huangshan Mountain on rainy days could be classified into six groups. The rainwater with influencing air masses originating in Mongolia was the most polluted with limited effect. The emissions of Jiangxi, Anhui, Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces had a strong influence on the overall rain chemistry at Huangshan Mountain. The rainwater with influencing air masses from Inner Mongolia was heavily polluted by anthropogenic pollutants. 相似文献
11.
南京地区大气冰核浓度的测量及分析 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
2011年5～8月期间使用5L混合型云室以及静力扩散云室对南京不同成核机制的大气冰核进行了观测,进而分析了近地层冰核浓度特征。结果表明:活化温度为－20°C时,5L混合型云室观测的总冰核浓度为20.11个/L,静力扩散云室模拟高水汽(计算的云室内水面过饱和度为5%)和低水汽(计算的云室内冰面过饱和度为5%)条件下冰核浓度分别为0.93个/L以及0.29个/L。晴好条件下冰核浓度具有明显的日变化特征,白天冰核浓度高于夜间;在下午时段冰核浓度达到全天最高值,这说明大气冰核可能与大气湍流强度、人类活动以及工业污染有关。降水对冰核的清除作用明显,台风系统过程中冰核浓度明显增加。南京地区冰核浓度随温度降低和湿度增加而增加。后向轨迹模式分析表明东北海洋气团冰核浓度最高,不同气团中冰核浓度的差异随着活化温度的降低而减小。个例分析秸秆燃烧生成的PM1(大气中直径小于或者等于1 μm的颗粒物)与冰核关系发现燃烧产物对冰核有一定的贡献。 相似文献
12.
新型扩散云室搭建及其对黄山地区大气冰核的观测研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本研究利用自行搭建的大气冰核高压静电采样器和静力真空水汽扩散云室,并结合其他大气冰核及气象要素观测仪器,于2011年5～9月及2012年9～10月在黄山三层不同高度上同时进行大气冰核及相关气象要素的连续观测。结果显示:黄山地区总冰核数浓度平均为18.74 L-1,凝结冻结核化冰核数浓度平均为0.79 L-1,凝华核化冰核数浓度平均为0.19 L-1。黄山地区冰核数浓度,随着高度的增加而减小;且存在春季较高、秋季居中、夏季较少的季节变化规律;下午达到一天中的最高值,夜晚达到一天中的最低值;总冰核数浓度较北方少。黄山山顶冰核数浓度随活化温度的升高而减小,随过饱和度的升高而增大,随风速的增强而增大,长期主要由西南风向山顶的输送,且其主要由大粒子来充当。 相似文献
13.
南京地区冬季大气冰核特征及其与气溶胶关系的研究 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
2011年11月15日～12月2日期间对南京地区近地面大气气溶胶和冰核进行了同步观测,综合分析了 冰核浓度的特征及其与气溶胶粒子浓度的关系。结果表明:活化温度Ta为-20℃,水面过饱和度为1%时,南京地区冰核浓度NIN为0.352 L-1,与0.01～10 μm气溶胶数浓度比值仅为4×10-8。冰核活化温度越低,湿度越大,冰核浓度越高。雾和降雨对冰核都有明显的清除作用。对比不同气团对南京地区冰核的影响发现,偏东方向的污染气团中冰核以及气溶胶的浓度最高,但是来自西北地区的气团中冰核占气溶胶的比例最高,这可能是由于冰相核化能力较强的沙尘气溶胶导致的。分析冰核与不同粒径段气溶胶的相关性发现,较大粒径气溶胶的表面积浓度与冰核相关性更高,本文也得到了由活化温度Ta和粒径大于0.5 μm气溶胶数浓度N0.5～10 μm共同计算冰核浓度的经验公式。 相似文献
14.
利用改进的Bigg型混合云室于2011年5-11月在辽宁省气象局抚顺大气成分站对近地层大气冰核浓度进行了测量。根据测量结果,分析冰核浓度日际变化和季节变化特征,讨论了风、气压、气温和湿度以及天气状况等气象要素对大气冰核浓度的影响。结果表明：观测期间,抚顺市大气冰核浓度平均为30个·L-1（-20 ℃时）;冰核浓度随活化温度的降低呈指数式增加;气象因子对冰核浓度有一定的影响,不同季节影响的程度不同。 相似文献
15.
