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1.
Toxicity identification in metal plating effluent: implications in establishing effluent discharge limits using bioassays in Korea 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Because of complexity and diversity of toxicants in effluent, chemical analysis alone gives very limited information on identifying toxic chemicals to test organisms. Toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) techniques have been widely used to identify toxicants in various samples including industrial wastewater as well as natural waters. In response to new regulation for effluent discharge in Korea, which will be effective from 2011, a necessity of studies emerges that investigates toxicity levels in industrial effluents. This work was a preliminary study examining toxicity levels in effluent from one metal plating factory using Daphnia magna (48 h immobility) and identifying toxicity-causing substances. Toxicity tests showed variability on different sampling occasions and the results of TIE methods indicated that both organic compounds and metals contributed to the observed toxicity in metal plating effluent. Further studies are necessary to help reduce effluent toxicity especially from direct dischargers, who will have to comply with the new regulation. 相似文献
2.
《Marine pollution bulletin》2009,58(6-12):637-644
Because of complexity and diversity of toxicants in effluent, chemical analysis alone gives very limited information on identifying toxic chemicals to test organisms. Toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) techniques have been widely used to identify toxicants in various samples including industrial wastewater as well as natural waters. In response to new regulation for effluent discharge in Korea, which will be effective from 2011, a necessity of studies emerges that investigates toxicity levels in industrial effluents. This work was a preliminary study examining toxicity levels in effluent from one metal plating factory using Daphnia magna (48 h immobility) and identifying toxicity-causing substances. Toxicity tests showed variability on different sampling occasions and the results of TIE methods indicated that both organic compounds and metals contributed to the observed toxicity in metal plating effluent. Further studies are necessary to help reduce effluent toxicity especially from direct dischargers, who will have to comply with the new regulation. 相似文献
3.
Toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) of pore water of contaminated marine sediments collected from Hong Kong waters 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Marine sediment can function both as a source and as a sink of marine chemical contaminants. The toxicity of contaminated marine sediment can be assessed by toxic evaluation of its pore water, the inter-particle water of sediment, because toxicants in the pore water may be bioavailable to marine organisms. In this study, the toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) was performed to identify the major toxicants in the pore water of marine sediment collected in Hong Kong waters. In Phase 1 TIE, the suspected toxicants were characterized as anions or organic compounds that are either oxidizable or filterable in alkaline medium. In Phase 2 TIE, the suspected toxicants were identified as sulfide (S2−) based on the reduction of toxicity due to lowering of sulfide concentrations by experimental manipulations. The mass balance and spiking analyses in Phase 3 confirmed that S2− was one of the major toxicants and that some non-toxic unknown compounds measured by LC–MS, which was removed by C18 solid phase extraction, enhanced the toxicity of S2− in the pore water samples. 相似文献
4.
In Korea, the new permission criteria for industrial effluents based on Daphnia magna acute toxicity tests will be gradually implemented starting from 2011. Thus, in this study, toxicity assessment and identification using a marine species (Tigriopus japonicus) and the freshwater species (D. magna) was comparatively investigated. Effluent from an acid mine drainage treatment plant showed acute toxicity toward both organisms due to low pH, which was removed by neutralization of the effluent. Additionally, evaluation of the effluent of an electronics company revealed that Cu was attributable to the observed toxicity, and the effluent was more toxic toward T. japonicus than D. magna. Moreover, effluents from a metal plating factory were acutely toxic toward D. magna (6.50 TU), while they were not toxic against T. japonicus. Toxicity identification revealed that the high level of Cl- (12,841 mg L(-1)) was the cause of toxicity. Thus, the effluents had no effect on the marine species, T. japonicus. These findings suggest that a marine species rather than a freshwater species is more desirable for toxicity assessment of industrial effluent discharged into the saltwater, and thus should be considered in the legislation of toxicity-based discharge limits in Korea. 相似文献
5.
