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1.
北方荒漠及荒漠化地区草地地上生物量空间分布特征 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
北方典型荒漠及荒漠化地区草地地上生物量的空间分布特征对揭示中国陆地生态系统的碳储量具有重要意义,同时对于了解区域尺度上畜牧业发展潜力、生物多样性现状、以及生态系统稳定性具有一定的作用。利用北方典型荒漠及荒漠化地区144个草地样点的植被地上生物量数据,分析地上生物量的空间分布特征及其与多年平均降水量、多年平均温度、海拔高度等环境因素的相关关系。结果表明,北方典型荒漠及荒漠化地区草地单位面积地上生物量的空间分布高度异质,在5.5~371.2 g·m-2之间波动,平均地上生物量为83.3 g·m-2。北方典型荒漠及荒漠化地区草地地上生物量在经向和纬向上的分布均有明显的规律性。相关分析显示,植被地上生物量与纬度之间呈显著的负相关关系(P<0.05),与经度之间呈显著正相关关系(P<0.001)。草地地上生物量与年降水量之间存在显著的正相关关系(P<0.001),但和海拔高度、年平均温度之间无显著相关性,这意味着水分条件是导致北方典型荒漠及荒漠化地区草地地上生物量空间分异的重要因素。 相似文献
2.
本文以欧亚大陆草原为研究对象,收集和整合分析了该区域采用收获法实测的地上生物量数据,探讨了地上生物量的空间分布规律,地上生物量空间格局与环境因子之间的关系。主要结论为：① 欧亚大陆草原地上生物量的空间格局具有复杂的水平和垂直地带性分布规律,具体表现为：随着纬度的升高,海拔的升高,地上生物量都呈开口向下的抛物线变化趋势;随着经度的增大,呈开口向上的抛物线变化趋势。② 欧亚大陆草原地上生物量的空间分布虽然与年平均温度、年总太阳辐射、表层土壤（0~30 cm）的砾石含量、pH和有机碳含量有一定的相关关系,但是,主要受到年总降水量空间变异的影响。③ 欧亚大陆草原地上生物量的空间格局与年总降水量空间变异之间呈现为高斯函数关系,这主要是由青藏高原独特的草原分布与环境因素空间格局特征决定的。 相似文献
3.
《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2016,(2)
草地净初级生产力(NPP)的空间格局受到各种环境要素的影响。当前大量研究探讨了不同环境变量对草地NPP的影响,但各种环境变量对其空间格局影响的相对重要性尚未统一结论。而基于模型模拟的草地NPP会加剧这一不确定性。因此,本研究基于文献资料搜集获得我国北方草地602个样点的生物量和产草量数据,构建1980-1999年草地NPP实测数据库。在此基础上,采用相关分析和主导因素分析法定量探讨了环境变量对NPP空间变异的单独和联合影响。研究表明,北方草地NPP的空间分布明显异质,在4.76 g Cm~(–2)a~(–1) to 975.94 g Cm~(–2)a~(–1)间波动。草地NPP与年降水量显著正相关,而与年均温度显著负相关,其中降水对荒漠草地的影响最大,其次为草原和草甸。由于水资源的限制,随着海拔的增加草地NPP降低。草地NPP与坡度呈正相关,与坡度的关系微弱。土壤质量越好,草地NPP越大。就各种环境要素的联合影响而言,年降水量是影响草地NPP空间格局的最主导要素,其次是高程。 相似文献
4.
