共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
利用通化市所属5个气象站1954—2006年日平均温度组成的区域平均时间序列资料、季平均温度资料,分析了短期气温的剧烈变化(本文称之为寒潮和气温骤升)与后期季温度异常的关系,结果发现,冬季短期气温的剧烈变化与后期春、夏季气温距平存在联系,表现在一些特定的寒潮(或气温骤升)爆发日期段总是与后期季的高或低温相对应。在一定的年代背景下,一些日期段还与极端季温度距平存在明显的联系。与后期气温异常联系明显的寒潮爆发、气温骤升日期段存在着周期性,与春季低温对应明显的寒潮爆发日期有5 d的时间间隔;与春季低温对应明显的气温骤升的日期存在着9~11 d的周期,且随着日期的变化,爆发日期之间的间隔有规律的延长和缩短。一些寒潮爆发和气温骤升日期与东北夏季低温冷害存在明显的联系。 相似文献
2.
利用2008—2012年北京城区平均5 km的高密度自动气象站逐时观测数据,分析了北京城区近地面比湿、风向和风速的时空精细分布特征,初步探究了城市下垫面对局地气象要素的影响机制。研究表明:夏季白天北京城区为干岛,冬季城区表现为弱湿岛特征。受城市效应的影响,北京城区与郊区比湿日变化有明显差异。近地面10 m风受到地形、城市和季节性盛行风的共同影响。当气流经过城区时有明显的绕流现象。夏季05:00—10:00 (北京时,下同),受山风、弱的夏季偏南风和城市热岛共同作用,气流向城市中心辐合。冬季15:00—19:00,受季节盛行风偏北气流和谷风偏南气流的共同作用,在城区形成一条西北—东南走向的辐合线。对风速研究发现:城市粗糙下垫面使北京城区风速减小,二环路和三环路之间存在一条“n”状的风速小值带。由此可见,除已开展较多研究的城市热岛效应外,北京城市效应对近地面湿度和风场亦有显著影响。 相似文献
3.
利用厦门机场2000～2002三年白天（08～20时）逐时能见度及相应的相对湿度、风资料，通过统计方法和小波分析，发现厦门能见度有显著的日变化、季节变化、季节内和准两周等不同尺度的变化，并且分析了这几种变化的基本特征。在每天有记录的时刻08～20时，能见度日变化明显，在清晨、傍晚最低，午后最高；能见度存在季节变化，在一年中3～5月能见度最低，这正对应着厦门的雾季，厦门地区的能见度与当地的雾关系密切；能见度还存在显著的季节内（30～60d）变化和准双周（10～20d）变化，这与东亚季风区内的大气振荡有关。 相似文献
4.
Dimitris K. Papanastasiou Constantinos Kittas 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2012,107(3-4):407-416
This paper studies the maximum intensity of the urban heat island (UHI) that develops in Volos urban area, a medium-sized coastal city in central Greece. The maximum temperature difference between the city center and a suburb is 3.4°C and 3.1°C during winter and summer, respectively, while during both seasons the average maximum UHI intensity is 2.0°C. The UHI usually starts developing after sunset during both seasons. It could be attributed to the different nocturnal radiative cooling rate and to the different anthropogenic heat emission rate that are observed at the city center and at the suburb, as well as to meteorological conditions. The analysis reveals that during both seasons the daily maximum hourly (DMH) UHI intensity is positively correlated with solar radiation and with previous day’s maximum hourly UHI intensity and negatively correlated with wind speed. It is also negatively correlated with relative humidity during winter but positively correlated with it during summer. This difference could be attributed to the different mechanisms that mainly drive humidity levels (i.e., evaporation in winter and sea breeze (SB) in summer). Moreover, it is found that SB development triggers a delay in UHI formation in summer. The impact of atmospheric pollution on maximum UHI intensity is also examined. An increase in PM10 concentration is associated with an increase in maximum UHI intensity during winter and with a decrease during summer. The impact of PM10 on UHI is caused by the attenuation of the incoming and the outgoing radiation. Additionally, this study shows that the weekly cycle of the city activities induces a weekly variation in maximum UHI intensity levels. The weekly range of DMH UHI intensity is not very large, being more pronounced during winter (0.4°C). Moreover, a first attempt is made to predict the DMH UHI intensity by applying regression models, whose success is rather promising. 相似文献
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6.
