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1.
H. -H. Essen
. Breivik H. Gü nther K. -W. Gurgel J. Johannessen H. Klein T. Schlick M. Stawarz 《Journal of Atmospheric & Ocean Science》2003,9(1):39-64
Data from two six-week current measurement campaigns at the coasts of Norway and Spain are presented. Spatial coverage of surface currents was obtained by an HF (High Frequency) radar. Subsurface currents were measured by bottom-mounted and ship-borne ADCPs (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler). The HF data were assimilated by a fine gridded model with the aim of predicting currents for about 6 h. The objective of this article is twofold, to investigate the performance of the instruments and the model, and to show the high temporal and spatial variability of currents in the coastal zones under investigation.
Several strong storms occurred during the experiments with significant waveheights exceeding 11 m (Norway) and 8 m (Spain), respectively. High waves affected both the WEllen RAdar (WERA) (reduced ranges) and the ADCP (unreliable near-surface current velocities). The assimilation algorithm of the model worked well. The comparisons of measured and modelled maps of the surface-current velocity, time series and horizontal gradients reveal good agreement.
The analysis of current data shows similar features for both experimental areas. The dominant M2-tidal currents are weak (amplitudes of about 0.15 ms -1 ). The spatial distribution of the vector correlation between surface current and wind is homogeneous, although single current maps contain strong horizontal variabilities. The portion of current variance linearly forced by wind is about 30%. 相似文献
Several strong storms occurred during the experiments with significant waveheights exceeding 11 m (Norway) and 8 m (Spain), respectively. High waves affected both the WEllen RAdar (WERA) (reduced ranges) and the ADCP (unreliable near-surface current velocities). The assimilation algorithm of the model worked well. The comparisons of measured and modelled maps of the surface-current velocity, time series and horizontal gradients reveal good agreement.
The analysis of current data shows similar features for both experimental areas. The dominant M2-tidal currents are weak (amplitudes of about 0.15 ms -1 ). The spatial distribution of the vector correlation between surface current and wind is homogeneous, although single current maps contain strong horizontal variabilities. The portion of current variance linearly forced by wind is about 30%. 相似文献
2.
The influences of large areas of semi-unbounded cold water surface on the evolution, propagation and precipitation production of thunderstorms are simulated by using a fully elastic three-dimensional numerical hailstorm model. Real sounding profiles for temperature, humidity and wind are employed. The model has successfully simulated the significant modification of the propagation path of thunderstorms near the cold water area. The path change can be either ‘along-bank’ or ‘toward-bank’, depending on the position of the storm system relative to convergence zone of the water-land circulation. The simulations also show that thunderstorms developing or propagating within the convergence zone of local circulation will be intensified and produce much heavier hail, whereas those over cold water surface or the air that has been cooled by the water will be strongly inhibited.The influence of the cold water surface on thunderstorm characters is largely dependent upon the direction and intensity of the low-level wind. 相似文献
3.
一次暴风雪过程中的中尺度重力波特征及其影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
应用地面自动气象站观测资料、数字化多普勒天气雷达探测资料和WRFV2.2.1中尺度数值模拟资料,分析了中尺度重力波与基本气流的相互作用,以及重力波活动对暴雪和大风天气的重要影响。结果表明,在波导中传播的中尺度重力波能够与基本气流进行动量交换,使得对流层中上层4.5—8 km气层内的水平平均风速趋于均匀,形成斜穿整个对流层的饱和湿空气急流,即"湿急流"。在高空急流出口区激发的垂直向下传播的重力波,使基本气流的水平风速在垂直方向上出现了加速和减速的交替变化,水平风加速的气层,反射率增大;水平风减速的气层,反射率减小。随着波动下传及其随基本气流的移动,反射率回波强度沿高空风的方向(由西南向东北)出现周期性变化,回波带呈西北—东南走向,强回波中心之间为宽约40 km的弱回波区。重力波下传期间,当地面气压迅速下降时,东北风快速增长,风向有明显的改变,反射率强度开始减弱;气压脊线过后,反射率降低到最低点。地面大风中心出现在反射率回波强度周期性变化的地带,沿西南—东北方向间隔着分布。雷达探测表明,对流层低层风速在风向切变层上下边界对称相等,因此推测在重力波与切变层汇合的高度层存在垂直环流,由风切变层上下边界附近的西南气流和东北气流与受重力波影响形成的垂直方向上的上升和下沉气流共同组成。切变层上方的动量通过垂直环流的下沉支到达地面,强风中心对应着下沉气流,出现在降水回波开始减弱之际。 相似文献
4.
