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一个地震系列是指一定时间内,在同一地震区中连续发生的若干地震事件。它们有一个共同的孕育过程,因而具有统一的前兆场的演化历史。地震前兆场是一个区域场,而不只局限于某个震源区的变化。根据本文所定义的地震系列和前兆场的概念,研究了海城—唐山地震系列孕育过程中地震前兆场的时空演化特征。它可以分为不同的阶段,每个阶段的异常特征及空间分布特点不同。在此基础上,讨论了它们与地质构造的关系及其对地震预报的意义,包括前兆场的区域大小与震级、前兆场的空间变化过程与发震地点的关系及地震发生前的短临前兆标志 相似文献
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云南地区中短期前兆场异常与强震关系研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过对云南地区观测连续、稳定的近200个台项前兆资料全时空的中短期异常信息分析研究,发现有规律的前兆变化只是一种理想的模式 .在强区域应力场的作用下,会导致观测环境发生变化,使观测值的规律性发生变化(这类变化通常发生在强震前后),从而异常的判别标准需有变化,才能提高预报效能.由于常常存在多个应力集中点,用前兆预测地点很难达到现行预报要求的精度,但用场上的群体特征判别云南地区的活动水平,有较好的预测预报效能.云南强震前前兆的群体异常特征很显著 ,当有40%以上的前兆观测项目出现异常,可能有7级地震发生.笔者认为目前观测到的大部分异常是区域应力场增强的结果,是场上的信息,而不完全是震源的应力集中引起的.在区域应力场的作用下,一定范围内可以有多个应力集中点,这些点中因结构和介质的不同, 有的积累了应变,逐渐发展成震源,有的以应力应变的形式表现出来,被前兆仪器观测到就成了人们认为的异常,地震和异常都是区域应力场增强的结果,二者是伴生关系,而不是因果关系. 相似文献
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本文采取统一分析模式,系统地研究了１９８９ 年大同５．８ 级地震前河北省及其邻近地区各种前兆观测手段所出现的异常变化,并计算了这些异常所提供的前兆信息量,在此基础上,得到了大同地震之前前兆信息场的时、空动态图像,发现１９８９ 年大同５．８ 级地震前,河北省及其邻近地区前兆信息场,先在震源附近及外围出现,尔后向震源区边缘迁移集中,在保持震源区边缘较强信息的同时,前兆信息又向外围扩展,不久即发生地震。 相似文献
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1995年7月12日-1996年2月3日在云南及邻近地区曾发生过3次强震，形成了多次地震在短时间内接踵发生的现象，在这种情况下，各次地震的前兆场之间的相互叠加是不可避免的。用“层次法”对各次地震的前兆场进行了分离，并讨论了分离的原则。结果表明：（1）某些震源不同层次点在时间轴上相遇时，由于叠加作用使异常幅度特别大；（2）某些震源不同层次点时间相近时，形成前兆突跳群；（3）强震前兆和后效前兆明显，表明未来时段内有强震发生；（4）在多源系统发震的晚期阶段，前兆异常明显减弱，这意味着多源系统趋于解体。 相似文献
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本文采取统一分析模式,系统地研究了１９８９年大同５．８级地震前河北省及其邻近地区各种前兆观测手段所出现的异常变化,并计算了这些异常所提供的前兆信息量,在此基础上,得到了大同地震之前前兆信息场的时,空动态图像,发现１９８９年大同５．８级地震前,河北省及邻近地区前兆信息场,先在震源附近及外围出现,尔后向震源区边缘迁移集中,在保持震源区边缘较强信息的同时,前兆信息又向外围扩展,不久即发生地震。 相似文献
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本文选取了我国两个前兆台网较密集的地区进行了前兆异常场时空扫描。这两个地区分别是南北带中南段(20°～35°N,95°～110°E)和华北地区(36°～42°N,110°～120°E)。在空间上以05°×05°为一个窗口,025°为一个滑动步长;在时间上以4个月为一个窗口,1个月为滑动步长,对这两个地区分别从1994年1月和1995年1月开始进行前兆异常密度时空扫描。所用前兆异常来自中国地震局分析预报中心全国震情研究室和首都圈震情研究室的《月会商纪要》。针对所得扫描结果,试图用一种具有鲜明物理机制的构造块体孕震模型来解释前兆场演化的物理机制。在孕震块体模型中,设定各潜在震源区的强度是随机分布的,由于模型中各孕震体的强度不均匀,因而在给定边界条件后,模型系统出现应力分布不均匀的状态。在系统边界定常应变速率的作用下,模拟的孕震体在应力超过自身静摩擦强度后发生破裂。但由于模型系统是含有耦合作用的网络结构,各孕震体的应力可以相互传导和相互影响,因而在孕震系统应力场发展演化和震源孕育破裂之间呈现为相当复杂的图像。多数震源的破裂是应力增高造成的,但也有一些震源在高应力作用下没有发生破裂,另外有部分应力并不十分高的孕震体由于受周围地震应力调整的影响而发生破裂。以上结果为前兆异常与地 相似文献
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研究了地震震源前兆系统的几个特点。震源和前兆是在应力应变场不同分量作用下发育成的。不均匀性和非线性因素对震源和前兆有强烈的影响。讨论了介质和应力应变场不均匀性对地震震源形成和地震前兆影响的差别。在不同的应力场中，前兆的非线性关系首先在应变灵敏性上显示出来。应变灵敏性的不完备导致了“错误预测”和“漏报”这类预测错误。由地震前兆形成的条件可以得出复杂的前兆分布以及前兆相对震中转移规律的结论。研究了前兆信号曲线组成的几个特点，这些特点可以使地震短期前兆的区分更有根据。 相似文献
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2000年7～9月强地震的前兆次声波测量研究 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：9
介绍强地震前兆观测的一种新方法－－次声波法。在北京昌平安装次声三点阵，江测量到2000年7－9月强地震的前兆次声波P－t曲线及波速波向图，经过快速傅立叶变换得到其三维动态频谱。频谱分析结果表明：（1）强震前约10天内常能测到振幅很强、方向可测的地震前兆次声。其三维动态频谱的特点是：振幅由弱（10－20Pa）到逐渐加强（40－80Pa）或更大；周期先分散在2－19分钟或20－65分钟，最后连成一片（2－65分钟）；波形明显不同于流星雨次声、大风次声和雷雨次声；（2）强震前兆次声三维动态频谱的最大振幅不仅受震级大小影响，而且与震源距离及深度都有关；（3）初步解释了强震前兆次声的产生机理和传播机制；（4）若两地的三点阵波向相交，可预测震中位置。故地震前兆次声波的测量研究，有可能发展成为临震预报中一种较有效的新方法。 相似文献
