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赋存于蛇绿岩中的豆荚状铬铁矿床是全球铬资源的主要来源之一，具有重要战略及经济价值。目前关于豆荚状铬铁矿床的成因尚存分歧。本文总结了全球豆荚状铬铁矿床在矿床地质和矿床地球化学方面的共性特征，以及豆荚状铬铁矿床的成矿模型。这些模型在解释豆荚状铬铁矿矿床成因时还存在一些问题，如成矿母岩浆的地幔源区特征、形成条件、性质，难以限定成矿母岩浆的通量，如何精细刻画地幔中Cr及铬铁矿迁移-富集过程，俯冲动力学过程对成矿有何贡献，等。针对这些问题，未来的工作可聚焦于熔体包裹体研究、探索矿体下部是否存在深部岩浆房、熔-岩反应及流体搬运铬铁矿的实验岩石学及热力学模拟研究，以及探索与俯冲过程密切相关的成矿因素。 相似文献
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蛇绿岩型金刚石产在地幔橄榄岩和铬铁矿中,是新建立的金刚石产出类型,不同于产在金伯利岩和超高压变质岩中的金刚石。全球已在21个蛇绿岩中发现了该类金刚石,含金刚石的蛇绿岩主要分布在特提斯造山带、乌拉尔- 中亚造山带、日高变质岩带和北美克拉马斯- 阿卡特兰造山带。本文梳理了含金刚石蛇绿岩的全球分布和地质背景以及蛇绿岩中超高压－强还原矿物与其它壳幔矿物组合的特征,讨论了已有的含金刚石铬铁矿和地幔橄榄岩的四种成因机制。金刚石和伴生的超高压－强还原矿物组合产在不同时代的造山带蛇绿岩中,不仅仅揭示了金刚石在蛇绿岩中普遍存在,需要重新思考蛇绿岩和铬铁矿的成因以及它们形成的地质构造背景,还证实了蛇绿岩地幔橄榄岩和铬铁矿是地球深部矿物重要的储存库,为认识地球深部的物质组成和物理化学环境,以及深部物质运移的轨迹和动力学过程等提供了天然样品。 相似文献
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全球铬铁矿资源丰富,但分布极不均衡.铬铁矿的成因类型主要有层状和豆荚状2种,这2种类型的铬铁矿床地质特征、成因模式差异显著.在全球范围内铬铁矿矿床的成矿时代和空间分布具有明显的时空规律性,古元古代是铬铁矿最重要成矿期,该期形成的铬铁矿占总资源量的58.5％,以形成大型-超大型层状铬铁矿为主,中-新生代是全球铬铁矿床形成数量最多、分布范围最广的重要成矿期,该期形成的铬铁矿占总资源量的24.9％,以形成中小型豆荚状铬铁矿为主.铬铁矿在全球的分布可划分为5个重要层状铬铁矿矿田(南非布什维尔德-津巴布韦大岩墙、北美斯蒂尔沃特、南美坎坡福莫索、印度苏金达、芬兰凯米-俄罗斯普拉科夫斯科)和7个豆荚状铬铁矿带(津巴布韦舒鲁圭、东北非、乌拉尔、特提斯、西太平洋岛弧、加勒比岛弧和马达加斯加),并对各重要成矿区带的资源潜力进行了探讨.通过对全球铬铁矿成因类型、地质特征和时空分布规律的探讨,对深入了解地幔的物质组成、物理化学环境、地幔物质的运移、深部地质作用及板块运动的动力学机制、深俯冲和地球深部再循环轨迹有重要的理论意义. 相似文献