The work identified the monsoon intraseasonal oscillation (MISO) from the observed met-ocean parameters from the moored buoys and satellite datasets during June 2013 – September 2013. The 30–60 days bandpass filtered winds, sea surface temperature (SST), and rainfall from both the satellites and moored buoys have indicated the existence of active and break phases of MISOs with a periodicity of 10–12 days. All the parameters show a northward propagation of the MISO signals from the southern to the northern BoB with stronger magnitude on the north of 12 °N. The warmer SST causes the high wind and precipitation in an active phase after 4–5 days. During active phases, SST dropped, and break phase occurs with less wind and precipitation after 10–12 days. Prominent signatures of the MISOs are also observed along the ocean subsurface from the temperature, salinity, and current profiles. The 23 °C isotherm (D23) deepens during the active phases of the MISOs to make the surface warm. The D23 shoals during the break phases, indicating cooling of the ocean surface. The in-phase relationship of 100 m temperature and wind speeds together indicate an important role of the surface winds during the different phases of MISO. Deepening and shoaling of mixed layer are observed in the upper ocean during the different MISO phases with varying characteristics in the northern and southern BoB. The subsurface signatures of MISOs are strong near 100 m for temperature, but for salinity and currents, the signatures are restricted within 50 m depth. 相似文献
5.
利用1979-2007年卫星观测日平均OLR资料以及NCEP/DOE第2套再分析资料中的风场资料,采用有限区域波一频分析、合成分析等方法,分析对比对流层高、低层风场与对流场所表征的热带北半球夏季季节内振荡(BSISO)各种传播模态谱分布气候特征及其年际异常。结果表明:各要素反映的BSISO各种模态的气候特征及其年际变化存在一定差异,总体而言对流层低层风(850hPa纬向风或经向风)与对流比较一致。850hPa经向风(纬向风)所反映的纬向(经向)传播BSISO谱分布气候特征与对流情况最相似。在ENSO发展年,850hPa经向风反映的赤道东传波加强趋势与对流较为一致;850hPa纬向风、经向风反映的北传波变化趋势都与对流相似。在ENSO衰减年,850hPa纬向风(经向风)反映的赤道东传波(赤道外西传波)减弱趋势与对流较为一致;对流以及850hPa经向风、200hPa纬向风和200hPa经向风4种要素都能体现南海及周边地区北传波明显减弱这一特征。对流和850hPa纬向风所反映的北传波与印度洋偶极子模态之间关系一致。 相似文献
6.
V. HAMZA C. A. BABU T. P. SABIN 《大气科学进展》2007,24(4):631-643
The marine atmospheric boundary layer （MABL） plays a vital role in the transport of momentum and heat from the surface of the ocean into the atmosphere. A detailed study on the MABL characteristics was carried out using high-resolution surface-wind data as measured by the QuikSCAT （Quick scatterometer） satellite. Spatial variations in the surface wind, frictional velocity, roughness parameter and drag coefficient for the different seasons were studied. The surface wind was strong during the southwest monsoon season due to the modulation induced by the Low Level Jetstream. The drag coefficient was larger during this season, due to the strong winds and was lower during the winter months. The spatial variations in the frictional velocity over the seas was small during the post-monsoon season （-0.2 m s^-1）. The maximum spatial variation in the frictional velocity was found over the south Arabian Sea （0.3 to 0.5 m s^-1） during the southwest monsoon period, followed by the pre-monsoon over the Bay of Bengal （0.1 to 0.25 m s^-1）. The mean wind-stress curl during the winter was positive over the equatorial region, with a maximum value of 1.5×10^-7 N m^-3, but on either side of the equatorial belt, a negative wind-stress curl dominated. The area average of the frictional velocity and drag coefficient over the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal were also studied. The values of frictional velocity shows a variability that is similar to the intraseasonal oscillation （ISO） and this was confirmed via wavelet analysis. In the case of the drag coefficient, the prominent oscillations were ISO and quasi-biweekly mode （QBM）. The interrelationship between the drag coefficient and the frictional velocity with wind speed in both the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal was also studied. 相似文献
7.
