共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 140 毫秒
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微破裂成核过程和应力（场）关系的实验研究 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
利用实时全息干涉计量摄影装置记录有机玻璃板微破裂过程中应力（场）的变化,他微破坏的丛集过程及其与诮力（场）的关系,宏观裂缝的分叉和延伸规律,在破裂与微破裂的关系。研究结果表明,大破裂发生前微破裂有丛集（成核）现象,微破裂的丛集与局部应力集中有关,大破裂（宏观裂缝）延伸方向是应力场高梯度变化方向,大破裂的发生位置与微破裂的丛集无明显关系。 相似文献
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本文根据地震的断层说观点在室温、围压600—1,200巴条件下研究了具切口的花岗闪长岩、辉长岩和大理岩试件的破裂发展过程。在连续增加的差应力作用下观测到:切口内部充填的软弱夹层首先发生剪切变形和破裂,接着在切口端部一侧扩展张性裂纹,然后在切口前缘方向扩展剪切裂纹,最后发生贯通试件的剪切和张裂-剪切主破坏。张裂纹扩展长度受到围压的强烈抑制。岩石的切口结构和岩性变化对破裂迹线的空间展布和主破坏机制有重要影响。讨论了实验结果在断层扩展型地震的形成过程及其在预报预测方面的意义 相似文献
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对合一条预制中心割缝的大理岩六边形试件进行了对边均匀加压实验，在扫描电镜下实时观测了细观裂纹的起裂、扩展过程，研究了它们与外载大小和方向之间的关系．用实验过程中拍摄的显微照片测量与计算了裂端距（割缝周围次级裂纹开裂点至割缝端点的距离）与外载方向之间的关系，并分析了当加载方向变化时裂纹扩展的特征及变化规律．最后将实验结果与滇西北洱源－鹤庆断裂尾端张性盆地的发育过程做了对比，发现两者在受力方向改变时，次级断层的发育过程具有相似之处． 相似文献
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岩石受载内部微裂纹扩展及其震源机制反演有助于认识宏观裂纹扩展过程的非线性断裂力学行为.借助声发射监测手段,本文建立了仅涉及微裂纹张开/闭合和剪切滑移的位移不连续震源模型,通过各位置处传感器耦合质量标定及点源远场P波矩张量反演获得了含预制裂纹砂岩受载过程的震源机制解及时变响应特征,在全局坐标系下分析了微裂纹的三种断裂力学行为.结果表明:在位移不连续模型中,震源矩张量特征值与试样泊松比之间必须满足特定约束条件,该约束条件下的优化问题可采用拉格朗日乘子和Levenberg-Marquardt迭代法求解;受载砂岩裂纹扩展过程中,声发射震源以剪切滑移机制占优,微裂纹空间取向及运动方向与试样宏观主裂纹夹角平均值分别为40.9°和17.7°;对微裂纹体积分解表明岩体微观破裂机制以沿X方向I型张开为主,而沿Y方向的II型断裂滑移方向与试样全局变形方向相一致,由于试样内部晶粒分布非均质性造成了少量沿Z方向的III型平面外微裂纹滑移行为;受载砂岩裂纹扩展过程中微裂纹模式角与震源极性值变化趋势一致、利用震源震级评估的局部应力降值与实验观测结果相吻合,这两者均表明了位移不连续模型在震源机制定量反演中的适用性. 相似文献
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在济南辉长岩的三轴压缩实验(3=1.3kb)中, 通过显微镜观测了岩石内部微裂纹的发展.实验结果说明, 在低应力状态下, 微裂纹主要出现在岩石矿物结晶颗粒内部, 其方向主要取决于矿物颗粒的结晶学形态.当应力达到岩石强度80%左右时, 在样品中部某一对角线附近, 微裂纹密度较高, 出现一些穿过几个矿物颗粒的微断层.微断层的取向与外力应力场有明显的关系, 一般与1成40左右的夹角.本实验还同时测量了样品弹性波的速度(Vp, Vs)和体积变化.实验表明, 岩石内部微裂纹的发展以及微裂纹对岩石物理性质所产生的影响, 是与晶体颗粒的尺度有关. 相似文献
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《世界地震工程》2016,(2)
为研究FRP拉挤型材拉伸软化特性,对顺纤维方向切口梁采用了三点弯曲试验,试件初始缝高比分别为0.2、0.3、0.4和0.5。试验测定了试件的荷载-挠度(P-δ)曲线、荷载-裂缝口张开位移(P-CMOD)曲线和荷载-裂缝尖端张开位移(P-CTOD)曲线,结果显示FRP拉挤型材断裂过程包括3个阶段:线性阶段、稳定阶段与失效阶段,表现为准脆性断裂破坏。应用P-δ曲线计算试件断裂能,再根据拉伸强度、断裂能以及变形关系建立双线性拉伸软化曲线。总断裂能由微裂纹断裂能和纤维桥连断裂能组成,研究表明:总断裂能大小不受初始缝高比影响,微裂断裂能约占总断裂能的60%;拉伸软化曲线受初始缝高比影响明显,建立了相应的函数公式。 相似文献
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本研究对涪陵地区井下产气的龙马溪组页岩岩芯,采用三轴压机压裂制造裂缝,用工业CT扫描压裂前后岩芯,应用图像识别技术统计出裂缝体密度,又用超声脉冲透射法测定样品破裂前后裂缝方向上的纵波、单偏振方向与裂缝不同夹角的横波,来研究裂缝对页岩岩芯声学性质的影响.实验结果表明:压裂后样品的纵波速度略微降低,只有含较多内部裂隙的150#样品纵波速度减小幅度明显.压裂前后样品的纵波波形差别不大,纵波主频随裂缝体密度呈下降趋势,即压裂后纵波频谱主频向低频端移动.压裂前横波速度随自身与裂隙方位角变化而变化,与0°和180°相比,在45°和135°时略微减小,在90°时速度降低幅度最为明显并且发生相位反转.典型样品的横波主频随偏振方向与裂缝夹角的增大而逐渐向低频移动;压裂后,横波频谱杂乱,出现多处局部峰值,速度和主频较压裂前更低,平均横波波速随裂缝体密度呈明显减小趋势.平均纵横波速比随裂缝密度呈近线性增加,表明其与裂缝体密度有较强相关性. 相似文献
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根据脉冲传播和频谱比方法的基本原理建立了一套超声波衰减和波速测量系统。研究了单轴压缩下超声P波在干燥和饱水的小浪底砂岩和房山大理岩中的衰减和速度。常压下,水饱和样品的Q_P值低于干燥样品。初始加载时,在大多数情况下,Q_p值明显增加即衰减减小;当应力水平达破裂强度50-60％后,岩石开始膨胀,Q_p减小即衰减增加;临近破裂Q_p减至最小。Q_p的变化量达一个数量级。单轴压缩下,在干燥和饱水的砂岩、大理岩中,V_p分别增加为27％和28％,44％和11％。径向Q_p和V_p随单轴压力的变化比轴向小得多,呈现明显各向异性。在本实验条件下,波在裂纹表面的摩擦耗散是主要的衰减机制,水的作用主要是潮湿和润滑裂纹表面,促进滑动,增加衰减。 相似文献