基于马尔科夫链转移概率极限分布的降水过程持续性研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
各地不同气候条件所具有的天气状态转移概率的极限分布实际上代表了各地天气气候的持续性和转折性特征,同时也表明了它的可预报期限。从马尔科夫链理论出发,初步研究了中国160个代表测站逐日天气状态演变过程的极限分布。结果表明,转移概率的极限分布不但其空间分布有明显差异,而且不同季节的极限分布也有明显差异。例如,有的地区仅有2 d持续期,有的可达4—6 d或更长,充分反映出不同地区因其影响的天气系统差异所造成的逐日天气气候的持续性和转折性特征的差异。其研究意义在于,由此可作为天气气候分型区划的一种理论依据。统计分析结果表明,就全中国平均而言,夏季持续期最短,持续期由北向南、由西向东呈增加趋势,且春季平均降水持续期为5.1 d,夏季平均为5.0 d,秋季平均为6.5d,冬季平均为6.2 d。可见夏半年比冬半年的降水持续期短,这可能是因为春夏季的天气系统比较复杂且中小尺度天气系统较多的缘故。这从另一侧面再次证明,各地逐日降水天气状态演变过程具有一定的天气气候状态自然转折的持续性即自然天气周期的气候状况,从而为短期天气预报提供了气候背景。 相似文献
7.
Summary This study presents the results of a preliminary research that was conducted in the city of Eilat, located in an extreme hot
and arid zone on the northern coast of the Red Sea. The purpose was to analyse the characteristics of the local urban heat
island (UHI). Diurnal pre-dawn and early-afternoon measurements were taken in winter and summer weather conditions on three
separate occasions for two consecutive years. The results show the development of a moderate UHI located around the most intensive
area of human activity; the city business centre and dense hotel belt. The UHI is more significant at midday during the summer
period, while early morning inversions in winter have a weakening effect on the UHI intensity. It was found that the topography
and wind regime have a dominant effect on the location and intensity of the UHI, while the sea has a very marginal effect.
Due to the UHI influences on the spatial distribution of the heat stress in the city, it is suggested that further applied
UHI research should be focused on the summer period. 相似文献
8.
利用1961—2018年新疆12个探空气象站逐日观测资料，分析了新疆对流层850、700和500 hPa比湿的气候特征，结果表明：新疆大气比湿呈自西向东、自南向北递减分布，随高度增加而减小分布特征，新疆比湿远小于东亚季风区；新疆夏季比湿最大，其次为秋季、春季，冬季最小，850hPa和500hPa新疆各站之间比湿差异较大，而700hPa各站比湿差异较小；对流层850、700和500 hPa比湿均表现为线性上升趋势，并有1967-1986年偏干、1987-2005年偏湿的特征，1987年为突变点；对流层850、700和500 hPa比湿与降水均呈显著正相关关系；夏季暴雨天气对流层中低层比湿最大，发生暴雨时比湿约为气候平均1—2倍，夏季暴雨的动力和不稳定条件更关键，新疆暴雨天气时的比湿比东亚季风区显著偏小；冬季暴雪天气比湿是一年中最小的，春秋季强降水比湿介于夏、冬季之间，但可达气候平均的2—3倍，春秋季需要更多的水汽产生强降水。 相似文献
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L. Makra J. Mika A. Bartzokas R. Béczi E. Borsos Z. Sümeghy 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2006,92(1-2):115-137
Summary This paper determines the characteristic air mass types over the Carpathian Basin for the winter (December, January, and February)
and summer (June, July and August) months dependant on levels of the main air pollutants. Based on the ECMWF data set, daily
sea-level pressure fields analysed at 00 UTC were prepared for each air mass type (cluster) in order to relate sea-level pressure
patterns with the level of air pollutants in Szeged. The data comprise daily values of twelve meteorological and eight pollutant
parameters for the period 1997–2001. Objective definition of the characteristic air mass types is achieved by using the methods
of Factor Analysis and Cluster Analysis. According to the results, during the winter months five air mass types (clusters)
were detected based on higher concentrations of primary pollutants that occur with high irradiance and low wind speed. This
is the case when an anticyclone is found over the Carpathian Basin and over the region south of Hungary, influencing the weather
of the country. Low levels of pollutants occur when zonal currents exert influence over Hungary. During the summer months
anticyclones and anticyclone ridge situations are found over the Carpathian Basin. (During the prevalence of anticyclone ridge
situations, the Carpathian Basin is found at the edge of a high pressure centre.) As a result of high irradiance and very
low NO levels, secondary pollutants are highly enriched. 相似文献
10.