Contribution to the characterization and identification of low molecular weight organic substances in biologically treated effluent. In a review it is shown that by determination of sum parameters only 25% of low molecular weight substances <1000 Dalton in biologically treated effluent can be divided into different classes of compounds. A method is described to separate the low molecular weight compounds (freeze concentration, electrodialysis, vacuum evaporation, freeze drying) in order to identify single compounds. In a first GC-MS analysis 87 compounds, among them a high proportion of substances with hetero atoms, could be identified. Their concentrations lie between 0,1 and 3 μg/1. Only 3% of the low molecular weight fraction related to the DOC value is covered by the identified substances. Therefore it can be assumed, that a broad variety of low molecular weight compounds in very low concentrations is present in the effluent of biological treatment plants. 相似文献
6.
《Marine pollution bulletin》2012,64(5-12):370-375
In Korea, the new permission criteria for industrial effluents based on Daphnia magna acute toxicity tests will be gradually implemented starting from 2011. Thus, in this study, toxicity assessment and identification using a marine species (Tigriopus japonicus) and the freshwater species (D. magna) was comparatively investigated. Effluent from an acid mine drainage treatment plant showed acute toxicity toward both organisms due to low pH, which was removed by neutralization of the effluent. Additionally, evaluation of the effluent of an electronics company revealed that Cu was attributable to the observed toxicity, and the effluent was more toxic toward T. japonicus than D. magna. Moreover, effluents from a metal plating factory were acutely toxic toward D. magna (6.50 TU), while they were not toxic against T. japonicus. Toxicity identification revealed that the high level of Cl− (12,841 mg L−1) was the cause of toxicity. Thus, the effluents had no effect on the marine species, T. japonicus. These findings suggest that a marine species rather than a freshwater species is more desirable for toxicity assessment of industrial effluent discharged into the saltwater, and thus should be considered in the legislation of toxicity-based discharge limits in Korea. 相似文献
7.
A method is described for the detection and identification of dissolved organic compounds (DOCs) in various water samples. Acid treated active silica gel sorbent (pH 3) was packed into a micro‐column and used as a solid‐phase extraction medium for adsorption of DOCs. Silica particles‐adsorbed‐organic species were then divided into equal portions followed by suspension into various organic solvents of different polarities such as methanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, and toluene. Suspended silica‐adsorbed‐organic species were shaken for 1 h at room temperature and the organic extracts were subjected to GC–MS analysis under temperature programming conditions for qualitative detection and identification of these species. Blank solvents and silica samples were also subjected to the same extraction procedures and GC–MS analysis for comparison. The mass spectrum of each eluted chromatographic peak was library searched or manually interpreted to identify the compound. 相似文献
8.
J. G. Woodworth C. King A. G. Miskiewicz E. Laginestra J. Simon 《Marine pollution bulletin》1999,39(1-12):174-178
In 1995, Sydney Water Corporation undertook an ecological and human health risk assessment for 10 sewage treatment plants (STPs) that discharge primary (6 STPs) and secondary (4 STPs) treated effluents into coastal waters in the Sydney and Illawarra regions, NSW, Australia. A program of toxicity testing of effluent from the 10 STPs was undertaken to determine the toxic effects of the effluents and as a weight-of-evidence study for the risk assessment.
Three types of bioassays were used to test multiple samples of effluent from each STP. Tests used were the sea urchin (Heliocidaris tuberculata) fertilization and larval development bioassays and the amphipod (Allorchestes compressa) survival bioassay.
Comparing between STPs, primary treated effluent was slightly more toxic than secondary treated effluent for all three tests. The highest toxicity was recorded for those STPs that use primary treatment and discharge to the shoreline. Comparing between tests, the sea urchin fertilization bioassay was slightly more sensitive than the sea urchin larval development bioassay, with the amphipod survival bioassay being the least sensitive.
This paper will describe the results of this toxicity testing program and discuss the application of the study results as weight-of-evidence for the risk assessment study. 相似文献
9.
