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1.
Abstract

Abstract Groundwater in the Gaza Strip is the only source of water for domestic, agricultural and industrial uses. Extensive pumping has caused serious quantitative and qualitative problems in the aquifer. The hydrochemical facies are evaluated using the trilinear diagram for 200 water samples. Groundwater in the north and west is mostly characterized by Ca-Mg-HCO3 facies (alkaline water), and in the south and east by Na-Cl-SO4 facies (saline water). Sand dunes and rainfall are the major factors controlling the distribution of hydrochemical facies. The eastern edge of the sand dune belt is considered the barrier that separates the two major facies. Brackish water flowing from the east is mixed with rainwater which infiltrates through the sand dunes to the aquifer. Other factors, e.g. seawater intrusion and extensive pumping, play a minor role in the distribution of the hydrochemical facies.  相似文献   

2.
Ray RK  Mukherjee R 《Ground water》2008,46(6):893-896
Though several alternatives/modifications to the Piper diagram are available, the Piper diagram is still the most common way of representing chemical analyses. The present note shows how to reproduce the Piper trilinear diagram in rectangular coordinates retaining all the essential features of the trilinear diagram. In this form, it can be generated using commonly used graphics packages without requiring specialized software. A sample data set of six samples from Gurur watershed, Chhattisgarh, India, was used to illustrate the method. The patterns of points produced in the trilinear Piper diagram and the reproduced Piper diagram in rectangular coordinates are essentially identical.  相似文献   

3.
This paper analyzes the results of a theoretical simulation of sea water intrusion and its dynamics. The assignment of hydrochemical facies identifies whether the aquifer is in the phase of sea water intrusion or freshening, indicating the status of the aquifer in terms of the advance or regression of the saline front. A new multi-rectangular diagram is proposed that aids interpretation of these important processes through the representation and evolution of hydrochemical facies (hydrochemical facies evolution diagram, HFE-D). As an example, the HEF-D is applied to an alluvial aquifer in the Vinaroz-Peñíscola Plain (Spain), where Ca-Cl facies characterize the sea water intrusion phase, while Na-MixHCO3/MixSO4 facies characterize a freshening stage.  相似文献   

4.
对山西4口水化学观测井（泉）及周边地表水进行水化学和氢氧同位素分析,利用Piper图、durov图、Na-K-Mg三角图等方法研究其水化学特征及成因,得出井（泉）水岩平衡程度、热储温度、地下水循环深度及地下水补给来源详情;分析了井（泉）水氡测项映震特征,应用水氡映震效果与水岩平衡程度、地下水循环深度表现出的特征,评价了地震监测效能。评价结果显示夏县井、奇村井优于临猗井,适于开展地震水化学观测;定襄泉应用该水化学方法评价尚存不足之处,需要探索适用于该类观测泉点的物理与化学相结合的评价方法。  相似文献   

5.
采集夏县中心地震台温泉水及周边水点样品进行水化学组分特征分析。利用矩形图、Na-K-Mg三角图等方法,初步分析温泉水的水质类型、水-岩平衡状态、热储温度以及循环深度等,并结合氢氧同位素组成特征,初步分析温泉水补给来源。研究表明,夏县中心地震台温泉水化类型属于Na-Cl·SO4型,水-岩反应属于部分成熟水,热储温度为148.8℃,循环深度为3.91 km,补给源主要为大气降水,温泉为断裂型温泉。以上结果可为该台流体异常分析提供基础研究资料,为夏县地区水化研究奠定基础。  相似文献   

6.
为了探索研究各种地震前兆现象,我国地震工作者已开始对地下水化学成分在地震发生前的变化进行观测。利用爆破作实验,是企图发现地下水化学成份在冲击力的作用下的变化,为识别地震前兆提供一定的依据。 本文着重研究江西永平铜矿前后三次爆破所取得的大量水化学观测资料,探讨爆破时水化学效应的特征,并确认爆破膨胀冲击力是使氡及水化学组分发生变化的主导因素,而各观测井孔所处的地质、水文地质条件及地球化学环境的不同,又起了加强或削弱的控制作用。为合理地选择水化学观测井孔(泉),以及研究在力的作用下水化学组分的变化特征,提供了实验依据。   相似文献   

