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1.
沉积岩中无机CO2热模拟实验研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
结合三水盆地的地质特点，分析了无机CO2热模拟实验研究的可能性，进行了不同条件下的模拟试验和相关的分析测试，提出了无机CO2生成量和转化率的概念和计算方法。从实验结果来看：含有一定量碳酸盐矿物的沉积岩，在一定温度下可转化形成相当数量的无机CO2，无机CO2转化率越高，岩石中碳酸盐矿物越容易转化生成无机CO2；相同热成熟度条件下，Ⅱ型干酪根生成有机CO2的量较Ⅲ型的少；CO2中碳同位素与CO2的成因密切相关，随有机质热成熟度的增加，同种类型有机质生成的有机CO2相对富集13C；无机CO2较有机CO2的碳同位素明显富集13C，随水介质的pH值降低，无机CO2气含量、模拟温度及时间的增加，无机CO2相对富集13C。实验研究结果为CO2成因研究及其资源评价提供了实验依据。 相似文献
2.
U37K与海水表层温度 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Ｕ37Ｋ是指少数藻类生物所特有的一种分子化合物（长链不饱和酮）的不饱和指数。在现代海洋沉积物中，Ｕ37Ｋ与浮游有孔虫的18Ｏ值具有很好的相关性。在实验室培养的藻类生物体中、海洋悬浮颗粒物及海洋沉积柱样的表层样中均检测出长链不饱和酮，其Ｕ37Ｋ与生物生长环境的海水表层温度具有很好的线性关系。因此，在古气候研究中，Ｕ37Ｋ可作为一种有效的古温度指标，且在古气候研究中已得到应用。主要介绍了Ｕ37Ｋ作为海水表层温度指标的原理、定量公式及其研究现状和存在的问题。 相似文献
3.
文章利用黄土高原西缘代表性的塬堡剖面有机碳同位素数据,估算了末次冰期以来地表植被中C3/C4植 物的相对丰度,指示出研究区域末次冰期几乎为纯粹的C3植物,而全新世为C3植物占优势的C3和C4混合植被类 型。温度是控制中国黄土高原C4植物是否发生的关键性气候因素,末次冰期向全新世转化过程中存在的某“阈值 温度”控制了两种植被类型的存在。全新世土壤有机碳同位素偏正于末次冰期,符合前人研究得到的认识。末次 冰期间冰段(MIS3)至盛冰期,土壤有机碳同位素为偏正变化趋势,符合现代C3植物本身随气候条件改变的碳同位 素组成变化。研究表明,利用黄土-古土壤有机碳同位素进行古气候变化研究,不能只将有机碳同位素简单的解 释为C3/C4植物相对丰度的变化,在单一植被类型下,还需要考虑植物本身碳同位素组成随气候条件的变化;另外, 研究还说明,我国黄土高原不同地区同时段土壤有机碳同位素值可以不同,其变化可以不具有相同的趋势,因此, 简单将有机碳同位素偏正归因于夏季风增强是值得商榷的。 相似文献
4.
湖南芙蓉锡多金属矿床流体包裹体地球化学研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
湖南芙蓉锡多金属矿床是中国最近发现的具有巨大找矿潜力的锡矿田，本文对白蜡水矿区和狗头岭矿区中主要的4种矿化类型（矽卡岩型、蚀变花岗岩、锡石硫化物型、云英岩型）进行了系统的流体包裹体研究，研究表明：该矿床中流体包裹体类型复杂，包括富含CO2包裹体、气液包裹体、含子晶包裹体和气相包裹体。成矿流体为富含CO2、CH4等挥发分的高盐度、高温度的岩浆期后热液，成矿流体压力为1800~179 bar。锡成矿过程早期曾发生过流体不混溶和沸腾作用。CO2相的分离导致热液流体的pH值升高，低盐度、低温大气降水的混入，导致成矿流体的温度进一步降低和锡石的沉淀。 相似文献
5.
