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1.
表层海水温度（简称SST）的变化,已经成为古海洋学研究中一项至关重要的基础资料。古温度的定量估算已成为理解地球气候系统演化的关键性环节,是古环境研究中的前沿问题,海水古温度再造方法备受关注。从最初的标志种和标志性生物组合,到后来的转换函数估算海水表层温度,再发展到用地球化学方法获得古海水温度,如有孔虫氧同位素、U37^k和有孔虫Mg/Ca比、珊瑚骨骼Sr/Ca、U/Ca和Mg/Ca等,古海水温度的估算方法日趋完善。从原理、方法的优缺点及适用范围等角度,对这些方法进行了介绍,并对将来表层海水古温度研究工作提出了一些建议。 相似文献
2.
有孔虫的高精度Mg/Ca比值的ICP-AES分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
利用等离子体光谱(ICP AES)建立了测量高精度有孔虫Mg/Ca比值的分析方法,并分别对仪器分析误差、残留的铁锰氧化物盖层的影响、有孔虫清洗过程以及有孔虫个体差异等因素对最终结果可能产生的误差进行评估。结果显示:Mg/Ca比值的ICP AES测量的外部精度可达0.3%左右,其引起的温度误差小于±0.1℃;清洗后残留的铁锰氧化物覆盖层中Mg、Ca引起的Mg/Ca比值误差为0.2%～2.7%,引起的温度偏高约0.2℃;有孔虫个体的Mg/Ca比值的差异为0.2%～3.6%,这种差异引起的温度误差为±(0.2～0.4)℃。综合考虑这些因素,利用有孔虫Mg/Ca比值重建表层海水温度(SST)记录时,获得的温度结果的误差在±0.5℃之内,可以满足冰期/间冰期气候变化过程中SST变化研究的要求。 相似文献
3.
在古海洋学研究中,常用浮游有孔虫来恢复表层海水温度(SST),然而基于浮游有孔虫恢复SST的这些方法之间存在一定的差异.为了说明各方法的特点,在浮游有孔虫鉴定和浮游有孔虫表层种Globigerinoides ruber Mg/Ca比值测试的基础上,分别利用转换函数FP12-E,现代类比(Modern Analog Te... 相似文献
4.
底栖有孔虫壳体Mg/Ca是重建深层水团古温度的主要指标。通过分析表层沉积物样品中底栖有孔虫Uvigerina peregrina壳体的Mg/Ca和δ18 O,探讨了"Mg/Ca古温度重建方法"在白令海低温水体中的可行性及其转换函数。结果表明,利用U.peregrina壳体δ18 O换算的"结壳温度"明显低于"现代水团温度",不能客观反映温度对Mg/Ca的控制作用;可能受季节性变化的影响,水深小于150m样品中U.peregrina壳体的Mg/Ca与"现代水团温度"之间并没有表现出明显的相关性,但是,在深海区两者之间却呈现出良好的指数关系:Mg/Ca=0.69*e0.43*T。该公式指出白令海低温水体中Mg/Ca对温度的敏感性约为43%℃-1,由其估算的温度误差约为0.2℃。 相似文献
5.
应用生物标志化合物长链烯酮不饱和比值 Uk37估算冲绳海槽 2万年以来古海水表层温度 ,其波动范围在 1 5.9～ 2 6.2℃之间 ,平均为 2 2 .9℃。并与常用的浮游有孔虫转换函数测算的表层海水温度进行对照 ,结果与冬季表层水温 ( 2 2 .0℃ )相近 ,Uk37值指示的古海水温度与季节有关 ,主要反映在冬季。在沉积物中还检出了另一类生物标志化合物甾、萜类等 ,对它们的组成进行了地球化学研究 ,结果表明 :冲绳海槽沉积物中有机质具有多源性特点 ,由陆源碎屑、生物碎屑和火山碎屑共同组成 ;该海域沉积有机质的成熟度不高 ,沉积环境具有强的还原性。 相似文献
6.
《海洋地质与第四纪地质》2010,(3)
对东海陆架泥质沉积区MD06-3040柱状样有孔虫进行了地球化学分析,获得了底栖有孔虫(Rotalinoides gaimardii)Mg/Ca和δ18O及浮游有孔虫(Globigerina bulloides)δ18O等的高分辨率记录。通过与微体化石群、沉积物粒度等古环境替代性指标对比分析,认为研究区有孔虫Mg/Ca和δ18O的变化主要受浙闽沿岸流和台湾暖流及其相关的东亚季风所控制,并推测了研究区近8千年来的古环境演变过程:8.0~4.1 cal.kaBP时期,夏季风盛行,台湾暖流和黑潮发育强盛,底层和表层海水都具有较高的温度、盐度和δ18O值,其中底层海水温度在5.7~5.2和4.6~4.1 cal.kaBP两个时期最高;4.1~0.4 cal.kaBP时期,冬季风盛行,台湾暖流和黑潮影响减弱,浙闽沿岸流发育增强,使海水温度和盐度及δ18O显著下降;0.4 cal.kaBP以来夏季风再次变强,台湾暖流和黑潮的影响随之增强,海水温度又明显上升。 相似文献
7.
