共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 22 毫秒
1.
Naoto Iwasaka Yuichi Isozaki Susumu Kuwashima Hirotaka Otobe Kimio Hanawa 《Journal of Oceanography》2000,56(6):717-726
In situ observation of downward solar radiation in the Western Pacific were carried out with voluntary merchant ships for five years from autumn 1990 through autumn 1995. Daily means of the short wave radiation were computed from the observed solar radiation. Then, the effects of shadows of the ship's superstructures on the observed radiation were corrected if needed. A 5-year average of short wave radiation along the main sea-lanes in the Western Pacific was calculated based on the observed daily mean solar radiation. Maximum values of 270–280 Wm–2 are found around 15°–20°N in May and June, while those of 290 Wm–2 are observed south of 18°S in November and December along the lanes. Small annual variations are found in the equatorial region. Annual mean values at the equator are about 230 Wm–2 between New Guinea and Indonesia, and 200 Wm–2 east of New Guinea. The 5-year average of short wave radiation was compared with the climatologies given in previous studies. We have concluded that some of results of previous studies are significantly underestimated. 相似文献
2.
海表短波辐射收支是海–气界面能量交换的重要物理过程。本研究利用2019年南海北部夏季科考航次的走航观测数据,评估了ERA5再分析数据的海表短波辐射通量收支。结果表明,ERA5的向下短波辐射相比观测偏小,11时和15时(北京时间)的偏差最大,可达-100 W/m2。与此同时,ERA5的海表反照率整体偏低,其中高太阳高度角时段偏差较小,约为-0.03,低太阳高度角时段偏差较大,约为-0.15。向下短波辐射和反照率的偏差共同造成ERA5白天平均海表净短波辐射通量比观测偏小约25.4 W/m2;其中,反照率低估抵消了约50%向下短波辐射偏差的贡献。研究表明,在不同大气透射率情况下,ERA5的海表辐射收支偏差存在不同表现。ERA5海表反照率的低估可能与其采用的参数化方案在南海北部的适用性不足有关。基于观测本研究也给出了一个简单的参数优化方案。 相似文献
3.
Surface solar radiation over the Pacific Ocean off the Sanriku coast has been estimated using Visible and Infrared Spin Scan
Radiometer data supplied by the Geostationary Meteorological Satellite 5 for September, 1996 to June, 1997, when the Ocean
Color and Temperature Scanner was functioning. The hourly and daily insolation is estimated with a spatial resolution of 0.01-degree
grid. Thein situ surface short wave radiation obtained by the research vessel,Kofu-Maru belonging to the Japan Meteorological Agency is used for validation of the estimated insolation. It is shown that the estimated
hourly and daily insolation has an rms (root mean square) error of 17.05% and 8.13%, respectively, which are the ratios between
the rms error (W/m2) and the mean insolation (W/m2). 相似文献
4.
Ocean Color Satellite Imagery and Shipboard Measurements of Chlorophyll a and Suspended Particulate Matter Distribution in the East China Sea 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Satellite-derived ocean color data of Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) on board the Nimbus-7 and Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner (OCTS) on board the Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS) are jointly used with historical in situ data to examine seasonal and spatial distributions of chlorophyll a (Chl-a) and suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentrations in the East China Sea. Ocean color imagery showed that Chl-a concentrations on the continental shelf were higher than those of the Kuroshio area throughout the year. Satellite-derived Chl-a concentrations are generally in good accordance with historical in situ values during spring through autumn (although no shipboard in situ measurement was conducted at nearshore areas). In contrast, ocean color imagery in winter indicated high Chl-a concentrations (4–10 mg m–3) on the continental shelf where bottom depth was less than 50 m when surface water was turbid (2–72 g m–3 of SPM at surface), while historical in situ values were usually less than 1 mg m–3. This suggests that resuspended bottom sediment due to wind-driven mixing and winter cooling is responsible for the noticeable overestimation of satellite-derived Chl-a concentrations. The algorithm for ocean color needs to be improved urgently for turbid water. 相似文献
5.
Takafumi Hirata 《Journal of Oceanography》2008,64(4):561-566
An irradiance inversion model to estimate the in situ absorption coefficient of seawater has been developed for the Ultraviolet-A (UVA) wavelength domain. Input parameters are
sun angle and the up-and downward planar irradiances measured for at least two depths. The present method does not require
seawater to be sampled, and is a discrete wavelength method which returns the absorption coefficient at a given wavelength
from the irradiances measured at that wavelength without assuming a spectral shape of any optical properties a priori. Comparison between the model results and spectrophotometric measurements shows that the model is practically useful when
cloud cover in the atmosphere is ≤ 50%. According to the present method, measurements of the irradiances enable simultaneous
observation of the in situ underwater UVA radiation level and the absorption capacity of bulk seawater using a radiometer. 相似文献
6.