Melbourne Water's Eastern Treatment Plant (ETP) produces a secondary-treated sewage effluent which is chlorinated and discharged into Bass Strait at Boags Rocks, Victoria, Australia. Disappearance of the sensitive brown seaweed Hormosira banksii from rock platforms immediately adjacent to the shore-line discharge was identified in the early 1990s. Subsequently, Melbourne Water and CSIRO undertook an environmental impact assessment and review of land and marine effluent disposal options, which included ambient water quality monitoring, biological monitoring, bioaccumulation studies and toxicity testing of existing effluent to assess the nature and magnitude of the environmental effects. This paper presents data from the toxicity monitoring programs since 2001. Chronic toxicity testing using macroalgal germination and cell division (H. banksii), microalgal growth rate (Nitzschia closterium) and scallop larval development (Chlamys asperrima), confirmed that ammonia was the major cause of effluent toxicity. Results from this toxicity monitoring program were used to develop action trigger values for toxicity for each species, which were then used in a refined monitoring program in 2005-2007. An upgrade of the ETP is in progress to improve nitrification/denitrification in order to reduce ammonia concentrations and the toxicity of the effluent. Toxicity testing with a simulated upgraded effluent confirmed that ammonia concentrations and toxicity were reduced. Estimated "safe" dilutions of effluent, calculated using species sensitivity distributions, decreased from 1:140-300 for existing ETP effluent to 1:20 for nitrified effluent, further confirming that treatment improvements should reduce the impact on marine biota in the vicinity of the discharge. 相似文献
10.
Ayrton F. Martins Carlos A. Mallmann Daniel R. Arsand Francieli Martins Mayer Carla G. B. Brenner 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2011,39(1):21-27
In this study, an investigation was carried out into the occurrence of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and trimethoprim (TMP) in the effluent of the university hospital (HUSM) of the UFSM. The degradation of these antimicrobials by the electrocoagulation (EC) process was also examined, in both the aqueous solution and hospital effluent, and a study was conducted in order to identify the subproducts formed. The experiments were optimized through factorial planning and, also, checked by response surface methodology. The best conditions for EC (achieving 58.0% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction) were obtained by using 13 mA cm?2, 500 mg L?1 of NaCl, and 30 mm of interelectrode distance. The quantification of SMX (27.8 µg L?1) and TMP (6.65 µg L?1) in the hospital effluent, and the identification of the degradation products were carried out through liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry quadrupole linear and ion trapping with electrospray ionization (LC‐ESI‐MS/MS_QTrap). Removals of 88.0% (degradation only) and 33.0% (adsorption only) were achieved for aqueous solutions of SMX and TMP, respectively, under optimized conditions. In hospital effluent samples, fortified with additions of SMX and TMP, corresponding removals of 16.0% (degradation) and 28.0% (adsorption) were achieved. This suggests that the EC process is efficient in degrading SMX in aqueous solution, although the same was not the case with TMP. The degradation products of SMX were identified (m/z 256.0 and 288.5); however, only the latter is mentioned in the literature. Toxicological aspects were not considered in this study. 相似文献
11.
