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1.
满洲里南部白音高老组流纹岩锆石U-Pb定年及岩石成因   总被引：12，自引：3，他引：9  
满洲里南部白音高老组火山岩主要由流纹岩组成,含少量珍珠岩和流纹质凝灰岩。LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,流纹岩形成于141~139Ma的早白垩世早期。岩石地球化学研究表明,火山岩具有高硅富碱、贫钙镁和高FeOT/MgO比值的特征; 稀土丰度总量较高(∑REE介于103×10-6~488×10-6),轻重稀土分馏明显［(La/ Yb)N=4.12~30.94)］,Eu负异常显著(δEu=0.12~0.46); 微量元素以富集Rb、Th、U、K,强烈亏损Ba、Sr、P、Ti,中等亏损Nb、Ta和高Ga/Al值为特征,与A-型花岗岩特征相似。锆石176Hf/177Hf比值介于0.282785~0.282970之间,εHf(t)值均为正值,介于3.78~9.98之间。流纹岩岩浆来源于斜长石稳定区玄武质下地壳物质的部分熔融,形成于非造山板内伸展构造环境。  相似文献   

2.
高黎贡构造带西北缘早白垩世火山岩的厘定将为揭示腾冲与保山地块之间的关系补充强有力的证据。本文通过对构造带内高家寨和濮家寨一带的流纹岩进行岩石学、地球化学、锆石U-Pb定年和Hf同位素地质学等方面的研究,并结合前人对同时代侵入岩的研究成果,分析其形成的构造背景。锆石U-Pb定年结果表明高家寨和濮家寨流纹岩的形成时代相同,分别为122±2.2Ma和121±1.9Ma。岩石学和地球化学分析结果说明高家寨和濮家寨流纹岩都属于科迪勒拉型、镁质、弱过铝质-过铝质高钾钙碱性岩类,具有轻稀土富集、分馏程度高、重稀土相对亏损、Eu中度亏损及大离子亲石元素相对原始地幔强烈富集,高场强元素（HSFE）Nb、Ta、P、Ti及Sr强烈负异常的特点;流纹岩的Mg#值较高,在SiO2-Mg#图解上分布于壳源物质部分熔融区上方;锆石εHf（t）值变化范围大（-9.6~-2.6）和tDMC值高（1189~1572Ma）;在构造环境判别图解上所有样品落在大陆边缘弧区;流纹岩斑晶中普遍存在黑云母。这些特征与高黎贡构造带早白垩世岩浆岩带内壳幔混源的中酸性侵入岩一致,说明其岩浆主要来源于壳源物质的部分熔融,同时有少量幔源岩浆的混入,是怒江洋壳向腾冲地块下俯冲的结果。  相似文献   

3.
阿尔泰南缘克朗盆地康布铁堡组变质火山岩年龄及岩石成因   总被引：17，自引：6，他引：11  
对阿尔泰南缘克朗盆地康布铁堡组变质流纹岩进行了锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄测定,获得了流纹岩的喷发年龄412.6±3.5Ma, 408.7±5.3Ma和406.7±4.3Ma,表明盆地内酸性火山岩形成于早泥盆世。岩石地球化学分析结果表明: 流纹岩具有高的SiO2（72.46%~80.07%）、全碱（6.38%~11.34%）,低的铝（9.68%~12.19%）、钛（0.17%~0.35%）,极低的MgO（0.08%~0.48%）、CaO（0.14%~0.73%）FeOT（0.34%~0.55%）等亚碱性流纹岩的一般特征。具有明显的Ti、P、Sr、Ba负异常,Th、U、Pb的正异常,HFSE元素（Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf）和LREE 略富集, 个别样品表现为LREE 负异常的微量及稀土元素特征,δEu=0.51~0.71。 综合其地质及地球化学特征, 推测流纹岩形成于活动大陆边缘环境,是与俯冲作用有关的玄武质岩浆底侵作用使斜长石稳定的下地壳发生了部分熔融,并且岩浆上升过程中发生了结晶分异和同化围岩。  相似文献   