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With deep sea petroleum explorations become more and more popular,some geological phenomena have emerged:extension of lower crust and upper crust is inhomogeneous;shelf break has been moved rapidly after crustal stretching.These geological phenomena are important to the continental margin evolution.To investigate the thinning of the whole crust and the contribution of the upper crust versus the lower crust to the crustal stretching since the Cenozoic,we calculated the stretching factors of the upper and the lower crust based on the 13 seismic lines in the Baiyun Sag from CNOOC.The results indicated that the whole crustal thickness decreases seaward while the whole crustal stretching factor increases from shelf to slope.Our calculations showed that the lower crustal stretching factor is higher than that of the upper crust in the Baiyun Sag.In the Cenozoic,deformation of the Baiyun Sag is controlled mainly by ductile shearing rather than brittle shearing.Based on the numerical modeling,we can conclude the initial crust in the Baiyun Sag is thermally attenuated.The stretching factor(β)of the lower crust increases from the north to the south of the continental margin,indicating two stretching centers:the Baiyun Sag and the Liwan Sag.The geometry of the shelf break and theβisoline trap have the similar trend in 23.8 and 13.8 Ma,both located in the intense deforming zone of the lower crust,and therefore we conclude the stretching and flowing of the lower crust cause the displacement of the shelf break before and after 23.8 Ma. 相似文献
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M.E. Wilks 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1988,87(1-2)
Present crustal evolution models fail to account for the generation of the large volumes of continental crust in the required time intervals. If the oceanic crust was appreciably thicker in the Archaean, as geothermal models would indicate, then oceanic crustal collision on the scale of the present-day Himalayan continental collision zone may have been a frequent occurrence in the Archaean, resulting in extensive partial melting of the hydrous underthrust oceanic crust to produce voluminous tonalite melts leaving a depleted stabilised basic residuum. 相似文献
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Stress And Seismicity In The Lower Continental Crust: A Challenge To Simple Ductility And Implications For Electrical Conductivity Mechanisms 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
F. Simpson 《Surveys in Geophysics》1999,20(3-4):201-227
The lower crust is generally considered to be an aseismic, weak zone where fluid distribution might be governed by textural equilibrium geometries. Saline fluids below the transition from brittle to ductile rheology have been advanced as a joint explanation for deep crustal conductivity and seismic reflectivity, the depth of onset of both phenomena being apparently bounded by isotherms in the 300–450 °C temperature range. Some petrologists, meanwhile, contest that the deep crust should be devoid of extensive fluid networks. This review exposes some geophysical exceptions to the statistical norm suggested by global geophysical data compilations and presents counter-arguments that the lower crust in places may be both dry and strong, that fluids if at all present at such depths may not necessarily be connected and that fluid mobility in the lower crust may be more limited and heterogeneous than commonly assumed.Laboratory data on crustal rocks implies that the transition from brittle to ductile rheology actually occurs over a much broader range of temperatures than 300–450 °C, and the apparent association of deep crustal conductive horizons with a temperature field of 300–450 °C may be interpretable in terms of formation temperatures of graphite, rather than fluids and brittle-ductile transition rheology.High vP/vS ratios from a 6 km thick, seismically layered zone below the Weardale granite, NE