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铬铁矿是中国极为短缺的战略性矿产，哈萨克斯坦乌拉尔肯皮赛铬铁矿资源基地是全球最大的豆荚状铬铁矿产地。笔者系统总结了肯皮赛铬铁矿资源基地的地质背景、蛇绿岩特征及成矿类型，并对基地的开发现状进行了梳理。肯皮赛铬铁矿资源基地位于乌拉尔造山带南部，伴随寒武纪—三叠纪古乌拉尔洋形成演化，大量蛇绿岩地体残存于乌拉尔造山带内，形成一系列豆荚状铬铁矿床。肯皮赛地块出露完整的蛇绿岩层序，地幔橄榄岩以方辉橄榄岩和纯橄岩为主，发育高铝型和高铬型两类富铬铁矿。其中，高铝型铬铁矿形成于早泥盆世（或更早）MOR环境下；而高铬型铬铁矿形成于晚泥盆世洋内俯冲环境下（SSZ），是俯冲带流体与残留地幔橄榄岩交代反应后形成的熔体与围岩（地幔橄榄岩）发生熔岩反应的产物。肯皮赛铬铁矿资源基地铬铁矿探明储量约3亿t，年产铬铁矿和铬铁合金约700万t和169万t，主要用于出口。中国应不断加强与哈萨克斯坦的铬铁矿资源潜力调查、勘查开发及产能合作。 相似文献
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豆荚状铬铁矿主要赋存于地幔橄榄岩中,与方辉橄榄岩密切相关。在全球的分布与蛇绿岩带分布基本一致,但并非所有蛇绿岩体都赋存有铬铁矿,且其中赋存的铬铁矿体规模和分布都是很不规律的。我们对比研究了国内外9个含铬矿和4个不含铬矿蛇绿岩中地幔橄榄岩的地球化学组成,认为含铬矿地幔橄榄岩具有全岩低含量的CaO(<1.91%)和Al_2O_3(<1.76%)、方辉橄榄岩轻稀土元素富集,橄榄石高Fo值(>90),斜方辉石低Al_2O_3含量(<3.8%)以及副矿物铬尖晶石高Cr/Fe值(>1.5)等特征,可以作为该蛇绿岩体含矿评价的地球化学指标。通过这些指标可知豆荚状铬铁矿床是较高程度部分熔融和地幔交代作用的共同结果,结合前人提出的铬铁矿成矿模式,对铬铁矿的成矿过程有了进一步的认识。 相似文献
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新特提斯缝合带中的铬铁矿带是全球最重要的豆荚状铬铁矿成矿带之一,尤其是新特提斯缝合带中段,即穆斯林巴赫-科希斯坦-雅鲁藏布江一带,自东向西发育罗布莎、马拉坎德、穆斯林巴赫等若干大型铬铁矿床。本文系统总结和梳理新特提斯缝合带中段蛇绿岩的时空分布特征以及典型豆荚状铬铁矿的矿床特征、赋存规律和控矿因素。研究表明,蛇绿岩形成时代主体为中侏罗世—晚白垩世,自东向西大致呈逐渐变新的趋势,构造侵位的时代相近,为古新世—始新世;马拉坎德、瓦济里斯坦、穆斯林巴赫及贝拉铬铁矿,与罗布莎矿床相似,均属于富铬型铬铁矿,产于SSZ相关构造背景下,显示良好的岩相分带,具有良好的成矿条件;提出下一步找矿方向是针对成矿条件优越的蛇绿岩,解析层序剖面,识别纯橄岩与方辉橄榄岩的岩相分带,确定有利赋矿岩相。 相似文献
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镁铁- 超镁铁岩是揭示地幔物质组成和壳幔相互作用的重要窗口，也是Ni- Cu- PGE- Cr等金属矿产资源的重要载体。不同的镁铁- 超镁铁岩体赋矿特征明显不同：蛇绿岩以产出铬铁矿床为特征，阿拉斯加型岩体主要赋含铂族元素(PGE)矿床，大型层状岩体则可同时产出铬铁矿床、PGE矿床和Cu- Ni硫化物矿床。这种成矿差异显然与赋矿岩体形成的构造背景、母岩浆经历的岩浆演化过程有关，但缺少关键控制因素的研究。前人对上述不同种类矿床的研究工作主要集中于地幔源区的部分熔融、上升过程中或岩浆房内的围岩混染和结晶分异等岩浆过程，而极少关注流体作用。近年来，实验岩石学和岩石地球化学的研究均表明幔源岩浆演化过程中的流体活动可能对成矿元素的富集迁移起到至关重要的作用，同时这些成矿元素的赋存状态和分配系数也在不断更新。厘清Cr和PGE在熔体演化——尤其是流体出溶过程中的地球化学行为，刻画并揭示其迁移富集、分离和再富集的成矿过程及控制因素，已成为当前岩浆矿床研究的热点。本文围绕富水流体与铬铁矿和PGE成矿关系的科学问题，总结了不同镁铁- 超镁铁岩体的成矿差异以及铬铁矿和PGE矿床成矿过程中的流体活动记录，提出流体性质和组分对铬铁矿和PGE迁移富集的控制作用，强调有必要开展蛇绿岩、大型层状镁铁- 超镁铁岩体和阿拉斯加型岩体的对比研究。 相似文献