4.
新疆伊宁地块晚泥盆世火山岩的确认及其地质意义   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
最新发现的泥盆纪火山岩位于西天山伊犁地块北缘,主要岩石组成为流纹岩,英安岩夹少量安山岩。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果显示,尼勒克北流纹岩类的形成时代一致,分别为369.7±4.9Ma,363.4±2.5Ma,均为晚泥盆世。岩石SiO2含量较高且变化范围较宽,Al2O3含量较高,富碱,贫镁和钙,高FeOT/MgO+FeOT比值,低TiO2,里特曼指数δ较小(1.09~2.88),A/CNK值变化较大(0.8~1.46),属于钙碱性过铝-准铝质低钛流纹岩类。稀土元素总量(∑REE)变化较大(80.66×10-6~241.8×10-6),稀土配分模式为轻稀土富集右倾((La/Yb)N=5.96~7.82),铕负异常明显(Eu/Eu*=0.47~0.86),相对富集Rb、Th、K等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素,较高的Rb/Sr、Nb/Ta和Th/Ta比值(分别为0.18~5.15,11.18~13.96,3.54~9.5),较低的Ti/Zr、Ti/Y及Ta/Yb比值(分别为4.95~25.79,43.7~295.5,0.45~1.29),这些地球化学特征表明其可能为上地壳部分熔融的产物,源区残留物组成可能为斜长石和角闪石,同时显示其具有大陆边缘弧亲缘性,这与西天山在早石炭世处于岛弧环境相匹配,即在晚泥盆世-早石炭世期间,准噶尔洋向伊犁-中天山地块之下发生俯冲,形成了伊犁地块北缘的大陆边缘弧岩浆带。尼勒克北晚泥盆世流纹岩类成岩时代的确定及构造环境分析为进一步认识伊犁地块北缘地区的构造演化提供了新的证据。  相似文献   

5.
阿尔金索尔库里北山彩虹沟塔什达坂群卓阿布拉克组流纹岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb 年龄为920±20Ma (MSWD=1.50),代表流纹岩的喷出时间。岩石的SiO2介于68.33%~70.60%,K2O>Na2O,K2O/Na2O平均值6.42,属弱过铝质(ACNK平均为1.25)钙碱性系列(σ平均为2.76),为一套典型的壳源流纹岩岩石系列。稀土元素含量高(平均为211.3×10-6),轻稀土富集(L/H平均为6.57),Eu亏损中等(δEu平均为0.30)。微量元素以富集Rb、Th、K、Zr,而相对亏损Ba、Sr、Eu、Ti、Nb、Ta为特征。岩石微量及稀土元素具有典型的板内火山岩特征,而岩石显著的低Sr特征(25.0×10-6~65.3×10-6,平均值为36.8×10-6))表明其并非源自加厚的地壳,而是起源于斜长石稳定的正常地壳。阿尔金流纹岩是由进入上地壳高位岩浆房的拉斑玄武岩浆的底侵作用直接使上地壳部分熔融,形成酸性火山岩的原始岩浆。该岩浆体系沿区域断裂构造体系上升,并经历了较强的结晶分异和演化,最终形成阿尔金索尔库里北山流纹岩系列。  相似文献   

6.
三郎铺组不整合上覆于孙家河组之上,与大石沟组呈连续过渡关系,两者均为一套火山沉积岩系。三郎铺组火山岩主要为玄武岩和流纹岩,大石沟组火山岩包括玄武岩、安山岩、流纹岩。大石沟组流纹岩LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb定年揭示流纹岩形成时代为803.0±5.3Ma,属新元古代岩浆作用产物。元素地球化学和三郎铺组特有的陆相火山岩结构表明火山岩形成大陆板内伸展环境,属亚碱性火山岩系。三郎铺组玄武岩和流纹岩组成双峰式火山岩套,微量元素比值对模拟结果表明玄武岩浆来源于岩石圈地幔中原始石榴石二辉橄榄岩的部分熔融,部分熔融程度约为7%; 三郎铺组流纹岩浆源岩可能为白勉峡组下部的玄武质岩石,岩浆起源于斜长石稳定的下地壳源区或部分熔融形成的原生岩浆在上升过程中,经历了较为显著的斜长石结晶分异作用过程。大石沟组玄武岩、安山岩和流纹岩具有相同的微量元素比值、ε(t)值和tDM,为同一母岩浆分离结晶的产物。玄武岩浆起源于原始石榴石二辉橄榄岩约10%的部分熔融,玄武岩浆分离结晶后残余岩浆比例约70%时形成安山岩浆,残余岩浆比例约20%~30%时产生流纹岩浆; 分离结晶的主要矿物包括斜长石和铁钛氧化物。三郎铺组和大石沟组均是新元古代晚期大陆裂谷作用的岩浆响应。  相似文献   