7.
A hydrochemical facies evolution diagram (HFE‐D) is a multirectangular diagram, which is a useful tool in the interpretation of sea water intrusion processes. This method note describes a simple method for generating an HFE‐D plot using the spreadsheet software package, Microsoft Excel. The code was applied to groundwater from the alluvial coastal plain of Grosseto (Tuscany, Italy), which is characterized by a complex salinization process in which sea water mixes with sulfate or bicarbonate recharge water.  相似文献   

8.
The link between spatiotemporal patterns of stream water chemistry and catchment characteristics for the mesoscale Dill catchment (692 km2) in Germany is explored to assess the catchment scale controls on water quality and to characterize water sources. In order to record the spatiotemporal pattern, ‘snapshot sampling’ was applied during low, mean and high flow, including 73 nested sites throughout the catchment. Water samples were analysed for the elements Li, B, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Mo, Ba, Pb and U using inductively‐coupled‐plasma mass spectrometry, and for electric conductivity and pH. Principle component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis were used to find typical element associations and to group water samples according to their hydrochemical fingerprints. This revealed regional hydrochemical patterns of water quality which were subsequently related to catchment attributes to draw conclusions about the controls on stream chemistry. It was found that various lithologic signals and anthropogenic point source inputs controlled the base flow hydrochemistry. During increased flows, stream waters were diluted causing additional hydrochemical variability in response to heterogeneous precipitation inputs and differences in aquifer storage capacities. The hydrochemical patterns further displayed in‐stream mixing of waters. This implied, that stream waters could be apportioned to the identified water sources throughout the catchment. The basin‐wide hydrochemical variability has the potential to outrange the tracer signatures typically inferred in studies at the hillslope scale and is able to strongly influence the complexity of the catchment output. Both have to be considered for further catchment scale tracer and modelling work. Despite the likelihood of non‐conservative behaviour, the minor and trace elements enhanced the rather qualitative discrimination of the various groundwater types, as the major cations were strongly masked by point source inputs. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

9.
水化学分析方法在地下水异常核实中的应用   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
张磊  刘耀炜  任宏微  柯云龙 《地震》2019,39(1):29-38
地震前兆识别中的异常核实工作是提高地震分析预报能力的重要环节。"四图一法"是地下水异常核实中有效的水化学分析方法,其中Piper图和Schoeller图用于判定地下水化学类型和补给关系,Gibbs图用于判定地下水化学成分来源,Giggenbach三角图用于判定地下水的水岩平衡状态和是否有深部活动信息,以及混合比例法用于计算地下水的混合程度。同时,介绍了水化学分析方法在异常核实应用中的水样采集、测试方法和基本原理。使用水化学分析方法,有助于判定异常的构造或非构造活动影响因素,提高异常判定的科学水平。  相似文献   

10.
The determination of background values of hydrochemical parameters, to distinguish between natural concentration and anthropogenically-influenced concentrations, is highly relevant. In presented study, to estimate the background values of hydrochemical parameters in Akhuryan River Basin, log-normal probability functions on the hydrochemical parameters concentrations was applied. The study is carried out on the basis of hydrochemical data of surface water quality monitoring for the period of 2010–2013. This study highlights the usefulness of application of site-specific background concentrations for the evaluation, interpretation of surface water quality and for determination of pollution sources.  相似文献   