近48 a新疆干湿气候时空变化特征 总被引：15，自引：2，他引：13
根据新疆101个气象台站1961—2008年的逐月气候资料,采用线性回归、Morlet小波、自然正交分解（EOF）、累计距平、t-检验和Kriging空间插值等方法,对近48 a反映新疆干湿气候的年降水量、潜在蒸散量和地表干燥度等要素的时空变化特征进行了分析,结果表明:①新疆年降水量在空间分布上表现为山区多于平原和盆（谷）地,北疆多于南疆,西部多于东部的格局;近48 a,新疆各地年降水量均为增多趋势,增多倾向率的空间分布为:天山山区>北疆>南疆,全疆平均年降水量以9.123 mm/10a的倾向率增多;新疆年降水量空间异常分布主要表现为“全疆一致型”和“南北疆反向变化”两种模态;全疆平均年降水量主要存在3～4 a、6～8 a、11 a和16 a的振荡周期,并于1987年发生了突变性的增多。②新疆年潜在蒸散量总体表现为南疆大于北疆、东部大于西部、盆（谷）地大于山区的分布格局;近48 a,新疆各地年潜在蒸散量总体为减少趋势,其中南疆为递减倾向率高值区,北疆大部和天山山区为递减倾向率低值区,全疆平均年潜在蒸散量以-23.8 mm/10a的倾向率减少;新疆年潜在蒸散量空间异常分布也主要表现为“全疆一致型”和“南北疆反向变化”两种模态;潜在蒸散量主要存在准22 a的振荡周期,并于1984年发生了突变性的减小。③受降水量和潜在蒸散量时空变化的共同影响,新疆年干燥度指数总体表现为南疆大于北疆、东部大于西部、盆（谷）地大于山区的分布格局;近48 a,新疆各地年干燥度指数均表现为不同程度的减小趋势,其中,吐鲁番、哈密盆地以及塔里木盆地东部地区是干燥度指数减小最明显的区域,全疆平均年干燥度指数以-3.164/10a的倾向率减少;新疆年干燥度指数空间异常分布主要表现为“全疆一致型”;干燥度指数主要存在准5 a、8 a和18 a的振荡周期,并于1987年发生了突变性的减小。 相似文献
5.
以2014年、2017年、2020年对应的140、560、1216个美丽乡村为研究对象,运用GIS空间分析方法研究美丽乡村空间格局演变特征,采用地理探测器和多尺度地理加权回归探究美丽乡村空间格局的影响因素及其在空间上的分异。研究表明：① 美丽乡村空间分布的集聚性增强,主要集聚区呈现“带状-网状-面状”分布的演变趋势,热点区由沿海地带向内扩散。② 美丽乡村的空间分异是多因素共同作用的结果,但各影响因素对美丽乡村空间分异的解释度呈显著差异,其中非物质文化遗产、5A级景区、人口密度对美丽乡村空间分布的解释力最大。③ 主要影响因素对美丽乡村空间分布的影响作用存在空间差异,且局部不平衡性显著,正相关和负相关分析单元具有呈块状与带状的聚集特征。 相似文献
6.
围栏封育对青海湖地区芨芨草草原生物量的影响 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
选择青海湖地区的芨芨草草原为研究对象,以围栏内封育和围栏外自由放牧的草地做比较,研究了围栏内外枯枝落叶量、地上生物量的季节动态变化和地下生物量的状况。结果表明:枯落物生物量的季节动态围栏内外均呈现高—低—高的变化趋势,且围栏内枯落物量大于围栏外。群落总地上生物量、禾草类、杂类草和豆类草生物量围栏内外均呈现明显单峰型生长曲线,围栏内地上总生物量和禾草类生物量均大于围栏外,杂类草和豆类草生物量则是围栏外大于围栏内。围栏内外群落的地下生物量垂直分布均呈典型的倒金字塔型,从地表向下地下生物量的空间分布呈递减趋势。地下生物量主要集中分布在0~10 cm,围栏内外分别达1 408.778 g和940.934 g,占总地下生物量比例分别是84.65%和77.12%;而在10~20 cm和20~30 cm两层无论是重量,还是所占的比例,都是围栏外大于围栏内。该地区降雨量和气温呈单峰的增长,且雨热同季,这也和植物的生长规律吻合,土壤含水量达到最高值的时间较降雨量和气温滞后。围栏外地上生物量的季节变化和月均气温、降雨量呈极显著正相关关系,围栏外月均地上生物量的累积量与土壤含水量呈显著负相关关系;地上生物量的月增长率与月均气温和降雨量呈显著正相关关系;围栏内地上生物量的增长率与月均气温呈极显著正相关关系,其他相关关系微弱。 相似文献
7.