7.
江西冷水坑铅锌矿床是武夷成矿带北段的典型矿床,矿区内含矿花岗斑岩锆石U-Pb年龄为（162.0±2.0）Ma,岩浆分异程度较高,具有高SiO2（69.46%~75.52%）、高K2O（K2O/Na2O>3.22）、强过铝质（ASI=1.20~1.96）的特征。岩体发育较明显的Eu负异常,富集强不相容元素Rb、Th、U,而亏损高场强元素Ba、Sr、Nb、Ta、P、Ti。全岩同位素测试结果显示,冷水坑含矿花岗斑岩具有极高的87Sr/86Sr初始比值（0.74005~0.76518）与低的εNd值（-11.48~-10.78）,锆石Hf-O同位素测定值变化范围较小,176Hf/177Hf介于0.282317~0.282460,具有负的εHf（t）值（-12.39~-7.62）和相对较高的δ18O值（7.23‰~8.81‰）,指示岩浆主要来自于成熟地壳,可能起源于北武夷地区变质基底,源岩为基底变质岩,这可能与古太平洋板块俯冲形成的挤压背景下的地壳熔融有关。  相似文献   

8.
龙根铅锌矿床是在西藏中冈底斯成矿带中段发现的一个矽卡岩型矿床。对该矿床含矿斑岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年,主量、微量元素分析和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成研究,首次获得中冈底斯成矿带中段铅锌银矿床的矿化时代。含矿斑岩锆石U-Pb年龄明显可分为2组,206Pb/238U加权平均年龄分别为（70.5±2.0） Ma和（61.4±1.2） Ma,前者记录了印-亚板块俯冲大陆边缘弧后伸展过程中的早期岩浆-流体成矿事件,后者代表了印-亚板块主碰撞聚合中的主成矿期岩浆-流体成矿作用时代。斑岩具富硅、富钾,贫钛、贫磷等特征,铝饱和指数（A/CNK）为1.11~1.16,富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Th、U,亏损高场强元素Zr、Nd、Sm等,与冈底斯成熟大陆地壳物质相比具相对高的εNd（t）值（-6.42~-6.05）和相对低的（87Sr/86Sr）i值（0.708 026~0.709 071）,并具不均一的锆石εHf（t）值（-3.34~-1.12）以及古老的锆石Hf同位素地壳模式年龄（TCDM=1.06~1.19 Ga）,属于过铝质“S”型花岗岩类。笔者认为中冈底斯成矿带中段晚白垩世—古新世岩浆活动和成矿作用很可能是与雅鲁藏布江洋盆闭合之后的印-亚板块俯冲大陆边缘弧后伸展和主碰撞聚合诱发幔源岩浆底侵导致的冈底斯地体古老地壳物质部分熔融有关,岩浆在上升过程中有不同程度的分离结晶。  相似文献   

9.
闫慧慧  朱光有  陈志勇  张纯  侯政  孙琦森 《岩石学报》2020,36(11):3414-3426
塔里木板块广泛发育新元古代岩浆岩,它们对研究塔里木新元古代构造演化及塔里木对Rodinia超大陆汇聚和裂解的响应具有重要意义。本文报道了塔里木板块东北缘I型花岗岩的U-Pb年代学、原位Hf同位素以及全岩地球化学研究结果。该花岗岩具有较高的SiO2含量（平均值为71.61%）,低的镁铁质含量（FeOT和MgO平均值为1.52%和0.72%）;Na2O/K2O比值介于0.51~3.76,平均值为1.12;铝饱和度（A/CNK）介于0.69~1.16,属于碱性-钙碱性过渡型花岗岩。花岗岩表现为高场强元素（HFSE,如：Nb、Ta、Ti、Th等）的亏损以及大离子亲石元素（LILE,如：Rb、Sr、Ba、U等）的相对富集。样品Nb/Ta、Zr/Hf平均值分别为10.93、36.86,说明该花岗岩形成时有流体的参与。受斜长石的影响,花岗岩表现出明显的Eu正异常,Eu/Eu*平均值1.39。该花岗岩206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为748.8±6.1Ma,其原位Hf同位素εHf（t）值范围在-16.5~-9.7之间,对应两阶段模式年龄tDM2介于2.30~2.74Ga,指示该期花岗岩可能为古元古代地壳的部分熔融,可能形成于古洋壳向南俯冲塔里木板块产生的大陆弧后环境。结合之前在塔北缘的研究工作,提出了塔里木板块北缘新元古代弧后伸展体系,并且认为该体系主要受控于Rodinia超大陆的裂解。  相似文献   