Ho KT Burgess RM Pelletier MC Serbst JR Ryba SA Cantwell MG Kuhn A Raczelowski P 《Marine pollution bulletin》2002,44(4):286-293
The identification of toxicants affecting aquatic benthic systems is critical to sound assessment and management of our nation's waterways. Identification of toxicants can be useful in designing effective sediment remediation plans and reasonable options for sediment disposal. Knowledge of which contaminants affect benthic systems allows managers to link pollution to specific dischargers and prevent further release of toxicant(s). In addition, identification of major causes of toxicity in sediments may guide programs such as those developing environmental sediment guidelines and registering pesticides, while knowledge of the causes of toxicity which drive ecological changes such as shifts in benthic community structure would be useful in performing ecological risk assessments. To this end, the US Environmental Protection Agency has developed tools (toxicity identification and evaluation (TIE) methods) that allow investigators to characterize and identify chemicals causing acute toxicity in sediments and dredged materials. To date, most sediment TIEs have been performed on interstitial waters. Preliminary evidence from the use of interstitial water TIEs reveals certain patterns in causes of sediment toxicity. First, among all sediments tested, there is no one predominant cause of toxicity; metals, organics, and ammonia play approximately equal roles in causing toxicity. Second, within a single sediment there are multiple causes of toxicity detected; not just one chemical class is active. Third, the role of ammonia is very prominent in these interstitial waters. Finally, if sediments are divided into marine or freshwater, TIEs perforMed on interstitial waters from freshwater sediments indicate a variety of toxicants in fairly equal proportions, while TIEs performed on interstitial waters from marine sediments have identified only ammonia and organics as toxicants, with metals playing a minor role. Preliminary evidence from whole sediment TIEs indicates that organic compounds play a major role in the toxicity of marine sediments, with almost no evidence for either metal or ammonia toxicity. However, interpretation of these results may be skewed because only a small number of interstitial water (n = 13) and whole sediment (n = 5) TIEs have been completed. These trends may change as more data are collected. 相似文献
12.
Sediment toxicity in silty marine harbor sediments is frequently dominated by ammonia or sulfide, leaving the adverse effects of persistent toxic substances unnoticed. To investigate the latter, we subjected interstitial water from three contaminated silty sediments to toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) phase I manipulations and tested for toxicity with four bioassays: the amphipod Corophium volutator (survival as an endpoint), the sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris (fertilization, embryo development) and the bacterium Vibrio fischeri (bioluminescence inhibition).The graduated pH manipulations identified the prominent toxicity of ammonia in the amphipod and sea urchin embryo tests, and also sulfide toxicity in the bacterium test. In two of the three samples tested with the amphipods, sea urchin embryos and bacteria, a small but significant reduction in interstitial water toxicity was achieved by removing persistent compounds through C(18) solid phase extraction. EDTA chelation resulted in a slight detoxification of the interstitial water for the amphipods and sea urchin embryos, but this was not related to any measured trace metals. Despite the presence of toxic levels of ammonia and sulfide in the harbor sediments, we established the adverse biological effects of persistent constituents by means of the TIE manipulations and in vivo interstitial water bioassays. 相似文献
13.
Fayaz S. Lakhwala James G. Mueller Richard J. Desrosiers 《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》1998,18(2):97-106
A full-scale ground water circulation well (GCW) system was installed and operated to demonstrate in situ remediation of soil and ground water impacted with a mixture of chlorinated and nonchlorinated organic compounds at a Superfund site in upstate New York. System performance and applicability under site-specific conditions were evaluated based on the system's ability to meet the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) cleanup goals for target compounds in ground water and soil. Contaminants from the unsaturated zone were mobilized (volatilized) by one-way vacuum extraction, and treated via enhanced biodegradation (bioventing). In the saturated zone, contaminants were mobilized by soil flushing (solubilized) and treated by a combination of air stripping and biodegradation. An in situ aqueous phase bioreactor, and an ex situ gas phase bioreactor, were integrated into the system to enhance treatment via bioremediation. After 15 months of operation, the mass of target contaminants in soil and ground water combined had been reduced by 75%. Removal by biological mechanisms ranged from 35% to 56% of the total observed mass reduction. The in situ and the ex situ bioreactors mineralized 79% and 76%, respectively, of their target biodegradable contaminant loads. Results indicate that some mass reduction in target contaminants may have been from aerobic and aerobic processes within the circulation cell. Nonchlorinated compounds were relatively easy to mobilize (volatilize, solubilize, and/or transport) and treat when compared to chlorinated compounds. The data collected during the 15-month study indicate that remediation could be accomplished at the Sweden-3 Chapman site using the technology tested. 相似文献
14.