青藏高原大气水汽探测误差及其成因 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
青藏高原大气水汽分布对区域天气气候有很大影响,其探测资料的可靠性备受关注。以地基全球定位系统(GPS)遥感的大气可降水量为对比参照,分析了1999—2008年拉萨和2003年那曲探空观测大气可降水量的误差及其原因。结果表明,近10年拉萨站探空观测的可降水量比GPS遥感的可降水量明显偏小,偏小程度随使用不同的探空仪而异。GZZ-2型机械探空仪和GTS-1型电子探空仪多年平均的大气可降水量相对偏差分别为8.8%和4.4%,随机误差分别为19.8%和13.3%。近10年大气可降水量探测偏差具有减少的趋势,从12.7%减少至2.4%,主要是由探空仪性能改进所致。分析发现青藏高原大气可降水量探测偏差具有明显的日变化,12时(世界时)比00时大。拉萨站GZZ-2型和GTS-1型探空仪在12时多年平均的大气可降水量探测偏差分别为15.8%和8.3%,00时分别为1.6%和0.5%。那曲站GZZ-2型探空仪在12和00时的大气可降水量探测偏差分别为12.4%和0.3%。大气可降水量探测偏差还具有季节变化,夏季大,冬季小。对大气可降水量探测偏差日变化和季节变化的成因分析表明,12时气温比00时气温高以及夏季比冬季气温高是造成大气可降水量探测偏差日变化和季节变化的重要原因。 相似文献
11.
利用2015—2016年贵港市空气自动监测站空气质量指数、首要污染物等数据及贵港国家气象观测站的常规气象观测资料(风速、湿度、气温等),分析了贵港市2015—2016年空气质量概况及相关气象因子,进而利用合成分析方法对贵港市在不同季节出现不同级别空气污染的天气形势变化进行了分析。分析结果表明:贵港市的首要污染物为PM_(2.5)和PM_(10),其中12月、1—2月为贵港市空气污染最严重的月份。各气象要素与空气质量指数相关性较强,风速、气温、降水等气象条件对贵港市的空气质量影响显著。在春、秋、冬季,冷空气南下影响贵港市,500 hPa为持续的下沉运动且850 hPa相对湿度较低及850hPa由北风转为南风且风速较小时,贵港市极易出现轻度污染以上的天气;当云南一带有南支槽活动时,贵港市易出现重度污染天气。夏季影响贵港市空气质量的主要因素则是热带气旋移动至江苏、浙江一带时,热带气旋的外围下沉气流导致贵港市出现持续下沉运动。此时,受副热带高压系统或者其他天气系统影响,850 hPa风向出现明显转折时,应考虑贵港市出现轻度污染的天气现象。 相似文献
12.
利用乌鲁木齐市2011～2012年08时、20时L波段(1型)雷达探测的高空资料建立了乌鲁木齐大气边界层气象要素数据库,分析了乌鲁木齐边界层内气温、风向、风速和相对湿度的垂直分布及其时间变化特征。结果表明：边界层内温度廓线的日变化和季节变化比较显著,各月均有逆温出现,且08时较20时更易出现逆温,冬季08时逆温层厚度较厚且强度最大。边界层内夏、冬两季风速随高度变化波动较大,春、秋两季变化较小。近地层春、夏、秋三季08时盛行西南偏南风,冬季盛行偏东风和西南风;20时春季盛行东北风,夏秋盛行偏北风和西北风,冬季则盛行东风和东北偏东风。08时、20时风向均随高度的增加呈明显的向右偏转趋势,且日风向的变化具有明显的“山谷风”特点。08、20时的相对湿度冬季最大,夏季最小,且随高度增加,春、夏两季08、20时相对湿度的变化较大。 相似文献
13.
