共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
2.
A series of model experiments was performed in an ultrasonic laboratory to study the radiation of downhole sources in a variety of formations. Three models were used in the experiments. They were a Lucite model, a Lucite model with a free glass pipe in the centre, and a glass-cased soil model. In addition, a finite-difference modelling technique was used to simulate the wave propagation in these models and the results of the laboratory and numerical experiments are compared. In the Lucite borehole model the waveforms recorded in the experiment agree very well with the finite-difference synthetics. The snapshots of the wavefield from the finite-difference simulation show the radiation pattern of the P- and S-waves in the Lucite formation. These patterns are consistent with the theoretical calculations. In the Lucite model with the free glass pipe, the finite-difference synthetics are also in good agreement with the experimental observations, especially for the conical P-wave arrival. The angle between the wavefront of the conical P-wave and the borehole axis, observed from the snapshot, agrees with the theory. In the cased soil model, the arrival time of the finite-difference synthetics is in good agreement with the laboratory measurements. The relative amplitudes of the P-wave and the Mach wave are not correctly modelled because intrinsic attenuation is not included in the finite-difference calculation. The Mach cone angle from the snapshot agrees with the theoretical prediction. Finally, a finite-difference method was used to simulate Mach-wave propagation in a formation with two horizontal layers. In the case of two slow layers, the Mach-wave generated in the first layer is reflected back from and transmitted through the boundary and another Mach wave is generated at the second layer when the Stoneley wave travels into the second layer. In the case of a formation having one slow and one fast layer, the Mach wave generated in the slow layer is reflected back at the boundary and leaked into the fast layer. There is no Mach wave in the fast layer. 相似文献
3.
建立包含震源、沉积盆地和表层低速沉积层的二维模型,采用交错网格有限差分/伪谱混合方法求解地震波传播,讨论沉积层厚度和速度对地震地面运动的作用。结果表明:沉积层内产生的地震波的多重反射以及转换会引起地面运动持续时间的延长,它们的相干叠加会造成地面运动峰值的放大;随着沉积层速度的增加,多重反射与转换波的能量减小,地面运动持续时间减小,但是不同速度或者不同厚度的低速层模型均显示出一致的地面运动峰值放大特征。结果说明,在包含震源、沉积盆地和沉积层的模型中,沉积层对地面运动的作用机理更复杂。在实际应用中有必要同时考虑这些因素的综合作用。 相似文献
4.
针对地下工程领域隧道超前预报地震波波场传播与成像中存在的问题,通过数值模拟,构建二维含低速异常的隧道介质模型,研究隧道弹性波场传播规律和异常体边界成像准确性.首先,利用一阶速度-应力波动方程和高阶交错网格有限差分计算方法,导出隧道超前预报数值模拟的稳定性条件和边界条件,对上述隧道模型进行数值模拟,识别波场特征;其次,利用叠前逆时偏移成像方法,对压制噪音干扰后的波场在互相关成像条件下,对隧道模型中的异常体边界进行逆时偏移成像.研究结果表明：采用高阶交错网格有限差分正演获得异常体边界清晰的反射波和角点产生的散射波;逆时偏移算法获得隧道内异常体准确成像结果,从而大大提高隧道超前预报的分辨率与准确性;靠近掌子面单一震源、多道接收观测系统对异常体成像效果最佳,为隧道内高效数据采集提供理论依据. 相似文献
5.
选用我国西藏及其周边地区测震台网35个台站宽频带数字地震仪记录到的2014年10月7日云南普洱MS6.1地震的波形资料,分析了垂直向分量初至P波的幅度特征.结果表明:在震中距处于5°-18°之间的P波初动幅度相对较小,存在“影区”特征,推测该“影区”是由青藏高原下方岩石层内低速层所引起的;通过试错法,多次对比不同模型的理论波形与观测波形的P波初动振幅随震中距的变化形态,最终确定在78 km深处存在一厚度为24 km的低速层,层内速度梯度约为-0.05/s. 相似文献
6.
Site characterization for design of deep foundations is very crucial, as unanticipated site conditions still represent significant problems and disputes occur during construction. Traditional surface-based geophysical methods, which use wave velocity dispersion or first-arrival times, have been widely used recently to assess spatial variation; however they cannot well characterize reverse profiles or buried low-velocity zones. For better characterization of these challenging site conditions, a full waveform inversion based on Gauss–Newton method is presented. The inversion scheme is based on a finite-difference solution of the 2-D elastic wave equation in the time domain. The strength of this approach is the ability to generate all possible wave types of seismic wavefields that are then compared with observed data to infer complex subsurface properties. Virtual sources and reciprocity of wavefields are used for calculation of partial derivative wavefields to reduce computer time. Cross convolution between observed and estimated wavefields are also employed to allow the technique to be independent of the source signatures. The capability of the presented technique is tested with both synthetic and real experimental data sets. The inversion results from synthetic data show the ability of characterizing anomalies of low- and high-velocity zones, and the inversion results from real data are generally consistent with SPT N-value, including the identification of a buried low-velocity layer. 相似文献
7.