England can be explained by underplated mafic material. They are unlikely to be explained by fluids in an area where deep crustal conductance has been shown to be relatively low, unless conventional assumptions regarding deep crustal fluid distribution are inadequate or false.Perusal of the literature reveals that lower crustal seismicity is less seldom than generally appreciated. Interpretation of earthquakes nucleating at lower crustal depths is ambiguous, but in some tectonic regimes may indicate preservation of brittle rheology to the Moho and a lower crust that is predominantly mafic and dry.A better understanding of lower crustal deformation mechanisms and history may provide better insight into deep crustal conductivity mechanisms. Recent rock mechanical experiments suggest that permeability (and thus fluid connectivity) may be decreased by ductile shearing, whereas ductile shearing may aid graphitisation at lower crustal temperatures. If the lower crust in some regions is strong, this may explain the apparent preservation of both extant- and palaeostress orientations in interpretations involving electrical anisotropy. 相似文献
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Introduction Zhangjiakou-Bohai seismic zone is a major active seismic zone that passes through the north-ern part of North China. Zhangjiakou-Beijing area, the northwest part of North China, is located at the intersection position of Yanshan, Taihangshan uplift, and Shanxi down-faulted zone, and the geological structures in this area are extremely complicated. Many researchers in the geoscience circle always pay close attention to this region because Yanqing-Huailai region is located in th… 相似文献
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利用在北京西北部地区穿过张家口——渤海地震带北西段地震测深剖面进行了综合解释和研究, 揭示了延庆——怀来、 张北——尚义地震活动区异常的深浅地壳结构特征. 结果表明: 研究区基底结构具有明显的起伏变化, 不同的地质构造单元基底埋深存在着较大差异. 基底埋深在局部地段呈现出的急剧变化可视其为基底断裂存在的一种标志, 基底断裂与地壳深断裂的存在为岩浆的上溢提供了条件, 从而导致了地壳结构强烈的非均匀性. 延怀地区壳内复杂反射波组序列和局部强弱不连续反射带现象的出现, 表明该地区地壳结构发生了强烈的挤压变形, 从而构成了该地区复杂的地壳结构, 为该地区地震的发生提供了动力来源; 张北——尚义地区壳内不同深度范围低速异常体和局部的C1界面的存在, 可以认为是岩浆多期活动的产物, 在区域构造活动的作用下脆性的上地壳内, 当局部应力积聚到一定的程度从而引发了地震的发生. 相似文献
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《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2006,241(1-2):2-10
Surface heat flows are calculated from elastic lithosphere thicknesses for the heavy cratered highlands of Mars, in terms of the fraction of the surface heat flow derived from crustal heat sources. Previous heat flow estimations for Mars used linear thermal gradients, which is equivalent to ignoring the existence of heat sources within the crust. We compute surface heat flows following a methodology that relates effective thickness and curvature of an elastic plate with the strength envelope of the lithosphere, and assuming crustal heat sources homogeneously distributed in a radioactive element-rich layer 20 or 60 km thick. The obtained results show that the surface heat flow increases with the proportion of heat sources within the crust, and with the decrease of both radioactive element-rich layer thickness and surface temperature. Also, the results permit us to calculate representative temperatures for the crust base, rock strength for the upper mantle, and lower and upper limits to the crustal magnetization depth and intensity, respectively. For Terra Cimmeria, an effective elastic thickness of 12 km implies between 30% and 80% of heat sources located within the crust. In this case the uppermost mantle would be weak at the time of loading, and temperatures in the lower crust cold enough to favor unrelaxed crustal thickness variations and to permit deep Curie depths in the highlands, as suggested by the observational evidence. 相似文献