对采自浙江西天目山地区的3株柳杉树盘,交叉定年后,测定了3株树轮δ13C的年序列,分析了3株树轮δ13C序列中所含的共同环境变化信息。用二项式拟合法去除气候因素引起的3个δ13C序列的高频变化,得到3个低频变化序列。分析了theLowDome冰芯记录的大气CO2浓度与树轮δ13C序列低频变化趋势的关系,建立了相应的转移函数,重建了天目山地区1685年以来大气CO2浓度变化。结果表明:用3株树轮δ13C序列重建的结果有较好的一致性,并与南极冰芯的记录及前人研究结果有很好的吻合。这一结果表明用同一地区不同树木个体的树轮δ13C序列的低频变化序列可以重建出基本一致的大气CO2浓度变化历史。 相似文献
6.
中国东部CO2气田(藏)发育广泛,分布复杂。本文对中国东部松辽、渤海湾、苏北、三水、东海、珠江口、莺琼、北部湾等盆地和内蒙古商都地区以及部分现代构造岩浆活动区CO2气田(藏)和气苗中CO2的地球化学特征进行了分析和研究,探讨了中国东部CO2气的成因、来源及分布。中国东部CO2气的含量主要分布区间为0~10%,其次为90%~100%,呈现典型的U字型。δ13CCO2值则呈现典型的单峰式分布,峰值区间为-6‰~-4‰。CO2含量、δ13CCO2值和R/Ra值综合表明,中国东部高含CO2气以幔源无机成因为主,混有部分有机成因气和(或)壳源无机气。中国东部已发现的36个无机成因CO2气田(藏)在空间分布上与新近纪及第四纪北西西向玄武岩活动带展布一致,深大断裂和岩浆活动是无机成因CO2富集、运移和分布最重要、最直接的两大主控因素。 相似文献
7.
前人提出南海晚第四纪碳酸钙含量变化存在“大西洋型”和“太平洋型”两种基本类型,本文利用δ18O、CaCO3含量、Al2O3含量、SiO2含量、浮游有孔虫丰度及钙质超微化石丰度,来表征南海与台湾东部海域13个柱状样的碳酸盐旋回特征。CaCO3含量和SiO2含量通常是表征碳酸盐旋回的良好指标,二者的变化常呈相互消长关系。研究区碳酸盐旋回包括“大西洋型”和“太平洋型”两种标准型式,但也存在不规则形态。“大西洋型”碳酸盐旋回与海平面冰期-间冰期升降旋回密切相关,本文研究的具有该旋回特征的柱状样主要分布在南海水深3000 m以浅区域,其中南海北部碳酸盐旋回很可能伴随着海平面下降（上升）期间富集陆源较粗（细）颗粒物的过程。“太平洋型”碳酸盐旋回在南海现今碳酸钙溶跃面上下很大水深范围都有分布,碳酸钙溶解作用旋回不是“太平洋型”碳酸盐旋回的根本原因。本文研究的台湾东部海域柱状样碳酸盐旋回既不属于大西洋型,也不属于太平洋型。研究区浅地层沉积速率变化与碳酸盐旋回的型式关系不大,主要受控于水深和冰期旋回中海平面变化。随着水深增大,沉积速率趋于增加。MIS2期平均沉积速率大约是MIS1期平均沉积速率的2倍多。 相似文献
8.