We present numerical modeling of SH-wave propagation for the recently proposed whole Moon model and try to improve our understanding of lunar seismic wave propagation. We use a hybrid PSM/FDM method on staggered grids to solve the wave equations and implement the calculation on a parallel PC cluster to improve the computing efficiency. Features of global SH-wave propagation are firstly discussed for a 100-km shallow and 900-km deep moonquakes, respectively. Effects of frequency range and lateral variation of crust thickness are then investigated with various models. Our synthetic waveforms are finally compared with observed Apollo data to show the features of wave propagation that were produced by our model and those not reproduced by our models. Our numerical modeling show that the low-velocity upper crust plays significant role in the development of reverberating wave trains. Increasing frequency enhances the strength and duration of the reverberations. Surface multiples dominate wavefields for shallow event. Core–mantle reflections can be clearly identified for deep event at low frequency. The layered whole Moon model and the low-velocity upper crust produce the reverberating wave trains following each phases consistent with observation. However, more realistic Moon model should be considered in order to explain the strong and slow decay scattering between various phases shown on observation data. 相似文献
8.
Song Ruolong Ma Jun Wang Kexie 《应用地球物理》2005,2(4):216-222
The nonsplitting perfectly matched layer （NPML） absorbing boundary condition （ABC） was first provided by Wang and Tang （2003） for the finite-difference simulation of elastic wave propagation in solids. In this paper, the method is developed to extend the NPML to simulating elastic wave propagation in poroelastic media. Biot＇s equations are discretized and approximated to a staggered-grid by applying a fourth-order accurate central difference in space and a second-order accurate central difference in time. A cylindrical twolayer seismic model and a borehole model are chosen to validate the effectiveness of the NPML. The results show that the numerical solutions agree well with the solutions of the discrete wavenumber （DW） method. 相似文献
9.
针对地震槽波在低速层的传播特性,开展了煤层内地震槽波勘探的数值模拟和物理模拟研究的初探工作.在数值模拟研究方面,采用交错网格有限差分法对煤层中的地震槽波进行三分量全波场模拟.基于波场快照和人工合成地震记录研究了不同模型中的波场特征和各种波型的传播规律.在物理模拟方面,通过选用不同配比的环氧树脂和硅橡胶类材料构建地震槽波物理模型,利用透射法和反射法观测系统获得了清晰的地震槽波记录以研究槽波的地震学特征.研究表明,在煤层内槽波的地震波场中,Love型槽波的能量小于Rayleigh型槽波的SV分量,大于Rayleigh型槽波的SH分量.相对于Love型槽波和Rayleigh型槽波的SH分量,Rayleigh型槽波的SV分量在围岩中的泄露能量较强.在煤层界面附近的围岩中,地震波仍以槽波形式传播,随着距离的增加能量逐渐衰减.随着煤层变薄,煤层槽波主频向高频方向移动,频散现象增强,传播速度增大. 相似文献
10.
The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake occurred in an active earthquake zone, i.e., Longmenshan tectonic zone. Seismic waves triggered
by this earthquake can be used to explore the characteristics of the fault rupture process and the hierarchical structure
of the Earth’s interior. We employ spectral element method incorporated with large-scale parallel computing technology, to
investigate the characteristics of seismic wave propagation excited by Wenchuan earthquake. We calculate synthetic seismograms
with one-point source model and three-point source model respectively. The AK135 model is employed as a prototype of our numerical
global Earth model. The Earth’s ellipticity, Earth’s medium attenuation, and topography data are taken into consideration.
These wave propagation processes are simulated by solving three-dimensional elastic wave governing equations. Three-dimensional
visualization of our numerical results displays the profile of the seismic wave propagation. The three-point source, which
is proposed from the latest investigations through field observation and reverse estimation, can better demonstrate the spatial
and temporal characteristics of the source rupture process than the one-point source. We take comparison of synthetic seismograms
with observational data recorded at 16 observatory stations. Primary results show that the synthetic seismograms calculated
from three-point source agree well with the observations. This can further reveal that the source rupture process of Wenchuan
earthquake is a multi-rupture process, which is composed by at least three or more stages of rupture processes.