10.
赵书槿  赵志丹  唐演  齐宁远  孙昊  刘栋  王青  朱弟成 《岩石学报》2021,37(11):3464-3478
冈底斯岩基是新特提斯洋北向俯冲和印度-欧亚大陆碰撞的重要岩浆记录,尼木地区位于冈底斯岩基中部。本文报道了尼木地区寄主二长花岗岩和辉长质包体的锆石U-Pb年代学、元素地球化学和锆石Hf同位素。锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,寄主花岗岩（197~190Ma）和包体（195Ma）同期侵位,形成于早侏罗纪。寄主二长花岗岩为弱过铝质高钾钙碱性系列岩石,富集轻稀土和K、U、Sr等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素,锆石εHf（t）值为+13.9~+16.0,其可能来源于初生地壳的部分熔融;辉长质包体为准铝质钙碱性系列岩石,具有与寄主岩相似的稀土和微量元素分配特征,锆石εHf（t）值为+13.8~+16.0,其可能代表了侏罗纪形成的新生下地壳,即寄主岩石的岩浆源区;结合前人研究,本文认为尼木地区的寄主花岗岩和暗色包体可能与新特提斯洋北向俯冲引起的地幔和初生地壳的部分熔融有关。  相似文献   

11.
Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.  相似文献   

12.
Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km2 and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.  相似文献   

13.
This article advances critical geographies of youth through examining the spatiality implicit in the imagined futures of young women in rural India. Geographers and other scholars of youth have begun to pay more attention to the interplay between young people’s past, present, and imagined futures. Within this emerging body of scholarship the role of the family and peer group in influencing young people’s orientations toward the future remain underexamined. Drawing on eleven months of ethnographic fieldwork, my research focuses on a first generation of college-going young women from socioeconomically marginalized backgrounds in India’s westernmost state of Gujarat. I draw on the “possible selves” theoretical construct in order to deploy a flexible conceptual framework that links imagined post-educational trajectories with motivation to act in the present. In tracing the physical movement of these young women as they navigate and complete college, my analysis highlights the ways in which particular kinds of spaces and spatial arrangements facilitate and limit intra- and inter-generational contact, and the extent to which this affects young women’s conceptions of the future. I conclude by considering the wider implications of my research for ongoing debates surrounding youth transitions, relational geographies of age, and education in the Global South.  相似文献   

14.
The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn have been determined in sediment and water samples from Valle de las Garzas estuary and Port Manzanillo (Colima, Mexico) using ICP-AES. The concentrations of these elements were used for a comparative study to determine the distribution of heavy metals and to evaluate which elements reflect natural or anthropogenic backgrounds. For this purpose, seven sampling points were selected: Four of them correspond to the lagoon, and three were situated in the port. Statistical analysis of the mineral content was assessed. Initially, data comparison was assessed by statistical tests for each variable. Principal component analysis was then applied considering the influence of all variables at the same time by obtaining the distribution of samples according to their scores in the principal component space. In this way, four studies were carried out: (1) study of sediments collected during the dry season; (2) study of sediments collected during the rainy season; (3) comparative study between sediments from rainy and dry season; and (4) study of water composition collected during rainy season. From the results of the performed analyses, it can be concluded that metals distribution pattern reflected natural and anthropogenic backgrounds (e.g., sediments from the lagoon, situated at the beginning of the rain channel, presented high contents of Zn and Cu, perhaps related to anthropogenic activities or the influence of igneous sediments).  相似文献   

15.
Partition coefficients of Hf,Zr, and REE between zircon,apatite, and liquid   总被引：25，自引：2，他引：25  
Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite.  相似文献   

16.
Emilio Biagini 《GeoJournal》1998,44(2):163-165
  相似文献   

17.
《Chemical Geology》2007,236(1-2):13-26
We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO2.  相似文献   