周口店地区的古环境变化研究多数研究集中在中更新世时期,而缺乏对早更新世时期环境变化的研究。这主要是由于缺少保存完好的早更新世沉积记录造成的。随着对20世纪80年代在周口地区发现的东洞剖面,发现这是一个保存完好的早更新世剖面,为研究早更新世时期的古环境变化特征提供了良好的研究材料。为了重建早更新世时期的古环境变化特征,利用XRF对东洞洞穴沉积物的主要元素（SiO2,Al2O3,Fe2O3和CaO）的化学组成进行了高分辨率分析,同时对沉积物中的FeO含量进行了测试。结果显示东洞剖面沉积物的主要化学组成为SiO2,占41.6%～58.9%,其次是Al2O3和Fe2O3,其含量的变化范围分别为13.69%～29.63%和5.00%～9.81%。Al2O3和Fe2O3在剖面上与SiO2含量成明显的镜像变化关系,显示出Al2O3和Fe2O3对沉积物中SiO2含量的稀释作用。另外,Fe2O3与Al2O3在剖面上具有很好的相关性,表明Fe2O3主要富集在富铝的矿物中。从元素含量在剖面的上分布看,东洞剖面的化学组成发生3次大的波动,主要表现为SiO2和FeO含量增高,而Fe2O3与Al2O3含量的减少。这3次波动分别出现在剖面的15.3～14.6m,11.0～9.9m和8.40～7.84m深度处。在3次化学组成的波动出现的同时,指示沉积物风化程度和温度变化的Si/Al（SiO2/Al2O3）和FeO/Fe2O3比值也发生了明显变化,比值增高,指示了3次大的干冷事件。另外,在剖面上部（10.00～7.84m,即第2次事件以后）SiO2/Al2O3和FeO/Fe2O3比值变高且波动频繁,表明自第2次干冷事件后沉积区的环境变得不稳定,逐渐向冷干气候转变。东洞剖面的地球化学记录（SiO2/Al2O3和FeO/Fe2O3）与泾川黄土剖面的粒度曲线具有较好的对比性,支持了东洞剖面记录的环境信息与黄土沉积记录的环境变化具有一致性。通过与泾川粒度曲线的对比发现,东洞剖面记录的3次干冷事件在时段上分别对应于黄土-古土壤序列中的L26,L15和L13。 相似文献
9.
大气细粒子(PM2.5)污染是全球尤其是我国许多城市的重要环境问题。利用示踪物质识别和估算大气颗粒物来源是公认的可靠技术,纤维素可以作为示踪物质表征一次颗粒物的天然植被排放来源。本文针对大气细粒子中纤维素含量低、全程序空白相对较高等难点,优化建立了纤维素酶水解、GOD-苯酚-四氨基安替比林测糖法,在我国首次应用于测定大气PM2.5中纤维素的含量,估算天然植被排放源的贡献。方法检出限为0.26 μg/m3(纤维素),可以满足大气PM2.5纤维素测定要求;而且有效地降低了空白,全程序空白值(36.5 μg葡萄糖)低于文献方法空白值(53.8 μg葡萄糖),使之更适合于PM2.5的测定。使用本方法对2012年5月至6月采集的北京市大气PM2.5样品进行分析,纤维素检出率为96%,纤维素的平均含量为(0.573±0.17) μg/m3,折合为天然植被排放量占PM2.5质量浓度的1.37%±0.65%;天然植被排放源对有机碳的平均贡献率为4.4%,最大达到9.2%,反映出天然植被排放是北京市PM2.5的重要来源之 一。本研究方法为我国城市大气颗粒物(包括总悬浮颗粒物、PM10、PM2.5等)来源识别提供了新的手段。 相似文献
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11.
Observations of the distribution of 241Am in the marine environment indicate that Am has a high affinity for solid surfaces. The adsorption of Am onto calcite and aragonite surfaces from seawater and related solutions has been studied, in order to establish the interaction of Am with a major component of many marine sediments. Results indicate that Am is rapidly and strongly adsorbed. This occurs even when both dissolved Am concentrations and solid to solution ratios are low. The minimum value for determined is 2 × 105. Measurements of reaction kinetics established that Am is adsorbed from seawater at 40 times the rate per unit surface area on synthetic aragonite that it is on synthetic calcite. Approximately 15% of the difference is attributable to epitaxial influences, with the remainder being due to enhanced site competition by Mg on calcite relative to aragonite. The adsorption rate is first order with respect to Am concentration, but follows approximately the square root of the solid surface area to solution volume ratio.Adsorption rate of Am on biogenic aragonite and Mg-calcites are, within a given particle size range, close to equal. It is not possible to normalize these adsorption rates to surface area due to the differing microporous structure of biogenic carbonates. The Am adsorption rates on a shallow water calcium carbonate-rich sediment gave results which were predicted from, its mineralogie mixture of components. 相似文献
12.