Large amplitude, propagating, solitary disturbances have been observed in the atmospheric boundary layer over a gently sloping Antarctic Ice Shelf. The waves are usually trapped within the lowest 40 m and are observed only when the surface layer is strongly stably stratified and prevailing wind speeds are low. It is shown that the waves are trapped due to the combined effects of velocity curvature and stratification. The observed wavelengths can be bounded using simple heuristic arguments based on the Scorer parameter. Properties of the waves are compared with results from the weakly nonlinear numerical model of Rottman and Einaudi (1993). 相似文献
8.
洛阳机场辐射雾的预报 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
从统计资料看，洛阳机场影响能见工的雾绝大多数是辐射雾，平流雾的出现低于0．1％。辐射雾出现的常见形势是：洛阳处在地面弱高压中心附近或鞍形场、均压共内，地面为稳定东北风或风向不定，风速均≤3m/s，出现的前一天下午至晚上近地面湿度较大，前一天16时相对湿度均＞75％，天空背景为夜间晴朗少云，或碧空或只有高云县总云量不超过2／8，近地面层大气层结比较稳定。 相似文献
9.
在结构风工程中, 风湍流统计参数计算的正确与否直接影响到风荷载的计算精度。在实际风参数计算与分析中, 多选用风速较大的样本资料, 但过分强调大风可能产生不合理的计算结果。利用超声风速仪瞬时风速观测资料, 分别划分成相对强风和持续强风样本, 计算并比较其湍流统计特性参数, 发现湍流统计参数特性值 (湍流度、阵风因子、摩擦速度等) 与风速大小并不能很好匹配, 有时风速不大但其湍流特性值却很大, 反之也然。研究表明:选取的湍流风资料样本或统计方法不同, 都会影响风特性参数的计算结果, 进而影响到风荷载计算的精度。这一结果对于提高结构风工程中风参数计算与设计的科学性和合理性具有现实意义。 相似文献
10.
基于九龙站风廓线雷达实时水平风数据制定了水平风数据的质量控制方法，首先求取中位数水平风场，其次构建实际观测风场和中位数风场的差值序列，然后求取差值序列的均方差，再根据差值均方差得到质控判别式，最后试验求取质控判别式中的质控阈值。通过对九龙站2017年风廓线雷达水平风数据质量控制发现，实测风向数据有2044185个，25721个没有通过质控，未通过质控的风向数据占总观测的比例是1.258%，风向数据在近地层通过质控的数据最多，随高度增加通过质控的数据量有所下降。实测风速数据有2044185个，18296个没有通过质控，未通过质控的风速数据占总观测的比例是0.895%，风速数据在2000～4000 m出错的最少，近地层次之，4500～7000 m出错的数据最多。质控后风廓线雷达和探空观测风数据的均方根误差减小，相关系数增加，风向数据质量在500～7000 m提升明显，风速数据在1500～8000 m之间提升明显。 相似文献
11.
该文用二参数Weibull分布函数对武汉地区3年近地层5～146 m塔层6个层次的风速进行拟合,主要分析了分布函数中形状参数和尺度参数的获取方法。通过与实际值的对比,表明经验法优于最小二乘法。运用此方法,对近地层风能进行估算,其结果与常规方法的最大相对误差为2.7%,最小仅为0.1%。并在最后讨论了风能和垂直分布规律。 相似文献
12.