11.
Geochemical data indicate that the Springfield Plateau aquifer, a carbonate aquifer of the Ozark Plateaus Province in central USA, has two distinct hydrochemical zones. Within each hydrochemical zone, water from springs is geochemically and isotopically different than water from wells. Geochemical data indicate that spring water generally interacts less with the surrounding rock and has a shorter residence time, probably as a result of flowing along discrete fractures and solution openings, than water from wells. Water type throughout most of the aquifer was calcium bicarbonate, indicating that carbonate‐rock dissolution is the primary geochemical process occurring in the aquifer. Concentrations of calcium, bicarbonate, dissolved oxygen and tritium indicate that most ground water in the aquifer recharged rapidly and is relatively young (less than 40 years). In general, field‐measured properties, concentrations of many chemical constituents, and calcite saturation indices were greater in samples from the northern part of the aquifer (hydrochemical zone A) than in samples from the southern part of the aquifer (hydrochemical zone B). Factors affecting differences in the geochemical composition of ground water between the two zones are difficult to identify, but could be related to differences in chert content and possibly primary porosity, solubility of the limestone, and amount and type of cementation between zone A than in zone B. In addition, specific conductance, pH, alkalinity, concentrations of many chemical constituents and calcite saturation indices were greater in samples from wells than in samples from springs in each hydrochemical zone. In contrast, concentrations of dissolved oxygen, nitrite plus nitrate, and chloride generally were greater in samples from springs than in samples from wells. Water from springs generally flows rapidly through large conduits with minimum water–rock interactions. Water from wells flow through small fractures, which restrict flow and increase water–rock interactions. As a result, springs tend to be more susceptible to surface contamination than wells. The results of this study have important implications for the geochemical and hydrogeological processes of similar carbonate aquifers in other geographical locations. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

12.
对哈萨克斯坦,吉尔吉斯斯坦两国地下流体资料的初步分析   总被引：11，自引：4，他引：7  
高小其  王道 《内陆地震》1999,13(3):243-252
依据来自哈萨克斯坦,吉尔吉斯斯坦两国地下流体的交换资料,分析了它们对天山及其邻区强震的映震特征,认为：（１）水化学异常时间与水动态异常的时间不同;（２）气体,离子,水动态异常形态多样;（３）水化学正负正常不确定;（４）异常幅度变化复杂;（５）强震远场效应明显;（６）震后效应显著并具有不可逆性。  相似文献   

13.
为揭示山西奇村水汞与空白样测值同步的原因，对水化热水井与空白样、水化热水井与制作空白样的冷水井、制作空白样的冷水井与空白样的特征进行了分析，并对忻定盆地南部近1 000km^2不同深度、不同水温的21眼井进行了水汞测量。研究表明，测区各井具有水汞含量一致、动态变化同步的基本特征，提出水汞动态可能反映了来自大构造及深层的变化信息的看法。  相似文献   

14.
Chemical studies have been carried out on a number of water wells from the Dibdiba Formation northeast of Kuwait. Water salinity of this formation ranges between 3,300 mg/l to 7,000 mg/l, increasing with depth. The water entrapped in Dibdiba Formation is mainly sodium chloride type which can be differentiated into three different groups according to the ranges of concentration of the main cations and anions. These groups are: (3331113) sodium chloride water type in which Cl > Na, group (3333113) sodium chloride water type in which Na > Cl. In both groups the sequence of dominant cations is Na > Ca > Mg. Group (3333111) sodium chloride water type has Na > Cl and the sequence of dominant cations is Na > Mg > Ca. Chemical ratios of Ca/Mg, Na/Cl, and C1/HCO3 were worked out for Dibdiba ground water. The ratio of Ca/Mg Dibdiba Formation ranges from 0.4 to 8.58, the ratio of Na/Cl ranges between 0.98 to 1.33, and the ratio of C1/HCO3 is 232. A plot of chemical analysis on a trilinear diagram shows that Dibdiba Formation ground-water chemical properties are dominated by alkalies (Na > Ca) and strong acid (Cl > SO4). Water chemistry may reflect the history of the flow path, indicating regional flow as shown by increasing Na+, Cl-, SO–4 and where Ca+, Mg+ achieve equilibrium.  相似文献   

