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1.
    近二十年来海面变化的区域性经验研究表明,确实无法找到一条公认的全球一致的海面变化(eustasy )曲线。为了解释共原因,地质学家与地球物理学家、数学与力学家相结合,对海面变化的机制进行了探讨。
    本文着重介绍了以J.A.Clark为代表的负荷模式和以N,-A.Morner为代表的重力模式。前一模式从扩一大的冰川均衡作用和水均衡作用出发,为粘弹性地球提出了一个数学模型,计算结果表明,即使在假定5000年来eustasy不变的前提下,也可以划分出六个具有不同全新世海面变化带的曲线带。后一模式则根据测地卫星所获得的大地水准面图具有近200米的隆凹,论证了不同时间尺度的大地水准面海面变化及其可能的原因。  相似文献   

2.
对全球海面变化均衡模式的改进   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5       下载免费PDF全文
杨学祥 《地质科学》1992,(4):404-408
以J.A.Clark为代表的全球海面变化均衡模式为基础,讨论冰盖形或对地核运动的影响。数值计算表明,由于地核偏离地心的运动,不同海区大约有±1.54m的海面波动。把这个结果叠加在均衡模式的结果之上,会使预测的结果与所观察结果更为符合。  相似文献   

3.
    本次研究涉及到地球和其它行星的地质学、地球物理学、地球化学、地球生物学和有关的外部地球物理学,诸如大气物理学和磁学,并制定出我国的具有经济、社会和科学价值的固体地球科学的强有力的研究计划。未来10年的大多数时间全球环境问题将处于科学研究的前沿。自然环境变化的研究必须是国际性的和跨学科性的,已经确立了具有不同科学广度和要求不同成效的7个项目。
    1)古气候学:过去的150万年,世界气候曾经极不稳定。英国所在的中纬度曾有17个变动周期,当时的气候比现在冷(大约低9摄氏度)。人类活动又把附加的因素加进到控制气候和气候变化的已经很复杂的平衡中去。古气候学是对过去变化过程的研究,在获得认识与预测未来可能发生气候变化方面都是很必要的。
    2)生物分子古生物学:惊人地发现许多化石,甚至是几亿年前的,含有适合于生物分子研究的有机物质,这就给地球科学家、生物学家和有机化学家的跨学科研究开辟了一个大的新领域。这种研究复盖了几千万年到几亿年的时间尺度,大大扩展了我们对进化过程的理解,对过去的环境得到了新见解,并加深了我们对碳氮化物成因的理解。
    3)新大地构造学:近代或现代变形过程的性质与速率的研究,应使更精确地解释地质历史和预报未来的事件,如地震和火山活动。
    4)地质流体作用:此题目包括流体运动和地壳内固体—流体反应的研究。这些对于认识地下水、液体和气体碳氮化合物、矿化流体作用以及我们从地球内提取这些流体及其产物都是十分重要的。同样,这种过程的认识对于在地壳内处理废物也是必要的。
    5)沉积盆地演化和动力学:沉积盆地产生于地壳顶部5km,因此就资源开发而言是容易接近的。这个题目对于涉及资源的工业以及时上文提到的流体作用的认识都特别重要。
    6)地球深部研究:象地震与火山活动这类现象表明地球没有停息,随着时间动荡和变化,这些变化是由地壳深部、地幔和地核中的作用所产生的。因此地球深部的研究,在试图认识地球活动方式上是必要的,在其它方面的研究中也是基本的。
    7)空间地球化学及行星演化:我们对太阳系早期历史和地球过程的认识,是通过比较行星学以及对落在地球上的或带回地球的行星物质的化学研究得以加深。在英国新的分析技术使她有可能去分析大多数微小的标本,并达到前所未有的精度,而且正在揭示太阳系早期历史的奇妙的线索。
    除此之外,地球上还有两个领域即洋壳和南极洲值得特别加强研究,上述各项的许多方面都可以在南极进行有优势的研究。
    上述的工作要求:
    1、培训人才。英国使正在成长的一代地球科学家在基础科学、数学特别是计算机和计算机模拟方面具有必不可少的经验。
    2、需要充足的资金向最好的地球科学家提供足够的支持,并保持高质量的研究。
    3、重点研究计划应由权威科学家来确定,由强有力的杰出的带头人来领导。
    4、综合性的国际研究计划(如大洋钻探计划)方面,在国际保护伞下的离散的国家计划(例如面对英国的大洋中脊的研究工作)方面,以及在数据库的编辑方面,英国的参与应继续维持增加。
    5、增加更精良的设备与设施。
    6、英国地质调查局(BGS)必须提供英国地球科学信息的基本数据库,应该从减轻自然灾害影响的观点出发,监测诸如地震、地磁、放射性和地下水质等方面的长期变化。
    7、因为地球科学涉及到整个地球,很显然不能单独局限于英国进行。海外工作(特别在第三世界)应当给予鼓励。
    8、发展与加强科学院、公众机构、研究所和工业部门之间的联系,以保证思想与资料的自由交流。  相似文献   