草地生态系统群落生物量的分配模式对于研究生态系统碳储量和碳循环有着重要的意义。为了解内蒙古荒漠草地群落生物量垂直分配格局,从不同土地利用方式着手探讨群落生物量不同成层性分配规律并估算荒漠草地生物量碳密度。结果表明:(1)人工灌溉草地灌木层生物量明显高于放牧和原生草地,草本层生物量表现出灌溉草地>原生草地>放牧草地,而凋落物层表现出灌溉草地<放牧草地<原生草地,地上生物量集中在草本层(60%以上),地下0~10 cm生物量大于其他层生物量(P<0.05)。(2)灌木层生物量、草本层生物量、凋落物层间存在极显著的相关关系(P<0.0001);地下各层生物量之间存在极显著相关关系(P<0.0001);且灌溉草地与原生草地群落地上层生物量与地下层生物量之间存在显著相关关系(P<0.05),故可以建立生物量成层性分配模型。(3)生物量碳密度原生草地<放牧草地<灌溉草地。 相似文献
8.
《干旱区地理》2016,(4)
干燥度指数作为潜在蒸散量和降水量之比,是表征气候干湿状况的重要指标。基于1960-2014年华北平原59个站点逐日气象数据,通过Morlet函数、Mann-Kendall检验、主成分分析等方法探讨了华北平原干燥度指数的时空分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明:(1)区域多年平均干燥度在0.97~3.50之间,呈现出自西向东、自北向南、自西北向东南逐渐减少的空间特征。(2)时间上,干燥度年际线性变化趋势不明显,但存在周期结构性,主周期为15 a左右;年内季节变化为冬季春季秋季夏季;空间上,河南省大部分地区干燥度指数呈减小趋势,而河南外大部分地区呈增加趋势。(3)1960-2014年华北平原干燥度指数不存在显著的突变点。(4)干燥度指数的气象影响因子分析表明,水分因子对干燥度影响最大,且呈负作用;其次为日照时数和风速,呈正作用;空气冷热状况对干燥度影响最小,呈正作用。 相似文献
9.
利用2005-2011年内蒙古西部草原756个地面调查样方与2001-2011年MODIS NDVI数据集,建立统计模型,估算了内蒙古西部草原地上生物量,并探索了地上生物量与气候因子的关系.结论如下:①内蒙古西部草原地上生物量2001-2011年均值为5.27 Tg(1 Tg=1012g).2001-2011年间,内蒙古西部草原地上生物量呈波动状态且略有下降趋势.②内蒙古西部草原地上生物量的空间差异显著,总体自东南向西北逐步降低.③内蒙古西部草原地上生物量年际波动的主要驱动因子是1-7月的降水量,而与同期气温无显著关系;降水量同样是决定地上生物量空间分布的重要因素,而气温的影响较弱.本研究的估值仍存在一定的不确定性,主要来源于样方的采集标准差异、样方生物量的折算偏差、灌木生物量的低估与遥感数据集误差. 相似文献
10.
11.
J.W. Fan K. Wang W. Harris H.P. Zhong Z.M. Hu B. Han W.Y. Zhang J.B. Wang 《Journal of Arid Environments》2009,73(4-5):521-528
Biomass was measured at 48 undefoliated grassland sites on a 1900-km transect in Inner Mongolia. Above-ground biomass was separated into leaf, stem, flower and fruit, and dead matter, and into the five dominant species at each site. Below-ground biomass was measured to a depth of 30 cm and separated into 10-cm layers. Changes of these biomass components and their ratios were examined in relation to gradients of temperature and precipitation, and to the classification of the sites into five grassland types. Total biomass decreased markedly as site mean annual temperature increased and to a smaller extent as mean annual precipitation decreased. Averaged over all sites 92% of biomass was below ground. The proportion of below-ground biomass increased as temperature decreased, and was least and distributed more deeply in desert grassland. As aridity of the grassland types increased, the proportion of biomass in the first dominant species and in stem relative to leaf tissue increased. The biomass measurements provide baseline data required for monitoring sustainable use of Inner Mongolia grassland for livestock production and its storage of carbon. 相似文献
12.