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密西西比型（MVT）铅锌矿床研究进展 总被引：32，自引：11，他引：21
密西西比型(MVT)铅锌矿床是全球重要的铅锌矿床类型之一,其铅锌资源量占全球铅锌资源量的20%左右.近几十年来,通过不断的探索,人们在矿床的地质特征、地球化学特征、成矿物质来源、成矿流体运移和沉淀机制、年代厘定以及矿床形成的地球动力学背景等方面取得了重要进展.文章在综合前人工作成果的基础上,就MVT矿床的分布规律、特征、地质背景、矿床地质特征、地球化学特征、成矿模型、控矿因素等方面进行了介绍,并分析了目前成矿模型研究中的各种流体运移机制、金属卸载机制之间的优缺点,探讨了成矿模型研究所面临的问题.同时,将中国典型的MVT矿床纳入到全球MVT矿床的背景之中,进行了相关的讨论.最后,总结对比了主要控矿因素和勘查阶段中物化探方法在找矿过程中的作用. 相似文献
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近年来铬(Cr)同位素体系在示踪地幔部分熔融、岩浆结晶分异及俯冲带流体相关的地质过程中均取得了重要进展。本文通过实例研究综述了Cr同位素在铬铁矿成矿作用方向的主要进展,包括:(1) Stillwater层状岩体橄榄岩带和K?z?ldaˇg蛇绿岩壳幔过渡带内铬铁矿及共生硅酸盐矿物的Cr同位素研究,揭示了层状/似层状铬铁矿成矿过程中可能发生明显的Cr同位素分馏,且主要受结晶分异和岩浆补给过程控制;(2) K?z?lda?蛇绿岩豆荚状铬铁矿床的Cr同位素研究,证明了俯冲带地幔橄榄岩中尖晶石的部分熔融,可能是豆荚状铬铁矿床主要的成矿物质来源之一,同时俯冲带流体也可能直接参与成矿;(3)层状岩体及蛇绿岩中普遍存在矿物间的Cr同位素不平衡分馏现象,不仅可用以记录岩浆作用的冷却时间,同时也证明了铬铁矿成矿过程中释放的流体对矿物间的元素交换具有明显促进作用。 相似文献
11.
全球多地蛇绿岩型地幔橄榄岩和铬铁矿中发现微粒金刚石,并在中国西藏南部和俄罗斯乌拉尔北部的蛇绿岩铬铁矿中发现原位产出的金刚石,认为是地球上金刚石的一种新的产出类型,不同于金伯利岩型金刚石和超高压变质型金刚石。它们与呈斯石英假象的柯石英、高压相的铬铁矿和青松矿等高压矿物以及碳硅石和单质矿物等强还原矿物伴生,指示蛇绿岩中的这些矿物组合形成于深度150~300 km或者更深的地幔。金刚石具有很轻的C同位素组成（δ13C-18‰~-28‰）,并出现多种含Mn矿物和壳源成分包裹体。研究认为它们曾是早期深俯冲的地壳物质,达到>300 km深部地幔或地幔过渡带后,经历了熔融并产生新的流体,后者在上升过程中结晶成新的超高压、强还原矿物组合,通过地幔对流或地幔柱作用被带回到浅部地幔,由此建立了一个俯冲物质深地幔再循环的新模式。蛇绿岩型地幔橄榄岩和铬铁矿中发现金刚石等深部矿物,质疑了蛇绿岩铬铁矿形成于浅部地幔的已有认识,引发了一系列新的科学问题,提出了新的研究方向。 相似文献
12.