18.
Materials and energy are the interdependent feedstocks of economic systems, and thermodynamics is their moderator. It costs energy to transform the dispersed minerals of Earth's crust into ordered materials and structures. And it costs materials to collect and focus the energy to perform work — be it from solar, fossil fuel, nuclear, or other sources. The greater the dispersal of minerals sought, the more energy is required to collect them into ordered states.But available energy can be used once only. And the ordered materials of industrial economies become disordered with time. They may be partially reordered and recycled, but only at further costs in energy. Available energy everywhere degrades to bound states and order to disorder — for though entropy may be juggled it always increases. Yet industry is utterly dependent on low entropy states of matter and energy, while decreasing grades of ore require ever higher inputs of energy to convert them to metals, with ever increasing growth both of entropy and environmental hazard.Except as we may prize a thing for its intrinsic qualities — beauty, leisure, love, or gold — low-entropy is the only thing of real value. It is worth whatever the market will bear, and it becomes more valuable as entropy increases. It would be foolish of suppliers to sell it more cheaply or in larger amounts than their own enjoyment of life requires, whatever form it may take. For this reason, and because of physical constraints on the availability of all low-entropy states, the recent energy crises is only the first of a sequence of crises to be expected in energy and materials as long as current trends continue.The apportioning of low-entropy states in a modern industrial society is achieved more or less according to the theory of competitive markets. But the rational powers of this theory suffer as the world grows increasingly polarized into rich, over-industrialized nations with diminishing resource bases and poor, supplier nations with little industry. The theory also discounts posterity, the more so as population density and percapita rates of consumption continue to grow. A new social, economic, and ecologic norm that leads to population control, conservation, and an apportionment of low-entropy states across the generations is needed to assure to posterity the options that properly belong to it as an important but voiceless constituency of the collectivity we call mankind.
Zusammenfassung Rohstoffe und Energie sind die Grundlagen unseres ökonomischen Systems, das von den Gesetzen der Thermodynamik bestimmt wird. Es kostet Energie, um die auf der Erde verteilten Rohstoffe diesem System zuzuführen. Andererseits braucht man Rohstoffe, um die Energie nutzbar zu machen.Die verfügbare Energie kann nur einmal genutzt werden und das Material verbraucht sich. Verbrauchtes Material kann teilweise zur weiteren Nutzung zurückgeführt werden, das kostet wiederum Energie. Die verfügbare Energie nimmt überall ab, und einmal geschaffene Ordnung gerät wieder in Unordnung — das heißt, die Entropie des Systems nimmt ständig zu. Die Industrie ist jedoch abhängig von einem niedrigen Entropiezustand sowohl der Materie als auch der Energie.Je ärmer die Erze sind, um so höher wird die Energie sein, um sie in Metalle umzuwandeln, wobei die Entropie und die Belastung der Umwelt ständig zunimmt.Außer den Dingen, die wir wegen höherer ideeller Werte schätzen, ist eine niedrige Entropie der einzige realistische Wertmaßstab, und der wirkliche Wertzuwachs ist nur an einer höheren Entropie zu messen. Es ist unverantwortlich, Dinge, die eine höhere Entropie bedingen, billiger zu verkaufen oder in größerer Menge zu erzeugen, als unbedingt notwendig ist. Da wir dies heute in unserem Handeln nicht berücksichtigen, ist die derzeitige Energiekrise nur der Anfang einer Folge von Krisen, die Energie und Rohstoffe betreffen, solange wir nicht umdenken.Die Verteilung von niedriger Entropie in einer modernen Industriegesellschaft wird mehr oder weniger nach dem Prinzip der konkurrierenden Märkte erreicht. Das selbstregulierende System gerät jedoch mit zunehmender Polarisierung in reiche Industrienationen mit abnehmenden Ressourcen und armen Nationen mit geringer Industrialisierung in Unordnung. Dieses Prinzip berücksichtigt auch nicht die Nachwelt, vor allem wenn die Bevölkerungsdichte stetig zunimmt und die Konsumbedürfnisse anwachsen. Es sind neue soziale, ökonomische und ökologische Normen notwendig, die zur Populationskontrolle, zur Erhaltung der Umwelt und zu einem Zustand niedriger Entropie für zukünftige Generationen führen. Die nach uns kommenden Menschen haben ein Anrecht darauf.
Résumé Matériaux et énergie sont les sources des systèmes économiques et sont régis par les lois de la thermodynamique. Il faut de l'énergie pour transformer les ressources minérales dispersées dans la croûte terrestre en matériaux et structures ordonnancées. Et il faut des matériaux pour receuillir et concentrer l'énergie, qu'elle soit solaire ou atomique, ou provienne de combustibles fossiles ou d'autres sources. Plus les minéraux recherchés sont dispersés et plus est côuteuse l'énergie pour leur donner une ordonnance.Or l'énergie disponsible ne peut être utilisée qu'une seule fois. Et les matériaux ordonnancés des économies industrielles se dégradent avec le temps. Ils peuvent être remis partiellement en état et recyclés, mais pour cela il faut de nouveau de l'énergie. Partout l'énergie disponible se dégrade et l'ordre devient désordre; -malgré toutes les jongleries possibles l'entropie augmente toujours.L'industrie dépend clairement d'états de basse entropie tant en ce qui concerne les matériaux que l'énergie, tandis que plus pauvres sont les minerais, plus; élevée est l'énergie à mettre en jeu pour en extraire les métaux, avec toujours augmentation à la fois de l'entropie et de la degradation des milieux.A l'exception de ce que nous apprécions pour leur valeur intrinsèque — la beauté, le loisir, l'amour ou l'or — la basse entropie est la seule chose de réelle valeur. Son prix est réglé par le marché, et sa valeur augmente au fur et à mesure que l'entropie s'accroît. Ceux qui en disposent seraient insensés de la vendre à bas prix ou en quantité supérieure à ce qu'exige leur propre niveau de vie. Pour cette raison, et à cause des contraintes physiques liées à la disponibilité en états de basse entropie, la récente crise d'énergie n'est, en ce qui concerne les matières premières et l'énergie, que la première d'une série de crises auxquelles il faut s'attendre aussi longtemps que se poursoit la marche actuelle des étènements.Dans les sociétés industrielles modernes, les approvisionnement en basse entropie s'effectuent plus ou moins conformément à la théorie de la concurrence des marchés. Cependant la rationalité de cette théorie se ressent de l'accentuation croissante de la polarisation, à l'échelle du monde, en nations riches, surindustrialisées, à ressources de base décroissantes, et en nations pauvres, sous-industrialisées, mais fournisseurs de resources-naturelles. De plus cette théorie ne tient pas compte de notre postérité, et ce, en face d'une densité de population et d'un taux de la consommation par tête d'habitant en augmentation continue.Nous avons donc besoin de nouvelles normes sociales, économiques et écologiques qui conduisent au contrôle de la population, à la conservation et à la répartition des états de basse entropie à travers les générations pour assurer à notre postérité les options qui leur riviennent de droit comme une constituante importante, mais encore muette, de la collectivité que nous appelons l'Humanité.
, . . . . , . , .. . , , . , , , . , - , , , : , , . .. , , , , , . . , : , — , . , . , , , . .