本文对海南岛南岸三亚湾2008~2009年海水的周间隔取样,用全谱直读等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)分析方法对其Sr/Ca、Mg/Ca比值进行了测定。结果显示其比值（Sr/Ca=8.558~9.227mmol/mol,Mg/Ca=4.924~5.403 mol/mol）与全球各大洋和主要珊瑚礁区有明显地高异常偏差,而且在春末夏初和秋末冬初两个过渡期,三亚湾海水Sr/Ca比值波动幅度比Mg/Ca相对较大,且体现了一定的差异性。在此基础上,结合海水的Sr/Ca、Mg/Ca比值在时间和地域空间上的变化对珊瑚温度计标定的影响,及对不同站点建立的珊瑚Sr/Ca温度计进行了重新校正,并与分配系数法对比分析,我们认为利用珊瑚的Sr/Ca、Mg/Ca比值重建古SST记录时必须综合考虑包括海水微量元素比值变化在内的各种影响因素对温度计标定的干扰。 相似文献
8.
《海洋地质与第四纪地质》2010,(4)
热带西太平洋是全球海-气相互作用最强烈的区域,在地球气候系统中极为重要。为获得该海区末次冰盛期(LGM)海洋表层温度(SST)变化,以Ontong-Java海台WP7浮游有孔虫G.ruber为材料,结合其他站位,通过求解由G.ruber壳体镁钙元素比值(Mg/Ca)、壳体氧同位素(δ18Oc)和SST相互关系组成的方程组,排除了海水盐度对G.ruber壳体Mg/Ca的影响,对SST降幅进行了估算。结果表明,热带西太平洋LGM时期SST较晚全新世(LH)降幅达到了4.5℃,其中西太平洋暖池核心区(29℃等温线以内)约3.9℃,远大于以前的估算结果,但小于热带印度洋约5.8℃的结果,接近热带东太平洋约3.6℃的SST降幅,这可能是LGM时期西太暖池规模向东缩小的结果。 相似文献
9.
通过对大洋钻探(ODP)第130航次807站A孔井深12.54～16.38m沉积物中浮游和底栖有孔虫的稳定同位素δ18 O以及浮游有孔虫壳体的Mg/Ca测试,揭示了中更新世气候转型期(800～1 000kaBP)西太平洋暖池表层海水温度和氧同位素的变化。研究发现,中更新世时期ODP 807站的表层海水温度在25.1～30.9℃之间浮动,平均为28.4℃,接近现代暖池区实测温度值,冰期/间冰期之间的温度差值在1.5～5℃左右,与晚第四纪时的温差相近;同时,表层海水温度和底栖有孔虫氧同位素呈现同步变化的趋势,没有明显的超前或滞后的相位关系,区别于前人在暖池区的研究结果。间冰期时,表层海水温度上升伴随着温跃层变深、盐度降低,与现代西太平洋暖池La Ni珘na状态类似;冰期时则类似于El Ni珘no状态。中更新世气候转型期,西太平洋暖池的表层海水温度、温跃层深度变化受低纬热带驱动影响,都显示出强烈的岁差周期(16.8ka),而底层水氧同位素更多受到高纬的影响。 相似文献
10.
通过对南海4个岩心的74个样品进行Q型因子分析,求得4个浮游有孔虫组合:亚热带-热带组合,温凉组合,热带易溶组合和亚热带组合。亚热带-热带组合为优势组合,它的发育状况反映了晚第四纪西太平洋热带海水对南海的影响程度,其因子载荷作为古海流特征的参数。温凉组合的发育与南海存在冷涡有关。利用转换函数FP-12E计算了南海南部表层古水温,冰期与间冰期的表层水温平均变化冬季为4.7℃和2.9℃,夏季为3.0℃和2.1℃,季节性温差冰期最大可达8.6℃,间冰期最大可达5.0℃,均比太平洋同一纬度海区的大。冬季表层古水温波动比夏季的大。全新世的表层水温呈上升趋势,但在NS86-43柱中有一变冷现象,这可能和the younger Younger Dryas有关。 相似文献
11.
Chandralata Raghukumar G. Sheelu P. A. Loka Bharathi Shanta Nair C. Mohandass 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2001,19(1):1-16
In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance. 相似文献
12.
Arne Schnack-Friedrichsen Angela M. Davis Jim D. Bennell Dei G. Huws 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2001,19(4):221-243
The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths. 相似文献
13.
海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。 相似文献
14.
Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification
An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm. 相似文献
15.
Shigehisa Nakamura 《Marine Geodesy》2000,23(1):55-61
Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone. 相似文献
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Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations. 相似文献
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19.
Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level. 相似文献
20.
The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics. 相似文献