Accidental oil spills from ships or rigs and inputs of effluent such as production formation water (PFW) are key perceived threats to tropical biota from industry activities. Scleractinian corals are an important functional component of tropical reefs and the abundance, diversity and resilience of coral communities can be used as an indicator of ecosystem health. In this paper, we report the effects of petroleum products, including water accommodated fractions (WAF) of crude oil, PFW and dispersant (Corexit 9527), on fertilization and larval metamorphosis of the widespread scleractinian coral, Acropora millepora (Ehrenberg, 1834) in laboratory-based assays. At 20% v/v PFW fertilization was inhibited by 25%. This concentration was equivalent 0.0721 mg l−1 total hydrocarbon (THC). In contrast, larval metamorphosis was more sensitive to this effluent, with 98% metamorphosis inhibited at the same concentration. Crude oil WAF did not inhibit fertilization of gametes until dispersant was introduced. Dispersed oil was slightly more toxic to fertilization than dispersant alone, suggesting toxicity to that event may be additive. The minimum concentration of dispersed oil which inhibited fertilization was 0.0325 mg l−1 THC. Larval metamorphosis was more sensitive than fertilization to crude oil. Although crude oil and dispersant inhibited larval metamorphosis individually, this toxicity was magnified when larvae were exposed to combinations of both. Crude oil inhibited metamorphosis at 0.0824 mg l−1 THC and at 0.0325 mg l−1 THC when dispersed in 10% v/v (dispersant/oil). Management of petroleum-related risks to spawning corals should consider not only the occurrence of the annual coral spawning event, but also the subsequent 1–3-week period during which most larval metamorphosis and recruitment occur. 相似文献
15.
The toxicity of intact sediments and sediment extracts, from both an uncontaminated site and a site contaminated by pulp-mill effluents, was tested in a five months study. The deposit-feeding amphipod Monoporeia affinis was exposed in soft-bottom flow-through water microcosms. To examine potential toxicity a set of reproduction endpoints was used including fecundity and different embryo aberrations such as malformed eggs. Among extracts, the aliphatic/monoaromatic and diaromatic fractions along with the total extract were shown to cause the highest toxicity measured as malformed eggs, while the polyaromatic fraction caused toxicity at background levels. A comparison between sediment extracts and pulp mill contaminated intact sediment, however, showed no toxicity of the intact sediment. Thus, the extraction procedure seems to increase bioavailability and subsequently toxicity as compared to the intact sediments in situ. In toxicity testing using fractionated extracts of sediments in a toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) procedures, caution should therefore be taken when assessing bioavailable contaminants in contaminated areas. This should be taken in account both in determining remediation priorities as well as in ecological risk assessments. 相似文献
16.
S. Gupta 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1988,16(2):189-195
Fish, Cyprinus carpio and Channa punctatus in four sizes (6.0 ± 1.2; 12.5 ± 1.6; 20.6 ± 1.5 and 28.0 ± 1.8 cm in total length) were exposed to industrial effluents from the Sangam Dyeing Factory (Ludhiana), the Sterling Steel and ABC Paper Mills (Hoshiarpur) to evaluate the acute toxicity of these effluents at different fish sizes. Results reveal that the toxicity of industrial effluents decreased with the increased fish size from 6.0 ± 1.2 to 20.6 ± 1.5 cm in length. However, for specimens of the size of 28.0 ± 1.6 cm and more, the toxicity of the effluents increased with an increase in fish size. On the basis of the relative toxicity to fish, effluent from the Sterling Steel Mill was found to be highly toxic to fish and effluent from the Dyeing Factory least toxic except for the fish of 6.0 ± 1.2 cm at which dyeing factory effluent was most toxic and ABC paper mill effluent the least toxic. 相似文献
17.