This paper discusses the possibility of measurement of the current velocity vector characteristics averaged over the time of continuous regular down-up probings from a moving carrier. The measurements can be carried out either from a moving vessel or from a helicopter, floating on or hovering above the sea surface. As an illustration for the suggested technique,in situ observations compiled by a free-component (±XYZ) VEGA-3 probe in the Guiana current region in March 1990 are provided. Comparison of the results with buoy data shows good agreement within the accuracy limits of the instruments employed.Translated by Vladimir A. Puchkin. 相似文献
7.
Significant wave height(SWH) can be computed from the returning waveform of radar altimeter, this parameter is only raw estimates if it does not calibrate. But accurate calibration is important for all applications, especially for climate studies. HY-2a altimeter has been operational since April 2012 and its products are available to the scientific community. In this work, SWH data from HY-2A altimeters are calibrated against in situ buoy data from the National Data Buoy Center(NDBC), Distinguished from previous calibration studies which generally regarded buoy data as "truth", the work of calibration for HY-2A altimeter wave data against in situ buoys was applied a more sophisticated statistical technique—the total least squares(TLS) method which can take into account errors in both variables. We present calibration results for HY-2A radar altimeter measurement of wave height against NDBC buoys. In addition, cross-calibration for HY-2A and Jason-2 wave data are talked over and the result is given. 相似文献
8.
基于观测的南海越南沿岸次表层涡旋 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In this study, subsurface eddies near the Vietnam coast of the South China Sea were observed with in situ observations, including Argo, CTD, XBT and some processed and quality controlled data. Based on temperature profiles from four Argo floats near the coast of Vietnam, a subsurface warm eddy was identified in spring and summer. The multi-year Argo and Global Temperature and Salinity Profile Programme(GTSPP) data were merged on a seasonal basis based on the data interpolating variational analysis(DIVA) method to reconstruct the three-dimensional temperature structure. There is a warm eddy in the central subsurface at 12.5°N, 111°E below300 m depth in spring, which does not exist in autumn and is weak in winter and summer. From CSIRO Atlas of Regional Seas(CARS) and Generalized Digital Environment Model(GDEM) reanalysis data, this subsurface warm eddy is also verified in spring. 相似文献
9.
The seasonal variabilities of a latent-heat flux (LHF), a sensible-heat flux (SHF) and net surface heat flux are examined in the northern South China Sea (NSCS), including their spatial characteristics, using the in situ data collected by ship from 2006 to 2007. The spatial distribution of LHF in the NSCS is mostly controlled by wind in summer and autumn owing to the lower vertical gradient of air humidity, but is influenced by both wind and near-surface air humidity vertical gradient in spring and winter. The largest area-averaged LHF is in autumn, with the value of 197.25 W/m 2 , followed by that in winter; the third and the forth are in summer and spring, respectively. The net heat flux is positive in spring and summer, so the NSCS absorbs heat; and the solar shortwave radiation plays the most important role in the surface heat budget. In autumn and winter, the net heat flux is negative in most of the observation region, so the NSCS loses heat; and the LHF plays the most important role in the surface heat budget. The net heating is mainly a result of the offsetting between heating due to the shortwave radiation and cooling due to the LHF and the upward (outgoing) long wave radiation, since the role of SHF is negligible. The ratio of the magnitudes of the three terms (shortwave radiation to LHF to long-wave radiation) averaged over the entire year is roughly 3:2:1, and the role of SHF is the smallest. 相似文献
10.
K. A. Shukurov I. I. Mokhov L. M. Shukurova 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2014,50(3):256-265
Temperature and radiation effects of the 2010 summer fires are estimated on the basis of measurements at the Zvenigorod Scientific Station (ZSS) of the Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), in the Moscow region. The surface air temperature during the 2010 summer smoke varied in antiphase with the aerosol mass concentration, and the thermal radiation balance in the surface layer of the atmosphere varied in phase. Under extreme smoke of the surface layer in August 2010, the reduction in surface air temperature at ZSS has been found to reach 4 K with an increase in the downward flux of thermal radiation by an average of 20 W/m2 and a decrease in the difference between upward and downward fluxes of thermal radiation by an average of 24 W/m2. 相似文献
11.