Dedicated with appreciation to Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, distinguished economist, realist among cornucopians  相似文献   

19.
Models have become so fashionable that many scientists and engineers cannot imagine working without them. The predominant use of computer codes to execute model calculations has blurred the distinction between code and model. The recent controversy regarding model validation has brought into question what we mean by a ‘model’ and by ‘validation.’ It has become apparent that the usual meaning of validation may be common in engineering practice and seems useful in legal practice but it is contrary to scientific practice and brings into question our understanding of science and how it can best be applied to such problems as hazardous waste characterization, remediation, and aqueous geochemistry in general. This review summarizes arguments against using the phrase model validation and examines efforts to validate models for high-level radioactive waste management and for permitting and monitoring open-pit mines. Part of the controversy comes from a misunderstanding of ‘prediction’ and the need to distinguish logical from temporal prediction. Another problem stems from the difference in the engineering approach contrasted with the scientific approach. The reductionist influence on the way we approach environmental investigations also limits our ability to model the interconnected nature of reality. Guidelines are proposed to improve our perceptions and proper utilization of models. Use of the word ‘validation’ is strongly discouraged when discussing model reliability.  相似文献   

20.
Pools,riffles, and channelization   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
The addition of regularly spaced deeps (pools) and shallows (riffles) that provide a variety of flow conditions, areal sorting of stream-bed material, cover for wildlife, and a positive aesthetic experience, may be desirable in many channel projects. Such designs will reduce adverse environmental impacts of stream channel modifications. Analysis of variance for pool-to-pool spacing data suggests that there is no significant difference with respect to channel width between pools that form in natural streams and those in streams affected by a variety of human uses. Short of channelization, which changes the channel width, pools and riffles, within limits, are not particularly sensitive to environmental stress. Experiments in Gum Branch near Charlotte, North Carolina, support the hypothesis that channel form and process evolve in harmony and that manipulation of cross-channel morphology can influence the development of desired channel processes. Planned manipulation of its channel form induced Gum Branch to develop as desired. Morphologic stability consisting of incipient point bars, pools, and riffles was maintained over a period of high magnitude flood events, only to be degraded later by a wave of sediment derived from upstream construction and stream-bank failures. Thus, environmentally desirable channel morphology in urban streams cannot remain stable if changes in the sediment load or storm-water runoff exceed the limits of the stream's ability to make internal adjustments while maintaining morphologic stability.  相似文献   

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