4.
要重视全球变化对我国北方沙区可能影响的研究   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3  
    讨论了全球变化及其对我国北方沙区可能影响的三个问题。首先,全球变化是人为因素与自然变化的藕合,不能忽视全球自然变化过程的研究;其次,沙漠的变化主要与气候
干湿变化有关,要注重研究未来增暖伴随的降水变化,预浏土地沙漠化未来发展趁势;第三,要研究土地沙漠化及其逆转对气候的反馈作用。
     相似文献   

5.
陆地水水质全球变化研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
对陆地水水质全球变化研究中的几个问题进行了讨论,包括:陆地淡水水质的全球参比值问题;水质监测的发展及全球淡水水质监测计划;全球淡水水质变化趋势分析。
    相似文献   

6.
近年来珠江三角洲人地系统发生了深刻变化,经济高速发展、城市化、工业化规模不断扩大,人口急剧增长,环境质量下降,自然资源供需关来紧张。进行人地系统研究是本区当
前社会经济与环境资源协调发展的迫切需要。
     相似文献   

7.
回顾了利用响应函数技米研究地球均街己取得的主要成果并提出了研究中值得注意的一些问题。
     相似文献   

8.
   用最先进的Lacoste-D型重力仅可以进行微伽级的重力浏量和在此墓础上的微重力研究,使微重力方法在实践中得到很好的应用与验证,也为重力学的研究开辟了新的分
支领域。
     相似文献   

9.
沉积铁矿形成过程中的生物作用   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
    沉积赤铁矿和层控黄铁矿、菱铁矿的成矿过程中都离不开生物的作用。不同情况下,其表现形式不尽相同。生物的活动形成赤铁矿受层石、毒球状黄铁矿以及有机质的还原作用由赤铁矿转变为菱铁矿。
    冀西北宣龙地区铁质叠层石和铁质核形石同心纹层中普遍含有微体古植物化石,属于低等蓝藻类,形态以丝状体为主,部分为羽状体,它们直接地参与了铁的成矿作用。
     相似文献   

10.
渤海湾西岸全新世海面变化   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
在讨论海面标志点基本定义的基础上,从渤海湾西岸534个原始数据中获得了136个指示高水位、潮间带或低水位的海面变化标志点,并重建了它们的相对海平面时空分布,进而获得了渤海湾西岸全新世相对海平面变化带.约10cal.ka B.P.时,相对海平面变化带达到-25m,以约6m/1000a(即约6mm/a)的平均速率上升,在6cal.ka B.P.前后达到现代海面的高度;6cal.ka B.P.至今,变化带的高度介于+1m~-2m之间,未发现中全新世相对高海面.再搬运海相贝类和陆相泥炭类样品的14C年龄,分别存在约600年和660年的驻留时间.经过驻留时间校正的新海面变化年代学序列,将渤海湾相对海平面达到现代高度的时间点确定为约6cal.ka B.P.,从而与全球海面变化的对比更为准确.渤海湾盆地的长期稳定下沉和沉积自重压实的共同作用,可能抵消了冰川均衡调整(GIA)引起的中全新世数米高的相对高海面.  相似文献   

11.
Two major causes of global sea level rise such as thermal expansion of the oceans and the loss of landbased ice for increased melting have been claimed by some researchers and recognized by the IPCC.However, other climate threat investigators revealed that atmosphere-ocean modeling is an imperfect representation, paleo-data consist of proxy climate information with ambiguities, and modern observations are limited in scope and accuracy. It is revealed that global warming and polar ice-melt although a reality would not contribute to any sea level rise. Floating-ice of the polar region on melting would reoccupy same displaced volume by floating ice-sheets. Land-ice cover in the polar region on melting can reduce load from the crust to activate elastic rebound that would raise land for its isostatic equilibrium.Such characteristics would not contribute to sea level rise. Equatorial bulge, polar flattening, elevation difference of the spheroidal surface between equator and pole with lower in the pole, strong gravity attraction of the polar region and week gravity attraction of the equatorial region, all these phenomena would play dominant role in preventing sea level rise. Palaeo-sea level rise and fall in macro-scale(10-100 m or so) were related to marine transgression and regression in addition to other geologic events like converging and diverging plate tectonics, orogenic uplift of the collision margin, basin subsidence of the extensional crust, volcanic activities in the oceanic region, prograding delta buildup, ocean floor height change and sub-marine mass avalanche. This study also reveals that geophysical shape, gravity attraction and the centrifugal force of spinning and rotation of the earth would continue acting against sea level rise.  相似文献   