Wind-generated waves in Hurricane Juan 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
We present numerical simulations of the ocean surface waves generated by hurricane Juan in 2003 as it reached its mature stage (travelling from deep waters off Bermuda to Nova Scotia and making landfall near Halifax) using SWAN (v.40.31) nested within WAVEWATCH-III (v.2.22; denoted WW3) wave models, implemented on multiple-nested domains. As for all storm-wave simulations, spectral wave development is highly dependent on accurate simulations of storm winds during its life cycle. Due to Juan’s rapid translation speed (accelerating from 2.28 m s−1 on 27 September, 1200 UTC to 20 m s−1 on 29 September, 1200 UTC), an interpolation method is developed to blend observed hurricane winds with numerical weather prediction (NWP) model winds accurately. Wave model results are compared to in situ surface buoys and ADCP wave data along Juan’s track. At landfall, Juan’s maximum waves are mainly swell-dominated and peak waves lag the occurrence of the maximum winds. We explore the influence of surface waves on the wind and show that the accuracy of the wave simulation is enhanced by introducing swell and Stokes drift feedback mechanisms to modify the winds, and by limiting the peak drag coefficient under high wind conditions, in accordance with recent theoretical and experimental results. 相似文献
12.
Yoshi N. Sasaki Yurika Katagiri Shoshiro Minobe Ignatius G. Rigor 《Journal of Oceanography》2007,63(2):255-265
Relations in year-to-year variability between wintertime Sea-Ice Concentrations (SICs) in the Okhotsk Sea and atmospheric
anomalies consisting of zonal and meridional 1000-hPa wind speeds and 850-hPa air temperatures are studied using a singular
value decomposition analysis. It is revealed that the late autumn (October–November) atmospheric conditions strongly influence
sea-ice variability from the same season (late autumn) through late winter (February—March), in which sea-ice extent is at
its maximum. The autumn atmospheric conditions for the positive sea-ice anomalies exhibit cold air temperature anomalies over
the Okhotsk Sea and wind anomalies blowing into the Okhotsk Sea from Siberia. These atmospheric conditions yield anomalous
ocean-to-atmosphere heat fluxes and cold sea surface temperature anomalies in the Okhotsk Sea. Hence, these results suggest
that the atmospheric conditions affect the sea-ice through heat anomalies stored in sea-ice and oceanic fields. The late autumn
atmosphere conditions are related to large 700-hPa geopotential height anomalies over the Bering Sea and northern Eurasia,
which are related to a stationary Rossby wave propagation over the North Pacific and that from the North Atlantic to Eurasia,
respectively. In addition, the late autumn atmospheric preconditioning also plays an important role in the decreasing trend
in the Okhotsk sea-ice extent observed from 1980 to the mid-1990s. Based on the lagged sea-ice response to the late autumn
atmosphere, a simple seasonal prediction scheme is proposed for the February–March sea-ice extent using four-month leading
atmospheric conditions. This scheme explains 45% of the variance of the Okhotsk sea-ice extent. 相似文献
13.
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15.
Takashi Ishimaru Hirotaka Otobe Toshiro Saino Hiroshi Hasumoto Toshisuke Nakai 《Journal of Oceanography》1984,40(3):207-212
A realtime monitoring system for observing physical, biological, and optical oceanographic parameters in shallow waters was developed. It consists of a CTD with oxygen sensor, anin situ fluorometer, anin situ transmissometer, and anin situ quanta meter together with an on-deck quanta meter. The system is also equipped with a water sampling device. Water sampling can be done during the upward cast on the basis of depth profiles of temperature, salinity, oxygen,in situ fluorescence, transmittance, and underwater irradiance taken during the downward cast. 相似文献
16.
In this study, the horizontal and vertical distribution of primary production(PP) and its monthly variations were described based on field data collected from the Daya Bay in January–December of 2016. The relationships between PP and environmental factors were analyzed using a general additive model(GAM). Significant seasonal differences were observed in the horizontal distribution of PP, while vertical distribution showed a relatively consistent unimodal pattern. The monthly average PP(calculated by carbon) ranged from 48.03 to 390.56 mg/(m~2·h),with an annual average of 182.77 mg/(m~2·h). The highest PP was observed in May and the lowest in November.Additionally, the overall trend in PP was springsummerwinterautumn, and spring PP was approximately three times that of autumn PP. GAM analysis revealed that temperature, bottom salinity, phytoplankton, and photosynthetically active radiation(PAR) had no significant relationships with PP, while longitude, depth, surface salinity, chlorophyll a(Chl a) and transparency were significantly correlated with PP. Overall, the results presented herein indicate that monsoonal changes and terrestrial and offshore water systems have crucial effects on environmental factors that are associated with PP changes. 相似文献
17.