Podiform chromitite in the arc mantle: chromitite xenoliths from the Takashima alkali basalt,Southwest Japan arc 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Chromitite xenoliths from the Takashima alkali basalt in the Southwest Japan arc are classified into two types: Type 1 chromitite in thin layers in dunite or wehrlite xenoliths; and Type 2 chromitite in discrete xenoliths which has an orbicular texture, previously documented only from podiform chromitites in ophiolites. Type 1 may be equivalent to layered chromitites in ophiolitic cumulates and Type 2 to podiform chromitites in the transition zone of ophiolites. This example of podiform chromitite from the Southwest Japan arc suggest that these podiform chromitites may exist in the upper mantle beneath an arc, where their formation is favored. 相似文献
13.
豆荚状铬铁矿:古大洋岩石圈残片的重要证据 总被引：16，自引：2，他引：16
豆荚状铬铁矿为蛇绿岩的特征性矿产 ,保留了上地幔岩浆构造作用、高温变形以及岩石成因的重要信息。它们常见于方辉橄榄岩内 ,位于大洋岩石圈莫霍面下 1～ 2km的古深度范围内。豆荚状铬铁矿常被纯橄岩薄壳围限 ,保留特征的豆状、豆壳状等构造。豆荚状铬铁矿的TiO2 含量较低 ,铂族元素 (PGE)的分布模式显示特征的负斜率。普遍认为 ,豆荚状铬铁矿形成于部分熔融条件下 ,涉及原始地幔熔体与亏损地幔橄榄岩的相互作用 ,伴随复杂的岩浆混合及结晶过程。狭窄的上地幔岩浆通道或孔穴为豆荚状铬铁矿理想的堆积部位。超俯冲带 (弧后盆地、岛弧、弧前 )、大洋中脊、转换断层均可能是豆荚状铬铁矿形成的理想环境。其中 ,洋脊扩张模式及大洋上俯冲带模式较好地解释了豆荚状铬铁矿成因。对于经历高级变质及多期变形的华北大陆基底 ,豆荚状铬铁矿是研究古老蛇绿岩最直接而有效的地质标志 ,对于研究古大洋岩石圈增生过程 ,上地幔演化 ,探索早期板块构造意义重大。 相似文献
14.
蛇绿岩型金刚石和铬铁矿深部成因 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
地球上的原生金刚石主要有3种产出类型,分别来自大陆克拉通下的深部地幔金伯利岩型金刚石、板块边界深俯冲变质岩中超高压变质型金刚石,和陨石坑中的陨石撞击型金刚石。在全球5个造山带的10处蛇绿岩的地幔橄榄岩或铬铁矿中均发现金刚石和其他超高压矿物的基础上,我们提出地球上一种新的天然金刚石产出类型,命名为蛇绿岩型金刚石。认为蛇绿岩型金刚石普遍存在于大洋岩石圈的地幔橄榄岩中,并提出蛇绿岩型金刚石和铬铁矿的深部成因模式。认为早期俯冲的地壳物质到达地幔过渡带(410~660 km深度)后被肢解,加入到周围的强还原流体和熔体中,当熔融物质向上运移到地幔过渡带顶部,铬铁矿和周围的地幔岩石以及流体中的金刚石等深部矿物一并结晶,之后,携带金刚石的铬铁矿和地幔岩石被上涌的地幔柱带至浅部,经历了洋盆的拉张和俯冲阶段,最终在板块边缘就位。 相似文献
15.
Timothy M. Kusky Xiachen Zhi Jianghai Li Qiongxia Xia Tsilavo Raharimahefa Xiongnan Huang 《Gondwana Research》2007,12(1-2):67
Podiform chromitites are diagnostic but rare features of Phanerozoic ophiolites, and often contain the most pristine textural, chemical and isotopic record of convective upper mantle conditions extant during ophiolite genesis. Ophiolitic podiform chromitites, owing to their high Os concentrations and low Re/Os ratios provide the best evidence for the Os-isotopic evolution of oceanic mantle, but established records of ophiolitic chromites from bona fide Archean ophiolites are still lacking. We report Re–Os isotopic compositions of the world's oldest known ophiolitic podiform chromites from the 2.5 billion year old Dongwanzi–Zunhua ophiolite, North China. This provides the oldest Os isotope composition for the convective upper mantle yet obtained from ophiolitic podiform chromitites, and reveals a chondritic Os isotopic composition of the Archean convective upper mantle. 相似文献
16.