15.
地下水单井综合观测的"循环法"及其原理   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
蔡作馨 《地震》2001,21(3):70-76
主要介绍在地下水前兆观测中采用“循环法”实现静水位-水化学单吉综合观测技术方案,该方法通过设置一循环系统,在保持静水位状态观测的同时,位于井口处的循环回路上部可获取深部含水层水化学观测,从而为实现同时满足水位和水化学观测要求的单井综合观测提供了基础,还变该方法在水化学观测方面的工作原理给出了定量描述,推导了井孔观测系统的水化学平衡方程,为该方法的有效性给出了理论证明,同时还简要介绍了有关实验验证结果。  相似文献   

16.
The hydrochemical behaviour of catchments is often investigated by inferring stream chemistry through identification of source areas involved in hydrograph separation analysis, yet its dynamic evolution of hydrologic pathways has received little attention. Intensive hydrometric and hydrochemical measurements were performed during two different storms on March 29, 2001 and August 21–22, 2001 to define hydrochemical evolution under the dynamic of flow pathways in a 5·2 ha first‐order drainage of the Kawakami experimental basin (KEB), Central Japan, a forested headwater catchment with various soil depths (1·8 to 5 m) overlying late Neogene of volcanic bedrocks. The hydraulic potential distribution and flow lines data showed that the change in flow direction, which was controlled by rainfall amount and antecedent wetness of the soil profile, agreed well with the hydrochemical change across the slope segment during the storm. Hydrograph separation predicted by end‐member mixing analysis (EMMA) using Ca2+ and SiO2 showed that near surface riparian, hillslope soil water and deep riparian groundwater were important in stream flow generation. The evidence of decrease in solutes concentration at a depth of 1 m in the hillslope and 0·6 m in the near surface riparian during peak storm suggested a flushing of high solutes concentration. Most of the solutes accumulated in the deep riparian groundwater zone, which was due to prominent downward flow and agreed well with the residence time. The distinct flow pathways and chemistry between the near surface riparian and deep riparian groundwater zones and the linkage hillslope aquifer and near surface riparian reservoir, which controls rapid flow and solutes flushing during the storm event, are in conflict with the typical assumption that the whole riparian zone resets flow pathways and chemical signature of hillslope soil water, as has been reported in a previous study. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

17.
Coastal aquifers are at threat of salinization in most parts of the world. This work investigated the seasonal hydrochemical evolution of coastal groundwater resources in Urmia plain, NW Iran. Two recently proposed methods have been used to comparison, recognize and understand the temporal and spatial evolution of saltwater intrusion in a coastal alluvial aquifer. The study takes into account that saltwater intrusion is a dynamic process, and that seasonal variations in the balance of the aquifer cause changes in groundwater chemistry. Pattern diagrams, which constitute the outcome of several hydrochemical processes, have traditionally been used to characterize vulnerability to sea/saltwater intrusion. However, the formats of such diagrams do not facilitate the geospatial analysis of groundwater quality, thus limiting the ability of spatio-temporal mapping and monitoring. This deficiency calls for methodologies which can translate information from some diagrams such Piper diagram into a format that can be mapped spatially. Distribution of groundwater chemistry types in Urmia plain based on modified Piper diagram using GQIPiper(mix) and GQIPiper(dom) indices that Mixed Ca–Mg–Cl and Ca-HCO3 are the dominant water types in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. In this study, a groundwater quality index specific to seawater intrusion (GQISWI) was used to check its efficiency for the groundwater samples affected by Urmia hypersaline Lake, Iran. Analysis of the main processes, by means of the Hydrochemical Facies Evolution Diagram (HFE-Diagram), provides essential knowledge about the main hydrochemical processes. Subsequently, analysis of the spatial distribution of hydrochemical facies using heatmaps helps to identify the general state of the aquifer with respect to saltwater intrusion during different sampling periods. The HFE-D results appear to be very successful for differentiating variations through time in the salinization processes caused by saltwater intrusion into the aquifer, distinguishing the phase of saltwater intrusion from the phase of recovery, and their respective evolutions. Both GQI and HFE-D methods show that hydrochemical variations can be read in terms of the pattern of saltwater intrusion and groundwater quality status. But generally, in this case (i.e. saltwater and not seawater intrusion) the HFE-D method was presented better efficiency than GQI method (including GQIPiper and GQISWI).  相似文献   