New interpretations of Great Salt Lake ooids and of ancient non-skeletal carbonate mineralogy 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
PHILIP A. SANDBERG 《Sedimentology》1975,22(4):497-537
Earlier interpretations of textural alteration affecting Great Salt Lake ooids have greatly influenced concepts of ooid diagenesis. Scanning electron microscope study shows, however, that the coarse radial aragonite rays are depositional, that no recrystallization of pellet cores has occurred, and that Great Salt Lake ooids have not suffered noticeable diagenesis. As suggested by Kahle (1974), radial texture in ancient calcitic ooids is probably mainly original, not diagenetic. Retention of such fine textures has been attributed to organic matter (since found to be equivalent in modern skeletal and non-skeletal grains) or to paramorphic replacement (proposed for non-skeletal grains whose original aragonite mineralogy was only inferred from modern analogs). Pleistocene ooids known to have been aragonite alter like aragonite shells to coarse neomorphic calcite, often with aragonite relics. The striking uniformity of that coarse texture in neomorphic calcite replacing known skeletal aragonites throughout the geologic record has been noted for over 100 years. In contrast, Mississippian ooids retain fine texture as do calcite layers of coexisting gastropods, but unlike the strongly altered aragonite layers of these same gastropods. Therefore, inferences of original aragonitic mineralogy of ancient non-skeletal carbonate grains (including muds) which are now calcite but retain fine texture appear unwarranted, as do assumptions of differential diagenetic behaviour of ancient aragonitic skeletal and non-skeletal grains. Accordingly, modern depositional environments of marine ooids and carbonate muds must be rejected as chemically unrepresentative of comparable ancient environments. It is inferred that ancient non-skeletal carbonates were originally predominantly or exclusively calcite because of an earlier lower oceanic Mg/Ca ratio (<2/1) which altered progressively to values favouring aragonite (modern Mg/Ca value = 5/1). Major influencing factors are: selective removal of calcium by planktonic foraminifers and coccolithophorids since Jurassic-Cretaceous time and by abundant younger, Mg-poor aragonite skeletons and an erratic trend toward decreasing dolomite formation (decreasing removal of oceanic Mg). The change to aragonite dominance over calcite for non-skeletal carbonates was probably during early to middle Cenozoic time. 相似文献
13.
Calcium isotope fractionation in calcite and aragonite 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Nikolaus Gussone Florian Böhm Martin Dietzel Barbara M.A. Teichert Gert Wörheide 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2005,69(18):4485-4494
Calcium isotope fractionation was measured on skeletal aragonite and calcite from different marine biota and on inorganic calcite. Precipitation temperatures ranged from 0 to 28°C. Calcium isotope fractionation shows a temperature dependence in accordance with previous observations: 1000 · ln(αcc) = −1.4 + 0.021 · T (°C) for calcite and 1000 · ln(αar) = −1.9 + 0.017 · T (°C) for aragonite. Within uncertainty the temperature slopes are identical for the two polymorphs. However, at all temperatures calcium isotopes are more fractionated in aragonite than in calcite. The offset in δ44/40Ca is about 0.6‰. The underlying mechanism for this offset may be related to the different coordination numbers and bond strengths of the calcium ions in calcite and aragonite crystals, or to different Ca reaction behavior at the solid-liquid interface. Recently, the observed temperature dependence of the Ca isotope fractionation was explained quantitatively by the temperature control on precipitation rates of calcium carbonates in an experimental setting (Lemarchand et al., 2004). We show that this mechanism can in principle also be applied to CaCO3 precipitation in natural environments in normal marine settings. Following this model, Ca isotope fractionation in marine Ca carbonates is primarily controlled by precipitation rates. On the other hand the larger Ca isotope fractionation of aragonite compared to calcite can not be explained by different precipitation rates. The rate control model of Ca isotope fractionation predicts a strong dependence of the Ca isotopic composition of carbonates on ambient CO32− concentration. While this model is in general accordance with our observations in marine carbonates, cultured specimens of the planktic foraminifer Orbulina universa show no dependence of Ca-isotope fractionation on the ambient CO32− concentration. The latter observation implies that the carbonate chemistry in the calcifying vesicles of the foraminifer is independent from the ambient carbonate ion concentration of the surrounding water. 相似文献
14.