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An investigation of the crustal response in the time and frequency domains is presented to show that for models with similar crustal transit times of P and S waves, any important changes in the internal configuration of the crust such as layering, layer thickness and velocity contrast only influence the amplitudes of the transfer function ratio. Frequency positions of peaks and troughs remain unperturbed unless the total transit time of P and/or S waves through the crust are varied. This would imply that fine crustal structure derived from a matching of peak positions of observed spectral ratios with theoretical transfer function ratios, as is commonly practiced, is not very meaningful. This limitation in the application of the spectral ratio method for detailed crustal structure is demonstrated using two recent applications of this technique. 相似文献
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西南印度洋中脊为典型的超慢速扩张洋中脊,其岩浆补给具有不均匀分布的特征.洋壳厚度是洋中脊和热点岩浆补给的综合反映,因此反演洋壳厚度是研究大尺度洋中脊和洋盆岩浆补给过程的一种有效方法.本文通过对全球公开的自由空气重力异常、水深、沉积物厚度和洋壳年龄数据处理得到剩余地幔布格重力异常,并反演西南印度洋地区洋壳厚度,定量地分析了西南印度洋的洋壳厚度分布及其岩浆补给特征.研究发现,西南印度洋洋壳平均厚度7.5 km,但变化较大,标准差可达3.5 km,洋壳厚度的频率分布具有双峰式的混合偏态分布特征.通过分离双峰统计的结果,将西南印度洋洋壳厚度分为0~4.8 km的薄洋壳、4.8~9.8 km的正常洋壳和9.8~24 km的厚洋壳三种类型,洋中脊地区按洋壳厚度变化特征可划分为7个洋脊段.西南印度洋地区薄洋壳受转换断层控制明显,转换断层位移量越大,引起的洋壳减薄厚度越大,减薄范围与转换断层位移量不存在明显相关性.厚洋壳主要受控于该区众多的热点活动,其中布维热点、马里昂热点和克洛泽热点的影响范围分别约340 km,550 km和900 km.Andrew Bain转换断层北部外角形成厚的洋壳,具有与快速扩张洋中脊相似的转换断层厚洋壳特征. 相似文献
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Scott B. Smithson Roy A. Johnson Yun K. Wong 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1981,53(3):323-332
Mean crustal velocity is a critical parameter for genesis of continental crystalline crust because it is a function of mean crustal composition and therefore may be used to resolve continental crustal growth in space and time. Although the best values of mean crustal velocity are determined from wide-angle reflection measurements, most studied here necessarily come from vertical averages in crustal refraction determinations. The mode of 158 values of mean crustal velocity is 6.3 km/s, a velocity which corresponds to a mean crustal composition of granodiorite to felsic quartz diorite; Archean crust may be slightly more mafic. Mean crustal velocities range from 5.8 to 7.0 km/s. The lowest values invariably are found in thermally disturbed rift zones and the highest values correspond to velocities in gabbro. Velocities in island arcs may be as low as 6.0 km/s but are typically 6.5–6.9 km/s which corresponds to andesitic composition; estimates of island arc composition are andesitic. If values of mean crustal velocity are not biased, this observation suggests that continental crust did not grow simply by addition of island arc material. Possibilities are that crust formed from fusion of island arcs and was later changed to more felsic composition by addition of material from the mantle or that the late Archean episode of major crustal growth did not involve processes similar to younger island arcs. Some crustal blocks might be changed in composition and thickness by such processes as underplating, interthrusting, necking and sub-crustal erosion. Specially designed experiments are suggested to determine this parameter so critical for understanding genesis of continental crust. 相似文献