A precise understanding of the aboveground biomass of desert steppe and its spatio-temporal variation is important to understand how arid ecosystems respond to climate change and to ensure that scarce grassland resources are used rationally. On the basis of 756 ground survey quadrats sampled in western Inner Mongolia steppe in 2005–2011 and remote sensing data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)—the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) dataset for the period of 2001–2011—we developed a statistical model to estimate the aboveground biomass of the desert steppe and further explored the relationships between aboveground biomass and climate factors. The conclusions are as follows: (1) the aboveground biomass of the steppe in the research area was 5.27 Tg (1 Tg=1012 g) on average over 11 years; between 2001 and 2011, the aboveground biomass of the western Inner Mongolia steppe exhibited fluctuations, with no significant trend over time; (2) the aboveground biomass of the steppe in the research area exhibits distinct spatial variation and generally decreases gradually from southeast to northwest; and (3) the important factor causing interannual variations in aboveground biomass is precipitation during the period from January to July, but we did not find a significant relationship between the aboveground biomass and the corresponding temperature changes. The precipitation in this period is also an important factor influencing the spatial distribution of aboveground biomass (R2=0.39, P<0.001), while the temperature might be a minor factor (R2=0.12, P<0.01). The uncertainties in our estimate are primarily due to uncertainty in converting the fresh grass yield estimates to dry weight, underestimates of the biomass of shrubs, and error in remote sensing dataset. 相似文献
13.
Being a key ecological security barrier and production base for grassland animal husbandry in China,the balance between grassland forage supply and livestock-carrying pressure in North China directly affects grassland degradation and restoration,thereby impacting grassland ecosystem services.This paper analyzes the spatiotemporal variation in grassland vegetation coverage,forage supply,and the balance between grassland forage supply and livestock-carrying pressure from 2000 to 2015 in North China.We then discuss the spatial pattern of grassland ecological conservation under the impacts of grassland degradation and restoration,and livestock-carrying pressure.Over the last 16 years,the total grassland area in North China decreased by about 16,000 km2,with vegetation coverage degraded by 6.7％ of the grasslands but significantly restored by another 5.4％ of grasslands.The provisioning of forage by natural grassland mainly increased over time,with an annual growth rate of approximately 0.3 kg/ha,but livestock-carrying pressure also increased continuously.The livestock-carrying pressure index without any supplementary feeding reached as high as 3.8.Apart from the potential livestock-carrying capacity in northeastern Inner Mongolia and the central Tibetan Plateau,most regions in North China are currently overloaded.Considering the actual supplementary feeding during the cold season,the livestock-carrying pressure index is about 3.1,with the livestock-carrying pressure mitigated in central and eastern Inner Mongolia.Assuming full supplementary feeding in the cold season,livestock-carrying pressure index will fall to 1.9,with the livestock-carrying pressure alleviated significantly in Inner Mongolia and on the Tibetan Plateau.Finally,we propose different conservation and development strategies to balance grassland ecological conservation and animal husbandry production in different regions of protected areas,pastoral areas,farming-pastoral ecotone,and farming areas,according to the grassland ecological protection patterns. 相似文献
14.
The continuous increase of livestock production in Inner Mongolia has caused severe degradation of the grassland ecosystems in recent years. Previous grazing experiments have shown a wide range of vegetation responses between the biome types on a global scale, but there is still a lack of sufficient studies to discern the relative responses of a given biome type. We conducted a meta-analysis of vegetation coverage (VC), plant density (PD), total biomass (TB), above-ground biomass (AGB), under-ground biomass (UGB) and Shannon-Weaver Index (SI) in different grassland types in Inner Mongolia obtained under conditions of different grazing intensities and durations. The results showed that grazing decreased VC, TB, AGB, UGB, and PD significantly. Compared to the global and national average values, the negative effects of grazing to steppe biomass in Inner Mongolia were higher than that on the global scale, while less pronounced than that in China. TB of the meadow steppe in Inner Mongolia increased by 40% under moderate grazing intensity and duration because of compensatory growth. SI of the desert and meadow steppe showed negative linear relationships with the grazing intensity in Inner Mongolia. The percentage changes in AGB, PD, and SI to grazing showed quadratic relationships with the mean annual temperature of the experimental year. With increasing mean annual precipitation, the negative effects of grazing on UGB and SI first decreased and then increased, with that of VC and grazing showing a cubic relationship. 相似文献
15.