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Flow of fluids in many hydrocarbon reservoirs and aquifers is enhanced by the presence of cracks and fractures. These cracks could be detected by their effects on propagation of compressional and shear waves through the reservoir: several theories, including Hudson's, claim to predict the seismic effects of cracks. Although Hudson's theory has already been used to calculate crack densities from seismic surveys, the predictions of the theory have not yet been tested experimentally on rocks containing a known crack distribution. This paper describes an experimental verification of the theory. The rock used, Carrara marble, was chosen for its uniformity and low porosity, so that the effect of cracks would not be obscured by other influences. Cracks were induced by loading of laboratory specimens. Velocities of compressional and shear waves were measured by ultrasound at 0.85 MHz in dry and water-saturated specimens at high and low effective pressures. The cracks were then counted in polished sections of the specimens. In ‘dry’ specimens with both dry and saturated cracks, Hudson's theory overpredicted observed crack densities by a constant amount that is attributed to the observed value being systematically underestimated. The theory made poor predictions for fully saturated specimens. Shear-wave splitting, caused by anisotropy due to both crystal and crack alignment, was observed. Cracks were seen to follow grain boundaries rather than the direction of maximum compression due to loading. The results demonstrate that Hudson's theory may be used in some cases to determine crack and fracture densities from compressional- and shear-wave velocity data. 相似文献
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破裂带发展的扫描电镜实验研究及其对地震前兆的启示 总被引：17，自引：0，他引：17
在扫描电镜下对带割缝的大理岩试件进行了单轴压缩实验.在加载的全过程中,观察了试件表面裂纹的产生、扩展、平面分布以及断裂扩展前缘处的微裂纹在主断裂扩展前后的开、闭变化,并分析了它们与外载之间的关系.在显微照片上量测了主断裂的宽度随外载水平及测点所在部位的变化规律.在实验测定和结果分析的基础上,解释了脆性岩石材料在宏观裂纹扩展时的断裂能明显偏离线弹性断裂力学预测值的原因,提出了以标量作为岩石损伤力学中的损伤量的设想,探讨了实验结果对了解地震前兆（如大地形变和地下水位异常）可能起到的作用.将实验观察到的微破裂活动与1975年海城7.3级地震前地下水位异常做了对比分析,发现两者在时空分布方面有许多相似之处. 相似文献
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STUART CRAMPIN 《Geophysical Prospecting》1990,38(6):621-631
Ubiquitous splitting of seismic shear-waves indicates that most rocks in the upper half of the crust are pervaded by stress-aligned fluid-filled inclusions, called EDA-cracks. These inclusions are expected to be aligned perpendicular to the minimum compressional stress by stress relationships similar to those aligning industrial hydraulic fractures. At depths where the overburden stress is sufficiently large (typically below a few hundred metres), this minimum stress is usually horizontal, so that the EDA-cracks and hydraulic fractures are typically aligned vertically, striking parallel, or subparallel, to the direction of maximum compression. This is confirmed by the polarizations of the split shear-waves along raypaths at depth in the crust. At the free surface, however, the vertical stress is zero (or approximately zero) and cracks (and hydraulic fractures) at shallow depths in intact rock tend to be horizontal. Thus, the directions of minimum stress, and the orientations of hydraulic fractures, are likely to swing through 90° near the surface of the Earth. Since the behaviour of cracks and stress is often crucial to drilling operations, the rotation of the crack- and stress-geometry near-surface has important implications, particularly for optimizing hydrocarbon production and geothermal reservoir management. Consequently, evidence gained from experiments, for example in hot-dry-rock geothermal heat extraction, in inappropriate crack geometries at shallow depths, may not be valid when applied to other crack- and stress-geometries at depth in hot rock. 相似文献