青藏高原探空大气水汽偏差及订正方法研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
水汽是大气的主要成分和降水的主要物质来源.青藏高原大气水汽分布对区域天气和气候有很大影响,为了探讨探空观测的大气水汽总量（R）资料的可靠性,本文以地基GPS遥感的大气水汽总量（G）为参照标准,对拉萨（1999~2010年）和那曲（2003年）的R进行对比分析和偏差（R-G）订正.结果表明:近10多年拉萨站R比G明显偏小,偏小程度随使用不同的探空仪而异.GZZ-2型机械探空仪和GTS-1型电子探空仪多年平均的PW偏差分别为-8.8%和-3.9%,随机误差分别为17.6%和13.6%.近10多年PW偏差变化呈减少趋势,这与探空仪性能改进有关.分析发现,青藏高原PW偏差具有明显季节变化和日变化特征,夏季比冬季明显,1200 UTC比0000 UTC明显.拉萨站GZZ-2型和GTS-1型探空仪在1200 UTC多年平均的PW偏差分别为-15.8%和-7.3%,在0000 UTC分别为-1.6%和-0.4%.那曲站GZZ-2型探空仪在1200 UTC和0000 UTC的PW偏差分别为-12.4%和-0.3%.分析还表明,太阳辐射加热与气温的日变化和季节变化是造成高原PW偏差日变化和季节变化的重要原因.据此,提出了高原PW偏差的订正方法,并以拉萨和那曲站为例进行PW偏差订正,订正后的PW系统偏差显著减少,随机误差也相应得到了改善. 相似文献
14.
Trends in Temperature Extremes in Association with Weather-Intraseasonal Fluctuations in Eastern China 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Trends in the frequencies of four temperature extremes (the occurrence of warm days, cold days, warm nights and cold nights) with respect to a modulated annual cycle (MAC), and those associated exclusively with weather-intraseasonal fluctuations (WIF) in eastern China were investigated based on an updated homogenized daily maximum and minimum temperature dataset for 1960–2008. The Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) method was used to isolate the WIF, MAC, and longer-term components from the temperature series. The annual, winter and summer occurrences of warm (cold) nights were found to have increased (decreased) significantly almost everywhere, while those of warm (cold) days have increased (decreased) in northern China (north of 40°N). However, the four temperature extremes associated exclusively with WIF for winter have decreased almost everywhere, while those for summer have decreased in the north but increased in the south. These characteristics agree with changes in the amplitude of WIF. In particular, winter WIF of maximum temperature tended to weaken almost everywhere, especially in eastern coastal areas (by 10%–20%); summer WIF tended to intensify in southern China by 10%–20%. It is notable that in northern China, the occurrence of warm days has increased, even where that associated with WIF has decreased significantly. This suggests that the recent increasing frequency of warm extremes is due to a considerable rise in the mean temperature level, which surpasses the effect of the weakening weather fluctuations in northern China. 相似文献
15.
We compared the regional synoptic patterns and local meteorological conditions during persistent and non-persistent pollution events in Beijing using US NCEP–Department of Energy reanalysis outputs and observations from meteorological stations. The analysis focused on the impacts of high-frequency (period < 90 days) variations in meteorological conditions on persistent pollution events (those lasting for at least 3 days). Persistent pollution events tended to occur in association with slow-moving weather systems producing stagnant weather conditions, whereas rapidly moving weather systems caused a dramatic change in the local weather conditions so that the pollution event was short-lived. Although Beijing was under the influence of anomalous southerly winds in all four seasons during pollution events, notable differences were identified in the regional patterns of sea-level pressure and local anomalies in relative humidity among persistent pollution events in different seasons. A region of lower pressure was present to the north of Beijing in spring, fall, and winter, whereas regions of lower and higher pressures were observed northwest and southeast of Beijing, respectively, in summer. The relative humidity near Beijing was higher in fall and winter, but lower in spring and summer. These differences may explain the seasonal dependence of the relationship between air pollution and the local meteorological variables. Our analysis showed that the temperature inversion in the lower troposphere played an important part in the occurrence of air pollution under stagnant weather conditions. Some results from this study are based on a limited number of events and thus require validation using more data. 相似文献
16.