Spatial pattern of grassland aboveground biomass and its environmental controls in the Eurasian steppe 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Vegetation biomass is an important component of terrestrial ecosystem carbon stocks. Grasslands are one of the most widespread biomes worldwideplaying an important role in global carbon cycling. Thereforestudying spatial patterns of biomass and their correlations to environment in grasslands is fundamental to quantifying terrestrial carbon budgets. The Eurasian steppean important part of global grasslandsis the largest and relatively well preserved grassland in the world. In this studywe analyzed the spatial pattern of aboveground biomass(AGB)and correlations of AGB to its environment in the Eurasian steppe by meta-analysis. AGB data used in this study were derived from the harvesting method and were obtained from three data sources(literatureglobal NPP database at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center(ORNL)some data provided by other researchers). Our results demonstrated that:(1) as for the Eurasian steppe overallthe spatial variation in AGB exhibited significant horizontal and vertical zonality. In detailAGB showed an inverted parabola curve with the latitude and with the elevationwhile a parabola curve with the longitude. In additionthe spatial pattern of AGB had marked horizontal zonality in the Black Sea-Kazakhstan steppe subregion and the Mongolian Plateau steppe subregionwhile horizontal and vertical zonality in the Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe subregion.(2) Of the examined environmental variablesthe spatial variation of AGB was related to mean annual precipitation(MAP)mean annual temperature(MAT)mean annual solar radiation(MAR)soil Gravel contentsoil p H and soil organic content(SOC) at the depth of 0–30 cm. NeverthelessMAP dominated spatial patterns of AGB in the Eurasian steppe and its three subregions.(3) A Gaussian function was found between AGB and MAP in the Eurasian steppe overallwhich was primarily determined by unique patterns of grasslands and environment in the Tibetan Plateau. AGB was significantly positively related to MAP in the Black Sea-Kazakhstan steppe subregion(elevation 3000 m)the Mongolian Plateau steppe subregion(elevation 3000 m) and the surface(elevation ≥ 4800 m) of the Tibetan Plateau. Neverthelessthe spatial variation in AGB exhibited a Gaussian function curve with the increasing MAP in the east and southeast margins(elevation 4800 m) of the Tibetan Plateau. This study provided more knowledge of spatial patterns of AGB and their environmental controls in grasslands than previous studies only conducted in local regions like the Inner Mongolian temperate grasslandthe Tibetan Plateau alpine grasslandetc. 相似文献
16.
中国草畜平衡状态时空演变指示的草地生态保护格局 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
中国草原牧区作为重要生态安全屏障和草地畜牧业生产基地,其草畜平衡状态直接影响草地退化与恢复,进而影响草地生态系统服务能力的强弱。本文分析了2000—2015年主要草原牧区草地植被覆盖、牧草供给、草畜平衡状态的时空变化特征,深入探讨草地退化与恢复及载畜压力下草地生态系统保护与恢复空间格局。结果表明：过去16年主要草原牧区草地面积净减少约163万hm2,6.7%的草地出现植被覆盖退化,而5.4%的草地呈现植被覆盖明显恢复。天然草地牧草供给量以增加为主,年增率约0.3 kg/hm2,然而其载畜压力亦持续增加,不考虑补饲的载畜压力指数高达3.8,除内蒙古东北部、青藏高原中部仍有载畜潜力,其余多处于超载状态;考虑实际冷季补饲的载畜压力指数约3.1,内蒙古中东部有所缓解;假设冷季全额补饲则载畜压力指数减至1.9,内蒙古、青藏高原等区域明显缓解。叠加上述数据,本文针对自然保护地、牧区、半农半牧区和农区等不同区域的草地生态保护格局,提出了平衡草地生态保护与畜牧生产利用的不同发展策略。 相似文献
17.