《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1999,63(3-4):373-381
Aragonite was converted to calcite in dilute CaCl2 fluid at temperatures ranging from 50 to 100°C. Surface areas of aragonite and calcite seed crystals were varied by over an order of magnitude to permit independent assessment of calcite nucleation and growth processes. Aragonite conversion rates were measured using isotopic attenuation of dissolved 44Ca, which was added to the fluid at the beginning of each experiment. Measured conversion rates were found to be constant with respect to time and proportional to the initial surface area of aragonite. Rates were independent of the surface area of calcite seed crystals owing to heterogeneous nucleation of calcite on aragonite during experiments. The data imply that calcite nucleates on aragonite surfaces until the level of saturation with respect to calcite reaches a critical threshold value where further nucleation is precluded. Thereafter, conversion to calcite occurs at a steady state rate consistent with aragonite dissolution at a fixed level of saturation. Aragonite converts to calcite under these conditions and in dilute fluids at rates of approximately 10 and 100 microns/yr at 25 and 100°C, respectively. 相似文献
15.
Microbially mediated carbonate precipitation in a hypersaline lake,Big Pond (Eleuthera,Bahamas) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
CHRISTINA GLUNK CHRISTOPHE DUPRAZ OLIVIER BRAISSANT KIMBERLEY L. GALLAGHER ERIC P. VERRECCHIA PIETER T. VISSCHER 《Sedimentology》2011,58(3):720-736
Microbial metabolism impacts the degree of carbonate saturation by changing the total alkalinity and calcium availability; this can result in the precipitation of carbonate minerals and thus the formation of microbialites. Here, the microbial metabolic activity, the characteristics and turnover of the extracellular polymeric substances and the physicochemical conditions in the water column and sediments of a hypersaline lake, Big Pond, Bahamas, were determined to identify the driving forces in microbialite formation. A conceptual model for organomineralization within the active part of the microbial mats that cover the lake sediments is presented. Geochemical modelling indicated an oversaturation with respect to carbonates (including calcite, aragonite and dolomite), but these minerals were never observed to precipitate at the mat–water interface. This failure is attributed to the capacity of the water column and upper layers of the microbial mat to bind calcium. A layer of high Mg‐calcite was present 4 to 6 mm below the surface of the mat, just beneath the horizons of maximum photosynthesis and aerobic respiration. This carbonate layer was associated with the zone of maximum sulphate reduction. It is postulated that extracellular polymeric substances and low molecular weight organic carbon produced at the surface (i.e. the cyanobacterial layer) of the mat bind calcium. Both aerobic and anaerobic heterotrophic microbes consume extracellular polymeric substances (each process accounting for approximately half of the total consumption) and low molecular weight organic carbon, liberating calcium and producing inorganic carbon. The combination of these geochemical changes can increase the carbonate saturation index, which may result in carbonate precipitation. In conclusion, the formation and degradation of extracellular polymeric substances, as well as sulphate reduction, may play a pivotal role in the formation of microbialites both in marine and hypersaline environments. 相似文献
16.
This paper deals with dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and organic carbon (DOC) in pore waters from a 150 m deep hole drilled through the carbonate barrier reef of Tahiti and its underlying basalt basement. Alkalinity-pH measurements were used to calculate the DIC species concentration, and DOC was analysed according to the high temperature catalytic oxidation technique. Salinity was used as a conservative tracer to help identify water origin and mixing within the hole. Water mixing, calcium carbonate dissolution and mineralization of organic carbon combined to form three distinct groups of pore water. In the deeper basalt layers, pore water with alkalinity of 1.4 meq kg?1 pH of 7.6 and p(CO2) of 1.2 mAtm was undersaturated with respect to both aragonite and calcite. In the intermediate carbonate layer, pore water with alkalinity of more than 2.0 meq kg?1, pH of 7.70 and p(CO2) of 1.4 mAtm was supersaturated with respect to both aragonite and calcite. The transition zone between those two groups extended between 80 and 100 m depth. The shift from aragonite undersaturation to supersaturation was mainly attributed to the mixing of undersaturated pore waters from the basalt basement with supersaturated pore waters from the overlaying limestone. In the top of the reef, inputs from a brackish water lens further increased p(CO2) up to 5.6 times the atmospheric P(CO2). 相似文献
17.