根据2016—2017年大理机场航空器报告的风切变事件,利用同时段的自动气象观测资料、风廓线雷达资料对大理机场风切变进行了统计和分析。结果表明:①风切变均发生在每年的11月至次年4月,1月、2月最多;主要发生于07:00—13:00,一半出现在晴天;发生在350m以下占83%。②100m以下的风切变,地面均有阵性风,最大最小风速差6m/s;发生在15～91m的6次风切变,5次报告风切变的一端风向变化超过180°,南北两端地面风出现对头风,风速差异明显。AWOS(Automated Weather Observation System)捕捉到风向风速的明显变化可为近地层风切变预警提供参考。③发生在高度较高的风切变,雷达资料在遭遇风切变高度的上下层存在≥8m/s风速差,能确定上下层风不连续的准确高度、开始时间和结束时间。④机场区域常出现地面风速大而上空风速小或地面风速小而上空风速大的情况,结合地面风和风廓线雷达资料可为今后低高度风切变的初步预警提供参考。 相似文献
13.
L. J. Levitt 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1990,41(3):137-147
Summary Windshear is critical to aeronautical activities such as aircraft takeoffs and landings and the ascending and descending phase phases of missile launch. The probability of extreme vertical windshear below 1 km at Centreville, Alabama (U.S.A.) and Berlin, Germany has been studied. Windshear (total vector difference) was derived from radiosonde ascents using both windspeed and wind direction differences between two altitudes. The wind direction differences are used to compute the angular shear magnitude.The wind direction differences between the surface and specified altitude as well as the contribution of the angular shear magnitude to the total vector difference during episodes of extreme vertical windshear were quantified. For example, wind direction changes of 60 degrees or more for cases of extreme windshear (windshear > 15m/s per 900m) in the layer surface to 900m occurred with a relative frequency of only 8% at Berlin in contrast to 34% at Centreville. The ratio of the angular shear magnitude to the total vector difference squared (times 100%) exceeded 40% five times more often at Centreville as compared with Berlin for this layer. Analysis using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test confirmed that these differences (between the two locations) in wind direction change during episodes of extreme windshear are statistically significant. Backing vs. veering winds in the boundary-layer and the 500 mb wind directions are discussed in order to relate the occurrence of extreme vertical windshear to characteristics of two contrasting geographic locations, one in the transition region between sub-tropics and mid-latitudes (Centreville), and the other well-entrenched in the westerlies (Berlin).There were considerable day-night differences in the occurrence of extreme shears at Centreville. For example, windshear > 10m/s per 600 m in the layer surface to 600 m were more than three times as frequent at 1200 UTC (morning) than at 0000 UTC (evening). This is due to larger wind direction differences in the boundary-layer in addition to the nocturnal rise in windspeed at 300 m (low-level jet).It should also be noted that extreme windshear near the surface was not always associated with strong surface winds. Vertical windshear below 1 km was found to increase with increasing surface windspeed up until 98% probability. Above 98% probability this relationship breaks down, as the second largest maximum windshear in the layer surface to 900 m was observed for a surface wind of 3 m/s at Berlin.The seasonal variation of vertical windshear below 1 km was also illustrated, indicating winter to be the season of maximum shears, summer the season of minimum shears. An exception was that above 99% probability the shear in the spring usually exceeded the winter shear.With 14 Figures 相似文献
14.
2008年7月18日对0807号台风海鸥进行了无人机探测工作。该次探测为中国大陆首次利用无人机直接向台风中心方向飞行, 进行台风基本气象要素的探测。无人机对台风海鸥进行了近4 h的飞行探测, 飞行高度为500 m, 距台风中心最近距离为108.4 km, 成功获得了探测时段内的温度、气压、相对湿度、风向、风速及海拔高度等基本气象要素数据。结果表明:气压和海拔高度呈显著性相关 (r=-0.98);距离台风中心越近, 气压越低, 风速越大, 温度也呈明显下降趋势; 地面至300 m的平均温度梯度为-1.02 ℃/100 m, 300~500 m的平均温度梯度为-0.46 ℃/100 m, 近地面的温度随高度变化较大; 探测时段内, 风速最大值为22.3 m/s, 平均值为15.1 m/s。 相似文献
15.