为研究重庆市区大气能见度变化特征,对2000～2005年的重庆能见度观测资料进行了统计分析。结果表明:市区能见度以差和较差为主,能见度的季节变化、日变化特征明显,且近年来日平均能见度有所下降。能见度与同期的地面气象条件、主要空气污染物的相关分析结果表明,在气象条件中,相对湿度和风速对能见度的影响最为明显,各季能见度均与相对湿度呈显著负相关,与地面风速呈正相关;在污染物因子中,PM10是能见度下降的最主要原因,且不同季节PM10对能见度的影响程度不同,其中以冬、夏季影响较强。 相似文献
17.
利用多种观测资料,结合NCEP再分析资料,对比分析了浙东冬季和夏季两次强雷暴过程中的各种环境条件,结果表明:以对流有效位能CAPE表达的深厚湿对流潜势条件夏季个例的比冬季的好,二者分别为1148 J·kg~(-1)和490 J·kg~(-1)。冬季个例的动力抬升条件更好:低层到地面受冷锋影响;700、850 h Pa因急流风向风速的不连续而产生较强的辐合;500 h Pa处于长波槽前的上升气流中,最大的垂直速度达1.1 Pa·s~(-1)。两次过程的共同特点是强回波分布与地面θ_(se)高值区和切变线叠加区对应关系比较好,为雷暴系统的临近预报提供了重要线索。地面有冷锋影响时,要考虑冷锋入海后风力加大,地面辐合加强,使对流发展。由海陆不同比热属性造成的海陆之间白天和夜间的不同温差,对白天和夜晚系统入海后的强度变化有不一样的影响。10个浙东冬季雷暴个例天气形势分析结果表明,冬季雷暴的共同特点是都有冷暖空气在浙东强烈交汇,华南到华东中低层有很强的西南急流,850 h Pa最大风速达到20 m·s~(-1)以上。两季雷暴各种对流参数对比分析结果显示,冬季雷暴比较好的预报指标是总指数和垂直风切变,重点关注西南急流的强度、冷锋和850-500 h Pa的对流稳定性及动力抬升条件。 相似文献
18.
利用室内地板温度、气温、露点、湿度,以及NCEP 1°×1°分析数据等资料,对2012年广东2—3月冬春过渡季节"回南天"(高湿天气)的5次个例的天气形势、气象要素特征和物理变化过程进行了分析。结果表明:冷空气影响结束后,广东上空迅速转受暖湿空气控制,当室外空气露点高于室内物体温度时"回南天"现象就会产生;"回南天"是出现在冷暖急转的天气背景下的;冬春季节当持续控制广东的冷高压脊快速减弱,同时925hPa上有明显的偏南气流时,预报员就要考虑是否会出现"回南天"现象;气温快速回升,露点高于室内物体温度是"回南天"出现的必要条件,要重点分析未来露点的变化;"回南天"有两种结束方式,即冷性结束和暖性结束。 相似文献
19.
王慧琴 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2013,7(6):50-57
为了解塔里木盆地不同地域大气降尘及TSP的污染特征和季节变化规律,在塔里木盆地布设了铁干里克、塔中、民丰、喀什4个采样站点,于2007-2010年期间利用集尘缸和大流量采样器分别对上述4个地区的大气降尘及TSP进行连续采样。通过对样品和数据的分析处理,揭示了塔里木盆地不同地域大气降尘及TSP基本特征及影响因素：（1）2007-2010年塔中大气降尘量和TSP浓度均为4个站点中最高,其次为民丰和喀什,铁干里克最少。区域气候差异是造成塔里木盆地降尘和TSP浓度空间分布差异的主要原因。（2）5-8月是塔中地区沙尘天气高发时节,7月沙尘暴天气处于峰值。3-8月是民丰、喀什和铁干里克大气降尘主要分布月份。春夏季节的塔里木盆地降尘污染明显高于秋冬季节。（3）每年3-9月都是4个站点TSP主要分布阶段,最高值出现月份略有差异。塔里木盆地周边TSP浓度季节变化大体一致,春夏季大于秋冬季,不同的地区季节分布略有差异。（4）春夏季沙尘天气是造成大气降尘和TSP质量浓度较高的主要因素。 相似文献