There is determined the LC50 for 24 … 96 h of phenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol and pentachlorophenol as sodium salt by static assay at water temperatures of 16, 23 and 36°C. In addition, the combinations of the three substances were tested in the same way. With decreasing temperature, the toxicity of the individual substances decreased by 6.5 … 22%, that of the mixtures by 10 … 87%; with rising temperature, the toxicity increased by 38 … 747% and 75 … 744%, respectively. The safety limits at 23°C lie between 0.3 μg/l for a synergistically acting mixture and 0.9 mg/l for an antagonistically acting one; for the individual substances this range is 3.5 μg/l to 0.5 mg/l. 相似文献
18.
Ayrton F. Martins Tibiriçá G. Vasconcelos Danielle M. Henriques Carla da S. Frank Armin König Klaus Kümmerer 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2008,36(3):264-269
This study was carried out to evaluate the occurrence of the fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agent ciprofloxacin (CIP) in the effluent of the Hospital of the Federal University of Santa Maria (HUSM). Measured environmental concentrations (MECs) of CIP in the hospital wastewater, both before (P1) and after (P2) cesspit/filter system treatment (CFTS), were determined by means of solid phase extraction and reversed‐phase liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (LC‐FLD) and reversed‐phase liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (LC‐MS/MS). The MECs (n = 7 daily composed samples) were 19 to 155 μg L–1 (average: 54 ± 21 μg L–1) and 32 to 99 μg L–1 (average: 65 ± 45 μg L–1) in P1 and P2, respectively. No relevant removal was observed from P1 to P2. In a worst case scenario, the final effluent was regarded as MECs of surface water. These MECs were generally 5 to 20,000‐fold higher than what was previously known. If the present data is drawn on to form a model of the situation in developing countries, the picture provides a first rough indication that the environmental risk associated with the use and emission of pharmaceuticals into the environment in developing countries might be higher than in developed countries. 相似文献
19.
Dale A. Lang Trevor P. Bastow Ben G.K. Van Aarssen Ben Warton Greg B. Davis Colin D. Johnston 《Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation》2009,29(4):85-93
Hydrocarbon and nonhydrocarbon components dissolving in water from fresh diesel and field samples of highly weathered diesel (spilled up to 50 years ago) from two sites were investigated. The fresh and weathered diesels were equilibrated with water using a slow-stirring method, and the product and equilibrated aqueous water samples analyzed by a range of analytical procedures. The water phase equilibrated with weathered diesels had higher total dissolved organics concentrations (96 and 8.6 mg/L at the two sites) compared to the water phase equilibrated with fresh diesel (average of 3.4 mg/L). Compound class characterization of dissolved organics in water from the weathered diesel showed that polar components were a significant compound class (98% and 42% at the two sites) and appeared largely as an unresolved complex mixture (UCM) in the total ion chromatograms (TICs). Identification of 1-adamantanol in the polar fraction of both weathered diesel samples (3.6 and 0.3 μg/L at the two sites) suggested that at least some of the associated polar components are from a petroleum source. The analysis of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) is aimed at measuring only dissolved carbon and hydrogen-containing compounds, and dissolved polar compounds present as a UCM are often assumed to be from natural organic matter (NOM) and removed. This may result in a gross underestimation of the total soluble organic material in water associated with weathered diesels. In addition, the risk posed by these fuel-derived polar compounds is unknown. 相似文献
20.
High-performance thin-layer chromatography with automated multiple development (AMD-HPTLC) was applied for the examination of pulp mill bleachery effluents from an alkali-oxygen-peroxide (EOP) bleaching stage of a sulfite pulp. A gradient based on methanol and dichloro-methane was developed for the separation of the effluent compounds over a wide range of migration distances. A series of reference substances such as lignin phenols and other aromatic acids, aldehydes, and alcohols as well as two resin acids were investigated in parallel using the AMD-HPTLC method. Characterization of the effluent compounds was possible using the migration distances and the recorded spectra. The composition of different samples of effluent were found to be very similar. The application of the AMD-HPTLC to effluent fractions from acidic liquid-liquid extraction using diethyl ether and from RP C18 solid-phase extraction allowed us to follow the behaviour of the effluent compounds in the extraction procedure. 相似文献