1. IntroductionMany studies using a variety of coupled models have reproduced ENSO like features(e.g., Hirst, 1986, 1988; Zebiak and Cane, 1987; Battisti and Hirst, 1989; Jin and Neelin, 1993;Jin, 1997; Kirtman, 1997; Kang and An, 1998; Wakata and Sarachik, 1991). But, a variety ofsolutions have been reported depending on different parameterizations of atmospheric processes, particularly the relationship between wind stress and SST anomaly, indicating that therelationship has a large i… 相似文献
16.
2002年和2003年春季中国沙尘暴形成和输送的对比分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
2002年春季中国华北和东北发生了数场强沙尘暴天气.而2003年春季沙尘暴发生次数较少且强度也弱.为了解这两年沙尘暴差异的原因,作者用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料对两年中3、4月份候距平进行了分析.从侯距平图可看出,2002年负距平区主要位于华北和东北,并与发生大范围沙尘暴天气的区域相吻合,这与东亚大槽的发展与演变有关.在2003年高度场的距平图中,高度场的负侯距平多位于我国西部,这是因中纬度长波槽是在西部地区发展形成的.从月平均风资料分析,2002年风速大于6 m s-1的区域也与强沙尘暴区一致.2003年两个月中,我国大部地区风速都偏小.虽然2003年4月在东北有大于6 m s-1的风区,但不在我国主要的沙漠化地区.通过对大气环流及地表参数的分析,作者认为沙尘暴的易发地区多是干旱与半干旱地区,植被的生长能力弱;在降水没有比常年显著增加并使地面植被生长有明显改善的情况下,大气动力因素相对地面参数而言是主导沙尘暴年际变化的主要因子. 相似文献
17.
Otto G. Chkhetiani Michael V. Kurgansky Natalia V. Vazaeva 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2018,168(3):361-385
We consider the assumption postulated by Deusebio and Lindborg (J Fluid Mech 755:654–671, 2014) that the helicity injected into the Ekman boundary layer undergoes a cascade, with preservation of its sign (right- or alternatively left-handedness), which is a signature of the system rotation, from large to small scales, down to the Kolmogorov microscale of turbulence. At the same time, recent direct field measurements of turbulent helicity in the steppe region of southern Russia near Tsimlyansk Reservoir show the opposite sign of helicity from that expected. A possible explanation for this phenomenon may be the joint action of different scales of atmospheric flows within the boundary layer, including the sea-breeze circulation over the test site. In this regard, we consider a superposition of the classic Ekman spiral solution and Prandtl’s jet-like slope-wind profile to describe the planetary boundary-layer wind structure. The latter solution mimics a hydrostatic shallow breeze circulation over a non-uniformly heated surface. A 180°-wide sector on the hodograph plane exists, within which the relative orientation of the Ekman and Prandtl velocity profiles favours the left rotation with height of the resulting wind velocity vector in the lowermost part of the boundary layer. This explains the negative (left-handed) helicity cascade toward small-scale turbulent motions, which agrees with the direct field measurements of turbulent helicity in Tsimlyansk. A simple turbulent relaxation model is proposed that explains the measured positive values of the relatively minor contribution to turbulent helicity from the vertical components of velocity and vorticity. 相似文献
18.
J. C. Hargreaves D. J. T. Carter P. D. Cotton J. Wolf 《Journal of Atmospheric & Ocean Science》2002,8(1):41-66
This paper describes the development and application of a technique for using satellite altimeter measurements as boundary data to drive the nearshore spectral wave model, SWAN. The aim was to assess the impact in coastal areas of extreme events or changes in offshore climatology and to extend the usefulness of satellite altimetry further inshore.
For the purpose of verifying the technique, three test areas where both bathymetry and some in situ data were available were chosen. The technique could, potentially, be applied to any coastal location where there is bathymetric information although, as the results reported in this paper show, intelligence must be used in adapting the methodology for different sites. It is also necessary to have information on the local wind field from either models or measurements.
The experiments at the three test areas demonstrated that there is not a simple relationship between the offshore wave height climate and the inshore climate in a particular region. Important complicating factors are bathymetry, tidal range and incident wave angle. As was most clearly demonstrated in the Carmarthen Bay test area, bathymetric complexity leads to high spatial variation in the amount of wave energy dissipated close to the coast. In the study of extreme wave events described in this paper the exact value of the local wind field was not found to be critical.