Supported by National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2004CB418406), National Natural Science Foundation of China
(Grant Nos. 40774049 and 40474038), and Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. INF105-SCE-02-12) 相似文献
11.
复杂构造地震波场分析(英文) 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在我国的西部地区,地震波场十分复杂,信噪比低。本文采用波动方程正演模拟的方法研究复杂波场的形成原因。在模拟物性差异较大介质中的地震波场时,密度的影响不可忽略,因此,本文用含密度项的声波方程的交错网格有限差分法模拟地震波场并进行分析。设计了一个具有起伏地表、低速覆盖层和高速地层出露的复杂构造,从瞬时波场分布分析了形成复杂波场的原因。低速层对地震波场的影响明显,低速层中产生很强的槽波,低速层顶底形成的多次反射向地下传播又形成了复杂的反射波场。为了验证波场模拟结果的可靠性,对模拟波场用与正演模拟不同的算法进行叠前深度偏移,得到了与已知构造相同的偏移叠加剖面。 相似文献
12.
Summary The hybrid ray-reflectivity method is applied to the problem of the transmission of the reflected wave field through a thin high-velocity layer (or through a thin stack of high velocity layers), situated in the overburden of the reflector. In the hybrid ray-reflectivity method, the standard ray method is applied in the smooth parts of the model, and the reflectivity method is used locally at the thin high-velocity layer. With the exception of small epicentral distances, the standard ray method itself fails in such computations. The reason is that a considerable part of the energy for overcritical angles of incidence may be tunneled through the thin high-velocity layer along complex ray-paths, corresponding to inhomogeneous waves. The reflectivity method, applied locally at the thin high-velocity layer, automatically includes all inhomogeneous wave contributions. Thus, the hybrid ray-reflectivity method removes fully the limitations of the standard ray method, but still retains its main advantages, such as its applicability to 2-D and 3-D complex layered structures, flexibility, and low-cost computations. In the numerical examples, the hybrid ray-reflectivity synthetic seismograms are compared with standard ray synthetic seismograms and with full reflectivity computations. The numerical examples show that the hybrid ray-reflectivity method describes the tunneling of seismic energy through a thin high-velocity layer with sufficient accuracy. 相似文献
13.
Introduction Head wave is one of the main phases of local seismic arrivals, and it is important in the study of the crustal structure and the physical characteristics of the transition-zone between the crust and the mantle. So far, the kinetic characteristics of head wave such as arrival time have been widely used, while the dynamic characteristics of head wave like amplitude were usually ignored al-though it includes more information of the structure. In this article, we shall investigate the… 相似文献
14.
The applicability of seismic refraction profiling for the detection of velocity inversion, which is also known as a low-velocity layer (LVL), is investigated with the aid of synthetic seismogram computations for a range of models. Our computational models focus on the inherent ambiguities in the interpretation of first-arrival time delays or 'skips' in terms of LVL model parameters. The present modelling results reveal that neither the measure nor even the existence of a shadow zone and/or a time shift (skip) in first arrivals is necessarily indicative of an LVL. Besides attenuation effects, the cap-layer velocity gradient is a critical parameter, determining the termination point of the cap-layer diving wave and thus the time skip.
We suggest that shallow LVLs can be delineated more reliably by traveltime and amplitude modelling of coherent phases reflected from their top and bottom boundaries, often clearly observed in the pre- and near-critical ranges in seismogram sections of refraction profiling experiments with a close receiver spacing. We demonstrate the applicability of this approach for a field data set of a refraction profile in the West Bengal Basin, India. The inferred LVL corresponds to the Gondwana sediments underlying the higher-velocity layer of the Rajmahal Traps. This interpretation is consistent with the data from a nearby well in the region. 相似文献
We suggest that shallow LVLs can be delineated more reliably by traveltime and amplitude modelling of coherent phases reflected from their top and bottom boundaries, often clearly observed in the pre- and near-critical ranges in seismogram sections of refraction profiling experiments with a close receiver spacing. We demonstrate the applicability of this approach for a field data set of a refraction profile in the West Bengal Basin, India. The inferred LVL corresponds to the Gondwana sediments underlying the higher-velocity layer of the Rajmahal Traps. This interpretation is consistent with the data from a nearby well in the region. 相似文献
15.
以Carcione黏弹各向异性理论为基础,给出了适用于黏弹性具有任意倾斜对称轴横向各向同性介质(黏弹TTI介质)的二维三分量一阶速度-应力方程,采用旋转交错网格任意偶数阶精度有限差分格式求解该方程,并推导出了二维黏弹TTI介质完全匹配层(PML)吸收边界条件公式和相应的旋转交错网格任意偶数阶精度有限差分格式,实现了该类介质的地震波场数值模拟.数值模拟结果表明:该方法模拟精度高,边界吸收效果好,可以得到高精度的波场快照和合成记录;并且波场快照和合成记录能较好地反映地下介质的各向异性特征和黏弹性特征. 相似文献
16.