12.
While contributing <1 m equivalent eustatic sea‐level rise the British Isles ice sheet produced glacio‐isostatic rebound in northern Britain of similar magnitude to eustatic sea‐level change, or global meltwater influx, over the last 18 000 years. The resulting spatially variable relative sea‐level changes combine with observations from far‐field locations to produce a rigorous test for quantitative models of glacial isostatic adjustment, local ice‐sheet history and global meltwater influx. After a review of the attributes of relative sea‐level observations significant for constraining large‐scale models of the isostatic adjustment process we summarise long records of relative sea‐level change from the British Isles and far‐field locations. We give an overview of different global theoretical models of the isostatic adjustment process before presenting intercomparisons of observed and predicted relative sea levels at sites in the British Isles and far‐field for a range of Earth and ice model parameters in order to demonstrate model sensitivity and the resolving power available from using evidence from the British Isles. For the first time we show a good degree of fit between relative sea‐level observations and predictions that are based upon global Earth and ice model parameters, independently derived from analysis of far‐field data, with a terrain‐corrected model of the British Isles ice sheet that includes extensive glaciation of the North Sea and western continental shelf, that does not assume isostatic equilibrium at the Last Glacial Maximum and keeps to trimline constraints of ice surface elevation. We do not attempt to identify a unique solution for the model lithosphere thickness parameter or the local‐scale detail of the ice model in order to provide a fit for all sites, but argue that the next stage should be to incorporate an ice‐sheet model that is based on quantitative, glaciological model simulations. We hope that this paper will stimulate this debate and help to integrate research in glacial geomorphology, glaciology, sea‐level change, Earth rheology and quantitative modelling. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

13.
Key external forcing factors have been proposed to explain the collapse of ice sheets, including atmospheric and ocean temperatures, subglacial topography, relative sea level and tidal amplitudes. For past ice sheets it has not hitherto been possible to separate relative sea level and tidal amplitudes from the other controls to analyse their influence on deglaciation style and rate. Here we isolate the relative sea level and tidal amplitude controls on key ice stream sectors of the last British–Irish and Fennoscandian ice sheets using published glacial isostatic adjustment models, combined with a new and previously published palaeotidal models for the NE Atlantic since the Last Glacial Maximum (22 ka BP). Relative sea level and tidal amplitude data are combined into a sea surface elevation index for each ice stream sector demonstrating that these controls were potentially important drivers of deglaciation in the western British Irish Ice Sheet ice stream sectors. In contrast, the Norwegian Channel Ice Stream was characterized by falling relative sea level and small tidal amplitudes during most of the deglaciation. As these simulations provide a basis for observational field testing we propose a means of identifying the significance of sea level and tidal amplitudes in ice sheet collapse.  相似文献   

14.
用不可压缩固体模型对岩石圈内横向密度差异产生的构造应力和缓慢变形进行了三维有限元模拟。结果表明,对于达到均衡补偿状态的模型,5公里地形高差的重力势在地壳内产生数百巴的构造应力,高原下出现横向拉张应力,平原下出现挤压应力;地壳厚度变化大的过渡带,应力的增加更显著。在地壳局部增厚而地形高度未达到均衡补偿的情况下,深部侧向密度差异产生的重力调整作用使物质向地壳较厚的地方迁移,导致那里的地壳产生地表隆起。  相似文献   

15.
全球海面变化的两极冰盖模型   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
在Clark等(1976)提出的在粘弹性地球上全球海面变化的数值模型和笔者(1992)提出的一极冰盖质点模型的基础上,考虑冰盖在两极的实际分布,建立两极冰盖质点分布的数理模型。计算结果表明,一极模型中海面变化的的极值区在S极,而两极模型中海面变化极值区在南半球的中纬度地区。  相似文献   