This work was a first trial combining wave climatology derived from satellite altimetry with a third generation coastal wave model so was necessarily experimental. The general trends and patterns of spatial variation obtained are encouraging but there remains significant, unquantifiable uncertainty in the results. Better observations of nearshore waves, improved understanding of the joint probability distribution of water level and waves as well as more knowledge of future climate change would all improve accuracy. 相似文献
For the purpose of verifying the technique, three test areas where both bathymetry and some in situ data were available were chosen. The technique could, potentially, be applied to any coastal location where there is bathymetric information although, as the results reported in this paper show, intelligence must be used in adapting the methodology for different sites. It is also necessary to have information on the local wind field from either models or measurements.
The experiments at the three test areas demonstrated that there is not a simple relationship between the offshore wave height climate and the inshore climate in a particular region. Important complicating factors are bathymetry, tidal range and incident wave angle. As was most clearly demonstrated in the Carmarthen Bay test area, bathymetric complexity leads to high spatial variation in the amount of wave energy dissipated close to the coast. In the study of extreme wave events described in this paper the exact value of the local wind field was not found to be critical.
This work was a first trial combining wave climatology derived from satellite altimetry with a third generation coastal wave model so was necessarily experimental. The general trends and patterns of spatial variation obtained are encouraging but there remains significant, unquantifiable uncertainty in the results. Better observations of nearshore waves, improved understanding of the joint probability distribution of water level and waves as well as more knowledge of future climate change would all improve accuracy. 相似文献
19.
1985年1—3月南极长城站风的特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
中国南极长城站建在南极乔治岛上,即62°12′59″S,58°57′52″W。该地属亚南极气候,既受南极大陆冷气团的侵袭,也受到极地海洋气团的影响。该站建于1985年2月20日,但从考察队登陆后,1月1日起就开展了气象观测。本文利用建站初期1—3月的资料,分析长城站地面风和高空风的特征。 在登陆初期,地面风资料使用手持轻便风向风速仪,每天于当地时间08,14,20时观测。1月23日后,架起10m高测风铁塔,使用电接风向风速仪,自动记录24h风的变化。经对比观测校验,轻便风向风速仪观测风速系统性偏小。高空风是用小球测风气球观测的,由于当地天气条件恶劣,能见度差,观测次数受到限制。在这次夏季考察中,我们只获得10次高空风探测资料。 相似文献
20.
基于WRF-Fire模式的2009年“5· 21”蒙古国入境大火数值模拟研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用WRF-Fire模式对2009年“5·21”蒙古国草原入境大火进行火场发展数值模拟研究，并通过敏感性试验分析了防火隔离带对火势的阻挡作用。结果表明，模式可以较准确地再现环境风场对本次大火蔓延过程的影响，模拟火场面积、蔓延方向与实况基本一致。第一阶段（21日12—22时，世界时，下同）在蒙古国境内起火点附近，地面为裸露地表，可燃物负载量小，近地面为东北风，火线向西南方缓慢蔓延；第二阶段（21日22时—22日11时）风向转为西北，火线经平缓均一草地向东南方发展，在到达中蒙边境前地面风速增大到8～10 m/s，且风向与坡向一致，火线迅速移向中蒙边境防火隔离带；第三阶段（22日11时—23日20时）隔离带和人工灭火有效阻止了火线继续向中国境内蔓延，此阶段风向转为南风，火线向北扩展；第四阶段（23日20时—24日12时）风速达到16 m/s以上且风向转为西北风。受东面隔离带和湖泊的阻碍，火线缓慢向南蔓延。当火线到达南面的隔离带后，受隔离带阻挡及人工扑火作业的共同作用，本次大火于26日08时结束。敏感性试验表明，若不存在隔离带，火线将在风场的驱动下继续向东南、东北方向蔓延，所经区域主要地面可燃物类型从草地过渡到针叶林，火场的蔓延将造成大面积的森林资源损失。 相似文献