气溶胶影响混合相对流云降水的数值模拟研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用一种新的异质冰相核化参数化方案,研究了当气溶胶同时作为云凝结核和冰核时,在不同高度输送对混合相对流云和降水的影响。结果发现,对于本文研究的理想混合相对流云,气溶胶在边界层的输送导致液滴数浓度明显增加,有效半径减小,霰粒的生长受到抑制,引起霰粒质量浓度降低;而气溶胶在对流层中层4～6km输送时,导致冰晶和霰粒数浓度明显增加。由于较多的冰晶引起更加快速的贝吉隆过程,使霰粒的质量浓度增加;气溶胶在对流层中层2～4km高度输送时冰相形成作用相对较弱,并引起霰粒的数浓度略微增加,由于霰粒的有效半径减小导致其质量浓度下降。气溶胶在不同高度的输送都导致液态和固态降水率降低,随着背景气溶胶数浓度的增加,气溶胶在0～2km、2～4km以及4～6km的输送分别导致累积降水量减少28％～64％、4％～44％和3％～46％,并且对降水的抑制效应及所在高度不同引起的降水差异随着背景气溶胶数浓度的增加而减小。 相似文献
16.
An analysis of the filter diffusion chamber and drop freezing methods of determining ice nucleus concentrations 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Wang Mingkang 《大气科学进展》1985,2(2):260-269
The membrane filters used for sampling at a height of 60 m and at ground level were processed with a drop freezing technique and a static vapor-diffusion chamber. Comparisons of IN concentrations obtained by the two techniques are made. The blank filter counts and ice nucleus measurement reproducibility are analysed. The factors affecting IN concentration measurements are discussed and some favorable operation conditions are suggested. It has been found that: (a) the IN concentrations typically range from 0.2 L-1 to 2.0 L-1 at -20oC, (b) significant time variations in IN concentrations occurs, (c) the IN concentra-tions obtained by the drop freezing technique typically exceed the value given by the diffusion chamber, (d) their variation trends are generally in phase, (e) high IN concentrations are often associated with pre-cipitation events. 相似文献
17.
Randolph D. Borys 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1989,9(1-3):169-185
Aerosol particles were collected on filters for studies of their ability to nucleate ice during the second Arctic Gas and Aerosol Sampling Program (AGASP-II) in April, 1986. The ice nuclei (IN) samples were collected from an aircraft at altitudes ranging from the surface to the vicinity of the tropopause in Arctic locations over Alaska, northern Canada and Greenland. Samples of other components of the aerosol were collected and measurements were made of other properties of the aerosol coincident in time with the IN samples. The IN filters were exposed to water saturation in a dynamic developing chamber at –15° C and –25° C. Ice crystals grew on the IN and were counted on the filters at discrete time intervals during the exposure period to determine the rate of ice nucleation and the final concentration of (IN). Results show that Arctic haze aerosol, identified by pollutant signatures, had lower IN concentrations, a lower IN to total aerosol fraction and slower ice nucleation rates than aerosol which had a chemical signature more indicative of the remote unpolluted troposphere. These observations suggest that the Arctic haze aerosol does not efficiently form ice in the arctic troposphere. This may be a factor contributing to the long-range transport of Arctic haze. 相似文献
18.
利用国内首台在线连续流量扩散云室,2017年冬季在华北地区高山站开展了大气冰核观测;结合常规气象要素、降水滴谱、气溶胶观测,分析了大气冰核数浓度特征,并对冰核活化参数化方法以及降雪对冰核的影响进行了研究。结果表明:（1）大气冰核在不同时间的浓度差异较大,?20°C时数浓度变化范围为2.50～76.8 L?1,平均值为18.347 L?1;（2）大气冰核浓度随活化温度降低呈指数增加趋势,随过饱和度增加呈指数增加,凝华核化所占比例约为18.64%;（3）大气冰核与粒径大于0.5 μm的气溶胶数浓度的关系可用参数化表示,相关性大于仅基于活化温度建立的参数化公式;（4）降雪过程大气冰核具有先增加后减少的特征。降雪开始后大气冰核数浓度增加,降雪后期系统过境伴随的大风,对气溶胶的清洗作用明显,大气冰核随之减少。本研究为在线连续流量扩散云室类型的冰核观测仪在国内首次使用,所建立的冰核参数化公式有助于华北地区冬季地形云及其降水的微物理特征研究,同时在云模式的发展和人工影响天气研究中也有重要的参考意义。 相似文献
19.
Laboratory studies examined two key aspects of the performance of a continuous-flow diffusion chamber (CFD) instrument that detects ice nuclei (IN) concentrations in air samples: separating IN from non-IN, and collecting IN aerosols to determine chemical composition. In the first study, submicron AgI IN particles were mixed in a sample stream with submicron non-IN salt particles, and the sample stream was processed in the CFD at −19°C and 23% supersaturation with respect to ice. Examination of the residual particles from crystals nucleated in the CFD confirmed that only AgI particles served as IN in the mixed stream. The second study applied this technique to separate and analyze IN and non-IN particles in a natural air sample. Energy-dispersive X-ray analyses (EDS) of the elemental composition of selected particles from the IN and non-IN fractions in ambient air showed chemical differences: Si and Ca were present in both, but S, Fe and K were also detected in the non-IN fraction. 相似文献