A. M. Chukharev 《Physical Oceanography》1999,10(2):175-182
For a one type of temperature turbulent convection observed in the ocean, i.e., for the two-dimensional roller-type convection,
we propose a model intended for the evaluation of the intensity and depth of penetration of convective motions as functions
of a given heat flow from the sea surface and the temperature gradient in the thermocline. This model is based on the methods
of the theory of turbulent jets and experimental data on the vertical distribution of temperature in the course of convection.
The comparison of the calculated dimensionless values of the depth of penetration of the thermocline in autumn and winter
shows a good qualitative agreement with the data ofin situ measurements.
Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev 相似文献
18.
在海-气相互作用研究中,大气下行辐射的准确估算具有重要意义。在气象站点分布密集的地区,大气下行辐射可通过常规的仪器测量获取。但海洋表面布点成本高,维护比较困难,严重影响我们对海区辐射特征的认识和了解。遥感可提供良好的时空连续性和多层次数据,是研究大气下行辐射的有效手段。本文模拟了不同大气条件下海表的长波下行辐射,考虑到大气下行辐射不仅与所在层的大气有关,还受临近大气层的影响,我们通过增加大气水汽含量重新参数化大气比辐射率,改进Brutsaert模型,建立基于MODIS数据遥感估算海洋表面大气下行辐射的模型,并利用"中国近海海洋综合调查与评价"项目中黄海区观测的海-气通量观测资料对所提出的模型进行检验。结果表明,本文所改进的参数化模型在模拟数据中的均方误差(RMSE)为11.2 W/m~2;在实际数据验证中,RMSE为20.9 W/m~2;模型的精度基本达到了海-气作用研究中对瞬时大气下行辐射的精度要求。 相似文献
19.
Influence of the Po River runoff on the bacterioplankton community along trophic and salinity gradients in the Northern Adriatic Sea 
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下载免费PDF全文 Ilaria Pizzetti Giuliano Lupini Fabrizio Bernardi Aubry Francesco Acri Bernhard M. Fuchs Stefano Fazi 《Marine Ecology》2016,37(6):1386-1397
The Po River runoff strongly affects the oceanographic and ecological characteristics of the Northern Adriatic Sea. Catalysed reported deposition ‐ fluorescence in situ hybridization (CARD‐FISH) analysis was employed to assess how the composition of the coastal bacterioplankton community is influenced by the river runoff in two different seasons (spring and autumn). Samples were collected from the water column along a coastal–offshore transect in the Northern Adriatic Sea at different depths. Four clone libraries were then constructed from coastal (0 m) and offshore waters (?65 m). Higher abundances of bacteria were recorded in coastal waters as compared with the offshore samples. This result was mainly due to the trophic state of the water column, and it was related to salinity. Particularly, Actinobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria were affected by the riverine inputs, whereas Bacteroidetes and Alphaproteobacteria showed only minor responses. This was particularly clear in the autumn sample, in which a clear difference between the coastal and the offshore samples was found due to a strong influence of the less saline river water with high nutrient concentrations. Analysis of 205 partial length 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated a high diversity with the dominance of Alphaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Gammaproteobacteria mainly affiliated to coastal and marine bacterioplankton clades. Actinobacteria were also detected and, together with Gammaproteobacteria, strongly follow the freshwater intrusion. Overall, our results indicate that the seasonal difference in the Po River discharge greatly affects the bacterioplankton community. In spring we observed a smooth transition from coastal to open‐sea conditions owing to the more superficial freshwater plume. In autumn the deeper freshwater intrusion in the coastal site and thermal stratification offshore resulted in a marked difference between the coastal and offshore microbial communities. 相似文献
20.
利用1998―2007年Seaflux资料结合太阳短波辐射及海面风场数据,分析了孟加拉湾海表日增温（Diurnal Warming of Sea Surface Temperature, dSST）的季节变化特征及其形成机制。结果显示,在赤道海域（5.0°N以南）,dSST以年周期变化为主并呈现12月至次年5月高、6—11月低的单峰结构,在湾内（5.0°N以北）,dSST则表现出显著的半年周期变化而呈现独特的春、秋季高,夏、冬季低的双峰结构。dSST空间分布形态春季呈湾中部高、四周低的态势;秋季湾口较低、湾内及赤道海域较高;夏、冬季形态基本一致均呈赤道高、湾内低的格局,但夏、冬季湾内高值中心略有不同,分别位于斯里兰卡岛东北部近海及湾西边界区。进一步分析表明,海面风速对整个研究海域的影响均较为重要,因此决定了dSST空间分布形态的季节变化。太阳短波辐射对湾内dSST季节变化的影响也较为重要,但在湾口以南至赤道大部分海域的影响较弱。 相似文献