16.
Pleistocene ice sheets can be reconstructed through three separate approaches: (1) Evidence based on glacial geological studies, such as erratic trains, till composition, crossing striations and exposures of multiple tills/nonglacial sediments. (2) Reconstructions based on glaciological theory and observations. These can be either two- or three-dimensional models; they can be constrained by ‘known’ ice margins at specific times; or they can be ‘open-ended’ with the history of growth and retreat controlled by parameters resting entirely within the model. (3) Glacial isostatic rebound after deglaciation provides a measure of the distribution of mass (ice) across a region. A ‘best fit’ ice sheet model can be developed that closely approximates a series of relative sea level curves within an area of a former ice sheet; in addition, the model should also provide a reasonable sea level fit to relative sea level curves at sites well removed from glaciation.This paper reviews some of the results of a variety of ice sheet reconstructions and concentrates on the various attempts to reconstruct the ice sheets of the last (Wisconsin, Weischelian, Würm, Devensian) glaciation. Evidence from glacial geology suggests flow patterns at variance with simple, single-domed ice sheets over North America and Europe. In addition, reconstruction of ice sheets from glacial isostatic sea level data suggests that the ice sheets were significantly thinner than estimates based on 18 ka equilibrium ice sheets (cf. Denton and Hughes, 1981). The review indicates it is important to differentiate between ice divides, which control the directions of glacial flow, and areas of maximum ice thickness, which control the glacial isostatic rebound of the crust upon deglaciation. Recent studies from the Laurentide Ice Sheet region indicate that the center of mass was not over Hudson Bay; that a major ice divide lay east of Hudson Bay so that flow across the Hudson Bay and James Bay lowlands was from the northeast; that Hudson Bay was probably open to marine invasions two or three times during the Wisconsin Glaciation; and that the Laurentide Ice Sheet was thinner than an equilibrium reconstruction would suggest.  相似文献   

17.
青藏高原地壳上地幔形成与演化的地球物理研究   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
近年来,我国在青藏高原取得了大量地球物理资料,1980-1982年中法合作又在西藏得到丰富的深部地球物理资料.青藏高原是一个整体.它的构造活动可以分为南、北、中三个带.中部是整体隆升,且已达到均衡.南北两缘受到强烈挤压、叠覆,是差异隆升,但未达到均衡.它的构造作用形式,可以分为上、中、下三层.上层(上地壳)以叠覆为主,中层(下地壳)以挤压为主,下层(异常地幔)以隆升为主.在上下地壳之间有一壳内低速低阻层,是一个主要的滑曳面.它的地质历史发展可以分为两个阶段.印度板块与西藏板块未碰撞前,异常地幔使高原缓慢隆升.在碰撞后,地壳加厚,重力均衡使高原快速隆升.  相似文献   

18.
利用现今青藏高原地质和地球物理研究成果,本文建立了垂直高原总体构造走向的南北向直立剖面的有限元模型,其根据实际资料,划分成分层和有限单元。在此模型基础上进行弹性材料的计算模拟和分析。 印度板块向北运动挤压、高原北部岩石圈阻碍及软流圈拖曳是青藏高原北移变形、隆升和地壳增厚的动力机制;重力及其均衡调整作用是地体间相对运动和地体内差异运动的主要动力,另外青藏高原还受地壳和上地幔结构构造的影响。计算模拟还得到了一些有实际意义的结果,如活动的地质构造和地球物理现象的分带集中、主边界和雅鲁藏布江等地体边界断裂的逆冲性质、各地体南部地表的南倾正断层及喜马拉雅山南坡向南的重力推覆等。  相似文献   

19.
We present relative sea level (RSL) curves in Antarctica derived from glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA)predictions based on the melting scenarios of the Antarctic ice sheet since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)given in previous works.Simultaneously,Holocene-age RSL observations obtained at the raised beaches along the coast of Antarctica are shown to be in agreement with the GIA predictions.The differences from previously published ice-loading models regarding the spatial distribution and total mass change of the melted ice are significant.These models were also derived from GIA modelling; the variations can be attributed to the lack of geological and geographical evidence regarding the history of crustal movement due to ice sheet evolution.Next,we summarise the previously published ice load models and demonstrate the RSL curves based on combinations of different ice and earth models.The RSL curves calculated by GIA models indicate that the model dependence of both the ice and earth models is significantly large at several sites where RSL observations were obtained.In particular,GIA predictions based on the thin lithospheric thickness show the spatial distributions that are dependent on the melted ice thickness at each sites.These characteristics result from the short-wavelength deformation of the Earth.However,our predictions strongly suggest that it is possible to find the average ice model despite the use of the different models of lithospheric thickness.By sea level and crustal movement observations,we can deduce the geometry of the post-LGM ice sheets in detail and remove the GIA contribution from the crustal deformation and gravity change observed by space geodetic techniques,such as GPS and GRACE,for the estimation of the Antarctic ice mass change associated with recent global warming.  相似文献   

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