高精度频率域弹性波方程有限差分方法及波场模拟 总被引：18，自引：4，他引：14
有限差分方法是波场数值模拟的一个重要方法,但常规的有限差分法本身存在着数值频散问题,会降低波场模拟的精度与分辨率,为了克服常规差分算子的数值频散,本文采用25点优化差分算子,再根据最优化理论求取的优化系数,建立了频率空间域中弹性波波动方程的差分格式;为了消除边界反射,引入最佳匹配层,构造了各向同性介质中弹性波方程在不同边界和角点处的边界条件. 最后由弹性波波动方程和边界条件,通过频率域有限差分法,分别利用不同震源对弹性波在均匀各向同性介质、层状介质及凹陷模型中的传播过程进行了数值正演模拟,得到了单频波波场、时间切片和共炮点道集,为下一步的研究工作（如成像、反演）提供了研究基础. 相似文献
17.
利用合成理论地震图方法研究了存在高速层或低速层的地壳模型及壳-幔过渡带模型中首波等震相的动力学特征，指出首波的特征对于高速层的结构变化比较敏感．当高速层厚度与特征波长相比较小时，地震波的衍射现象明显，这种情况下高速层不能屏蔽在其下面一层的上界面传播的首波，且该首波震相的强度随高速层厚度或速度的增加而递减；当高速层厚度与特征波长相当时，高速层底面的反射波震相与首波震相到时接近，会因互相干涉而减弱；对于低速层，首波震相强度较弱且随低速层速度的减小而递减；在壳-幔间断处引入一定厚度和速度变化范围的过渡带，可以得到更加明显的视首波震相，强度随过渡带厚度或速度变化范围的增加而增大． 相似文献
18.
Receiver function imaging in strongly laterally heterogeneous crust: Synthetic modeling of BOLIVAR data 
下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 We resolve a large (~20 km) discrepancy in Moho depth determined from PdS receiver functions (RFs) and from active source seismic profiling in the complex Caribbean-South American plate boundary zone in eastern Venezuela. As part of the BOLIVAR experiment 20 broadband stations were deployed along an active source profile to record teleseisms. Using the extremely heterogeneous crustal model obtained from active source data, we generated 2D finite-difference elastic wave synthetics and from them calculated receiver functions and CCP stacks. We compare the observations with synthetic sections that have been spatially sampled at 0.25 km to 40 km. The densely sampled synthetics show that several events in the field data that were originally interpreted as the Moho are multiple reflections within sedimentary basins. Where the Moho has the steepest dip under the plate boundary the CCP stacks fail to image the Moho well, regardless of the density of spatial sampling. A suitable spatial sampling criterion for clearly imaging the lower crust and Moho is to overlap Fresnel zones by 50% at Moho depth, which for the 1 Hz receiver functions examined here, requires an instrument spacing of 15–20 km, with the actual field data density ranging from 20 km to 100 km. 相似文献
19.
-- Fault zones are thought to consist of regions with reduced seismic velocity. When sources are located in or close to these low-velocity zones, guided seismic head and trapped waves are generated which may be indicative of the structure of fault zones at depth. Observations above several fault zones suggest that they are common features of near fault radiation, yet their interpretation may be highly ambiguous. Analytical methods have been developed to calculate synthetic seismograms for sources in fault zones as well as at the material discontinuities. These solutions can be used for accurate modeling of wave propagation in plane-parallel layered fault zone structures. However, at present it is not clear how modest deviations from such simplified geometries affect the generation efficiency and observations of trapped wave motion. As more complicated models cannot be solved by analytical means, numerical methods must be employed. In this paper we discuss 3-D finite-difference calculations of waves in modestly irregular fault zone structures. We investigate the accuracy of the numerical solutions for sources at material interfaces and discuss some dominant effects of 3-D structures. We also show that simple mathematical operations on 2-D solutions generated with line sources allow accurate modeling of 3-D wave propagation produced by point sources. The discussed simulations indicate that structural discontinuities of the fault zone (e.g., fault offsets) larger than the fault zone width affect significantly the trapping efficiency, while vertical properly gradients, fault zone narrowing with depth, small-scale structures, and moderate geometrical variations do not. The results also show that sources located with appropriate orientations outside and below a shallow fault zone layer can produce considerable guided wave energy in the overlying fault zone layer. 相似文献