WU Weiwei YANG Jingsui MA Changqian MILUSHI Ibrahim LIAN Dongyang TIAN Yazhou 《《地质学报》英文版》2017,91(3):882-897
In recent years diamonds and other unusual minerals(carbides,nitrides,metal alloys and native elements) have been recovered from mantle peridotites and chromitites(both high-Cr chromitites and high-Al chromitites) from a number of ophiolites of different ages and tectonic settings.Here we report a similar assemblage of minerals from the Skenderbeu massif of the Mirdita zone ophiolite,west Albania.So far,more than 20 grains of microdiamonds and 30 grains of moissanites(SiC) have been separated from the podiform chromitite.The diamonds are mostly light yellow,transparent,euhedral crystals,200~300 μm across,with a range of morphologies;some are octahedral and cuboctahedron and others are elongate and irregular.Secondary electron images show that some grains have well-developed striatums.All the diamond grains have been analyzed and yielded typical Raman spectra with a shift at ~1325 cm~(-1).The moissanite grains recovered from the Skenderbeu chromitites are mainly light blue to dark blue,but some are yellow to light yeUow.All the analyzed grains have typical Raman spectra with shifts at 766 cm~(-1),787 cm~(-1),and 967 cm~(-1).The energy spectrums of the moissanites confirm that the grains are composed entirely of silicon and carbon.This investigation expands the occurrence of diamonds and moissanites to Mesozoic ophiolites in the Neo-Tethys.Our new findings suggest that diamonds and moissanites are present,and probably ubiquitous in the oceanic mantle and can provide new perspectives and avenues for research on the origin of ophiolites and podiform chromitites. 相似文献
17.
Diamonds have been discovered in mantle peridotites and chromitites of six ophiolitic massifs along the 1300 km‐long Yarlung‐Zangbo suture (Bai et al., 1993; Yang et al., 2014; Xu et al., 2015), and in the Dongqiao and Dingqing mantle peridotites of the Bangong‐Nujiang suture in the eastern Tethyan zone (Robinson et al., 2004; Xiong et al., 2018). Recently, in‐situ diamond, coesite and other UHP mineral have also been reported in the Nidar ophiolite of the western Yarlung‐Zangbo suture (Das et al., 2015, 2017). The above‐mentioned diamond‐bearing ophiolites represent remnants of the eastern Mesozoic Tethyan oceanic lithosphere. New publications show that diamonds also occur in chromitites in the Pozanti‐Karsanti ophiolite of Turkey, and in the Mirdita ophiolite of Albania in the western Tethyan zone (Lian et al., 2017; Xiong et al., 2017; Wu et al., 2018). Similar diamonds and associated minerals have also reported from Paleozoic ophiolitic chromitites of Central Asian Orogenic Belt of China and the Ray‐Iz ophiolite in the Polar Urals, Russia (Yang et al., 2015a, b; Tian et al., 2015; Huang et al, 2015). Importantly, in‐situ diamonds have been recovered in chromitites of both the Luobusa ophiolite in Tbet and the Ray‐Iz ophiolite in Russia (Yang et al., 2014, 2015a). The extensive occurrences of such ultra‐high pressure (UHP) minerals in many ophiolites suggest formation by similar geological events in different oceans and orogenic belts of different ages. Compared to diamonds from kimberlites and UHP metamorphic belts, micro‐diamonds from ophiolites present a new occurrence of diamond that requires significantly different physical and chemical conditions of formation in Earth's mantle. The forms of chromite and qingsongites (BN) indicate that ophiolitic chromitite may form at depths of >150‐380 km or even deeper in the mantle (Yang et al., 2007; Dobrthinetskaya et al., 2009). The very light C isotope composition (δ13C ‐18 to ‐28‰) of these ophiolitic diamonds and their Mn‐bearing mineral inclusions, as well as coesite and clinopyroxene lamallae in chromite grains all indicate recycling of ancient continental or oceanic crustal materials into the deep mantle (>300 km) or down to the mantle transition zone via subduction (Yang et al., 2014, 2015a; Robinson et al., 2015; Moe et al., 2018). These new observations and new data strongly suggest that micro‐diamonds and their host podiform chromitite may have formed near the transition zone in the deep mantle, and that they were then transported upward into shallow mantle depths by convection processes. The in‐situ occurrence of micro‐diamonds has been well‐demonstrated by different groups of international researchers, along with other UHP minerals in podiform chromitites and ophiolitic peridotites clearly indicate their deep mantle origin and effectively address questions of possible contamination during sample processing and analytical work. The widespread occurrence of ophiolite‐hosted diamonds and associated UHP mineral groups suggests that they may be a common feature of in‐situ oceanic mantle. The fundamental scientific question to address here is how and where these micro‐diamonds and UHP minerals first crystallized, how they were incorporated into ophiolitic chromitites and peridotites and how they were preserved during transport to the surface. Thus, diamonds and UHP minerals in ophiolites have raised new scientific problems and opened a new window for geologists to study recycling from crust to deep mantle and back to the surface. 相似文献
18.