18.
Woocay A  Walton J 《Ground water》2008,46(3):437-449
Multivariate statistical methods (MSMs) applied to ground water chemistry provide valuable insight into the main hydrochemical species, hydrochemical processes, and water flowpaths important to ground water evolution. The MSMs of principal component factor analysis (FA) and k-means cluster analysis (CA) were sequentially applied to major ion chemistry from 211 different ground water-sampling locations in the Amargosa Desert. The FA reduces the number of variables describing the system and finds relationships between major ions. The CA of the reduced system produced objective hydrochemical facies, which are independent of, but in good agreement with, lithological data. The derived factors and hydrochemical facies are innovatively presented on biplots, revealing composition of hydrochemical processes and facies, and overlaid on a digital elevation model, displaying flowpaths and interactions with geologic and topographic features in the region. In particular, a distinct ground water chemical signature is observed beneath and surrounding the extended flowpath of Fortymile Wash, presenting some contradiction to contemporary water levels along with potential interaction with a fault line. The signature surrounding the ephemeral Fortymile Wash is believed to represent the relic of water that infiltrated during past pluvial periods when the amount of runoff in the wash was significantly larger than during the current drier period. This hypothesis and aforementioned analyses are supported by the examination of available chloride, oxygen-18, hydrogen-2, and carbon-14 data from the region.  相似文献   

19.
This research explains the background processes responsible for the spatial distribution of hydrochemical properties of the picturesque eutrophic Himalayan Lake, Dal, located in Kashmir valley, India. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were used to understand the spatiotemporal variability of 18 hydrochemical parameters comprising of 12,960 observations collected from 30 sampling sites well distributed within the lake at a grid spacing of 1 km2 from March 2014 to February 2016. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) grouped all the sampled data into three clusters based on the hydrochemical similarities, Discriminant analysis also revealed the same clusters and patterns in the data, validating the results of HCA. Wilk’s λ quotient distribution revealed the contribution of ions, nutrients, secchi disk transparency, dissolved oxygen and pH in the formation of clusters. The results are in consonance with the Principal Component Analysis of the whole lake data and individual clusters, which showed that the variance is maximally explained by the ionic component (46.82%) followed by dissolved oxygen and pH (9.36%), nitrates and phosphates (7.33%) and Secchi disk transparency (5.98%). Spatial variability of the hydrochemistry of the lake is due to the variations in water depth, lake water dynamics, flushing rate of water, organic matter decomposition, and anthropogenic pressures within and around the Dal lake ecosystem. Overall, the water quality of the lake is unfit for drinking due to the presence of coliform bacteria in the lake waters.  相似文献   

20.
The National Park of Toubkal is located in the High Moroccan Atlas Mountains, one of the regions sheltering the highest summits of North Africa (Mount Toubkal with an elevation of 4167 m). The park is characterized by very important water resources, including Ifni Lake, which is the highest natural lake in Morocco (with an elevation of 2320 m). This lake is located on the southern side of Mt. Toubkal. This area has never been the object of an environmental or hydrological study. The objective of the current study was the characterization of Ifni Lake and the spring waters located in this area, as the basis of a framework to protect natural resources in northern Africa. The hydrochemical composition of water determines its origin and relationship with its catchment. Hydrochemical studies were carried out to assess the ions water composition, and processes governing the hydrochemistry of Ifni Lake water and the springs in the study area. A total of 20 water samples were collected in 2013 and analyzed for various parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, and major ions. The physico-chemical analysis of the Ifni Lake water showed that this is the least mineralized water studied in this region, having a bicarbonate, calcium, and magnesium as dominate ions. Also there is a relationship between the hydrochemical composition of Ifni Lake and spring waters.  相似文献   

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