研究了科尔沁沙地疏林草地、针茅草原和草甸植被盖度、地上和地下生物量、物种多样性对围封和放牧的响应。结果表明：（1）围封与放牧草地的优势植物不同,围封草地植物群落优势植物为多年生禾本科植物,放牧草地中一年生植物和小半灌木优势明显。（2）围封和放牧草地的植物盖度、凋落物量、地上生物量和物种丰富度存在明显差异（P<0.05）;围封显著提高了植被盖度和地上生物量,由疏林草地、针茅草原到草甸,植物盖度和地上生物量逐渐增加,而3种草地植被凋落物量大小顺序为针茅草原> 疏林草地> 草甸;放牧条件下植物盖度、凋落物量和物种丰富度差异不显著（P>0.05）。（3）3种草地之间的地下生物量无显著差异（P>0.05）,但围封与放牧之间、不同土壤层次之间地下生物量存在明显差异（P<0.05）;围封显著提高草地的地下生物量（P<0.05）;草地地下生物量随着土壤深度表现出下降趋势（P<0.05）。长期放牧增加了草地一年生植物和小半灌木植物的优势,消除了不同草地之间植被盖度和物种丰富度的差异;而围封能提高草地多年生禾本科植物的优势、增加其物种丰富度,对于草地质量和植物多样性的恢复和保育具有积极作用。 相似文献
18.
Plant functional types and climate along a precipitation gradient in temperate grasslands, north-east China and south-east Mongolia 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Jian Ni 《Journal of Arid Environments》2003,53(4):501-516
Using data from three field surveys along a precipitation gradient of temperate grasslands in north-east China (the Northeast China Transect, NECT) and south-east Mongolia, the spatial distribution of six plant functional types (PFTs): C3 species, C4 species, grasses, shrubs, forbs and succulents and their relationships with climate were analysed. The spatial distribution of different PFTs varies in different regions and in different grassland types of the study area. The species richness in each PFT also has different relationships with climate (significantly or not). Generally, the number of C3 species, C4 species, grasses and forbs have positive relationships with precipitation and aridity. Shrubs have negative relationship with precipitation and aridity. Succulents were found to have no relationship with precipitation and aridity. Shrubs, grasses and forbs have stronger relationships with precipitation than C3 and C4 species. The relationships between C3 species, forbs and aridity are more significant than with precipitation. On a regional basis, the combined effect of precipitation and temperature, the aridity, is more significantly correlated with the distribution of C3 species and forbs, which are more dominant in the study area, than with C4 species, grasses and succulents. 相似文献
19.
内蒙古草地生态系统碳源/汇时空格局及其与气候因子的关系 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
草地净生态系统生产力(NEP)能够表征草地生态系统的固碳能力,直接定性定量地描述草地生态系统的碳源/汇性质和大小.因此,研究区域尺度草地生态系统NEP具有重要的实践意义.基于卫星遥感资料,地面气象观测资料及实地采样数据,结合光能利用率模型估算了2001-2012年内蒙古草地生态系统净初级生产力(NPP).同时,应用土壤呼吸模型估算了逐月平均土壤呼吸量(Rs),进而估算内蒙古草地净生态系统生产力(NEP).研究揭示了2001-2012年内蒙古草地生态系统NPP,NEP年际变化规律,气候因子的年际变化规律,以及草地NPP,NEP与主要气候因子的关系.结果表明:2001年以来,内蒙古草地生态系统整体发挥碳汇效应,净碳汇总量达到0.55 Pg C,年均固碳率约为0.046 Pg C/a;研究区大部分草地NPP,NEP与降水均呈正相关关系,与温度相关性不显著,内蒙古草地生态系统仍有巨大的固碳潜力. 相似文献