Petrological characteristics of podiform chromitites and associated peridotites of the Pan African Proterozoic ophiolite complexes of Egypt 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
Mafic-ultramafic fragments of a dismembered ophiolite complex are abundant in the late Precambrian Pan African belt of the
Eastern Desert of Egypt and north-east Sudan. The ultramafic bodies in the Eastern Desert of Egypt are mostly characterised
by the harzburgite–dunite–chromitite association. Because of their severe metamorphism, almost all primary silicates were
converted to secondary minerals and we use the chrome spinel as a reliable petrogenetic indicator. The podiform chromitite
deposits are common as small and irregularly shaped masses in the central and southern parts of the Eastern Desert. They strongly
vary in texture, degree of alteration and chemical composition of chrome spinel. The podiform chromitites exhibit a wide range
of composition from high Cr to high Al varieties. The Cr of chrome spinel ranges from 0.65 to 0.85 in dunite, quite similar
in the high-Cr chromitite, whereas it is around 0.5 in harzburgite. Primary hydrous mineral inclusions, amphibole and phlogopite,
in chrome spinel are reported for the first time from the Pan African Proterozoic podiform chromitites. The petrological characteristics
of Pan African podiform chromitites and associated peridotites of Egypt are similar to those of Phanerozoic ophiolites. The
Proterozoic podiform chromitites may have formed in the same way as the Phanerozoic ones, namely by melt-harzburgite reaction
and subsequent melt mixing. The similarity of the mantle section of the late Proterozoic and the Phanerozoic ophiolites suggests
that the thermal conditions controlling genesis of the crust–mantle system basically have not changed since the late Proterozoic
era. The Pan African harzburgite is very similar to abyssal peridotite at fast-spreading ridges, and the high-Cr, low-Ti character
of spinel in chromitite and dunite indicates a genetic link with a supra-subduction zone setting. The late Proterozoic ophiolites
of Egypt are possibly a fragment of oceanic lithosphere modified by arc-related magmatic rocks, or a fragment of back-arc
basin lithosphere.
Received: 26 October 1999 / Accepted: 28 June 2000 相似文献
19.
豆荚状铬铁矿是蛇绿岩的特征性矿产,对其成因的认识还存在较大的分歧,包括:（1）早期岩浆熔离;（2）地幔熔融残余;（3）熔体-岩石反应.豆荚状铬铁矿及其围岩地幔橄榄岩中大量异常地幔矿物群的发现,引起了地质学家对其形成过程的重新思考.回顾了铬铁矿的研究,借助pMELTS热力学软件模拟浅部地幔过程,使用定量化的方法限定这些过程对豆荚状铬铁矿形成的贡献,通过一个新的角度讨论其形成.初步模拟结果显示,单独的地幔部分熔融、熔体分离结晶以及拉斑质熔体与亏损地幔的反应等过程形成的铬铁矿,无论在数量还是品位上都难以达到矿床水平,暗示豆荚状铬铁矿的形成可能为多种作用耦合的结果,或与深部地幔作用有关. 相似文献