S. Anne Reeckmann 《Sedimentary Geology》1988,60(1-4):209-219
Temperate shelf carbonates form in cool marine waters and have skeletal and mineralogical compositions which are different from their tropical counterparts. They commonly lack non-skeletal grains and are often composed of low- and high-magnesium calcite with subordinate aragonite. Many of the aragonitic components found in tropical carbonates, such as corals, ooids, blue-green algae and lime mud, are absent.
Temperate shelf carbonates undergo diagenesis in marine waters with lower carbonate saturation than do tropical carbonates, and are exposed to cool climates with moderate to low rainfall. Marine cementation is rare because of low carbonate saturations in the surrounding waters. However, aragonite and high-magnesium calcite cements have been reported forming under specialized conditions associated with biogenic precipitation, submarine methane and sulphate-reducing bacteria, and more commonly in the intertidal environment where evaporation has increased carbonate concentrations.
In Pleistocene and Tertiary temperate shelf carbonates from southeastern Australia, evidence of marine diagenesis is rare to absent. Diagenetic stabilization of aragonite and high-magnesium calcite has taken from 80,000 y to 1 My, or longer, during subaerial exposure. This is slower than rates reported from tropical climates. A general lack of aragonite in some facies within these temperate carbonates leads to a lack of secondary porosity and only sparse low-magnesium calcite cement, even after prolonged fresh-water diagenesis. However, with lengthy exposure and under the right climatic conditions, karstic solution and calcrete precipitation can occur.
In sequences containing siliciclastic clays, pyrite and glauconite, abundant iron is present in interstitial waters leading to the precipitation of ferroan calcite cements in the phreatic and shallow burial environments, and to the substitution of iron for magnesium in stabilizing high-magnesium calcite skeletal material.
A unique void-filling, micritic internal sediment occurs in discrete layers in many of the Tertiary temperate shelf carbonate sequences in southeastern Australia. This internal sediment is localized as a pore-filling material above permeability barriers such as fine-grained sediments or volcanics, and above paleo-water tables which formed during periods of subaerial exposure. It is a feature of the vadose zone and lithifies to form a dense micritic low-magnesium calcite cement with characteristic pink/brown coloration, often associated with erosion surfaces and nodule beds.
Dolomite is uncommon in the southeastern Australian temperate shelf carbonates. It forms associated with preferential fluid pathways or mixing zones. Ferroan dolomite forms in siliciclastic clay-rich carbonates in the shallow burial environment. The ubiquitous fine, evaporite-related dolomite so common in tropical carbonates is absent. 相似文献
18.
This paper deals with dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and organic carbon (DOC) in pore waters from a 150 m deep hole drilled through the carbonate barrier reef of Tahiti and its underlying basalt basement. Alkalinity-pH measurements were used to calculate the DIC species concentration, and DOC was analysed according to the high temperature catalytic oxidation technique. Salinity was used as a conservative tracer to help identify water origin and mixing within the hole. Water mixing, calcium carbonate dissolution and mineralization of organic carbon combined to form three distinct groups of pore water. In the deeper basalt layers, pore water with alkalinity of 1.4 meq kg–1 pH of 7.6 and p(CO2) of 1.2 mAtm was undersaturated with respect to both aragonite and calcite. In the intermediate carbonate layer, pore water with alkalinity of more than 2.0 meq kg–1, pH of 7.70 and p(CO2) of 1.4 mAtm was supersaturated with respect to both aragonite and calcite. The transition zone between those two groups extended between 80 and 100 m depth. The shift from aragonite undersaturation to supersaturation was mainly attributed to the mixing of undersaturated pore waters from the basalt basement with supersaturated pore waters from the overlaying limestone. In the top of the reef, inputs from a brackish water lens further increased p(CO2) up to 5.6 times the atmospheric P(CO2). 相似文献
19.
Magnesium/calcium, Sr/Ca, and Na/Ca atom ratios were determined in the calcite and aragonite regions of Mytilus edulis shells which were grown in semi-artificial ‘seawater’ solutions having varying Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, and Na/Ca ratios. These ratios were measured by instrumental neutron activation, atomic absorption, and electron microprobe analytical techniques. Strontium/calcium ratios in both calcite and aragonite were linearly proportional to solution Sr/Ca ratios. Magnesium/calcium ratios in calcite increased exponentially when solution Mg/Ca ratios were raised above the normal seawater ratio; whereas in aragonite, Mg/Ca ratios increased linearly with increases in solution Mg/Ca ratios. Sodium/calcium and sulfur/calcium ratios in calcite covaried with Mg/Ga solution ratios. Conversely, in aragonite, Na/Ca ratios varied linearly with solution Na/Ca ratios.Magnesium is known to inhibit calcite precipitation at its normal seawater concentration. We infer from the results of the work reported here that Mytilus edulis controls the Mg activity of the outer extrapallial fluid, thus facilitating the precipitation of calcitic shell. Increases in sulfur content suggest that changes in shell organic matrix content occur as a result of environmental stress. Certain increases in Mg content may also be correlated to stress. Sodium/calcium variations, and their absolute amounts in calcite and aragonite, are best explained by assuming that a substantial amount of Na is adsorbed on the calcium carbonate crystal surface. Strontium/calcium ratios show more promise than either Mg/Ca or Na/Ca ratios as seawater paleochemistry indicators, because the Sr/Ca distribution coefficients for both aragonite and calcite are independent of seawater Ca and Sr concentrations. 相似文献
20.
HENRY T. MULLINS SHERWOOD W. WISE ANNE F. GARDULSKI EDWARD J. HINCHEY PHILIP M. MASTERS D.I. SIEGEL 《Sedimentology》1985,32(4):473-494
Previous studies on early submarine diagenesis of periplatform carbonates have implied that these originally polymineralic (aragonite, magnesian calcite, calcite) sediments are susceptible to early diagenesis only in current-swept open seaways or where surficially exposed by erosion on the seafloor. It has also been proposed that while in the shallow subsurface, periplatform oozes retain their original mineralogy for at least 200,000–400,000 yr and remain unlithified for tens of millions of years. Evidence is reported here for extensive calcitization and selective lithification of periplatform oozes of late Pleistocene age in two piston cores collected from water depths of ～ 1,000 m north of Little Bahama Bank. It is shown that shallow (<30 m) subsurface diagenesis can significantly alter the original mineralogy of periplatform oozes to predominantly calcite in less than 440,000 yr, and that cementation by calcite can produce chalk-ooze sequences within the same time-frame. Periplatform oozes that originally contain a high percentage of bank-derived magnesian calcite appear to have a higher diagenetic potential than those originally low in magnesian calcite. Shallow subsurface calcitization and fithification greatly reduce the diagenetic potential of periplatform carbonates, and chalk-ooze sequences apparently can persist for tens of millions of years and to burial depths of at least 300 m. Shallow subsurface diagenesis, at water depths > 1,000 m, proceeds via dissolution of magnesian calcite and aragonite and reprecipitation of calcite as allochem fillings, exterior overgrowths and cement. It is speculated that density-driven ‘Kohout convection‘, where seawaters under-saturated with respect to magnesian calcite and aragonite and saturated/supersaturated with respect to calcite flow through the margins of carbonate platforms, is the primary driving mechanism for shallow subsurface diagenesis. Removal of Mg during early stages of deep seafloor and shallow subsurface diagenesis should increase the Mg content of interstitial waters which is likely to increase the ‘dolomitizing potential’ of Kohout convection fluid flow. 相似文献