共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 140 毫秒
1.
在实验室内利用超声尾波观测大尺度(1.5 m)岩石断层的黏滑过程.利用基于尾波干涉的观测方法,我们获得了高达10~(-6)的相对波速变化的观测精度,这相当于~10 kPa的应力变化.利用高精度的测量,我们获取两种不同加载速率下(1μm·s~(-1),10μm·s~(-1))黏滑过程三个阶段(恢复、加载和滑动)基于波速变化的特征量.我们更进一步获取了断层失稳阶段波速变化的时空演化过程.最后讨论了该观测方法需要改进的地方.以上研究结果表明作为一种对现有实验观测手段的有益补充,利用超声尾波观测实验室大尺度岩石断层的动力学过程是可行的. 相似文献
2.
非线性高阶谐波和尾波波速变化均能够反映水泥材料内部微结构的应力变化。利用高阶谐波和尾波干涉实验测量系统,对引入高温作用后的3类不同粒径共6块水泥试样进行单轴加载的损伤演化实验,并与无高温作用的完整试样的实验结果进行对比。结果表明,从初始状态到25%抗压强度的过程中,高温作用后的试样的谐波幅值和尾波波速变化出现明显增强的现象（谐波幅值最大增幅约20%）,而无高温作用的完整试样的谐波幅值和尾波波速变化较为平稳（谐波幅值最大增幅约5%）;在达到65%抗压强度的过程中,高温作用后的试样的谐波幅值和尾波波速变化急剧增大（谐波幅值最大增幅约100%）,且粒径较大的试样的增幅高于粒径较小的试样,而无高温作用的完整试样的谐波幅值和尾波波速变化的增幅较小（谐波幅值最大增幅约10%）;当抗压强度超过75%以后,高温作用后的试样的谐波幅值和尾波波速变化急剧衰减（谐波幅值最大衰减幅度约140%）,而无高温作用的完整试样的谐波幅值和尾波波速的最大衰减幅值在40%以内。基于以上观测结果对高温作用后水泥制品损伤演化的物理机制以及这两类监测方法的适用性进行了讨论。 相似文献
3.
The Theory of Coda Wave Interferometry 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Roel Snieder 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2006,163(2-3):455-473
Coda waves are sensitive to changes in the subsurface because the strong scattering that generates these waves causes them
to repeatedly sample a limited region of space. Coda wave interferometry is a technique that exploits this sensitivity to
estimate slight changes in the medium from a comparison of the coda waves before and after the perturbation. For spatially
localized changes in the velocity, or for changes in the source location, the travel-time perturbation may be different for
different scattering paths. The coda waves that arrive within a certain time window are therefore subject to a distribution
of travel-time perturbations. Here I present the general theory of coda wave interferometry, and show how the time-shifted
correlation coefficient can be used to estimate the mean and variance of the distribution of travel-time perturbations. I
show how this general theory can be used to estimate changes in the wave velocity, in the location of scatterer positions,
and in the source location. 相似文献
4.
近年来发展起来的“孔隙、裂隙介质弹性波理论”提高了人们对实际岩石声学性质的模拟和预测的能力.作为对这一理论的实验验证和重要应用,我们将它用来模拟和解释岩石超声实验中测得的干燥和饱和岩石弹性波速度随压力的变化曲线.理论模拟的重要参数,如岩石的裂隙密度等是从实验数据反演得到的.结果表明：无论是孔隙度较高的砂岩,还是孔隙度很小的致密岩石,如花岗岩,该理论都能很好地描述岩石在干燥和饱和状态下纵、横波速度随压力的变化.造成波速变化的原因是岩石中裂隙在压力作用下的闭合和裂隙密度的减少.本文的结果还指出了将岩石裂隙密度作为描述岩石的重要物性参数,并给出了从实验室超声测量中确定这一参数的方法. 相似文献
5.
丽江7级地震为何比预计发生的晚？：应力循环和地震 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
用循环加载研究岩石破裂孕育过程中变形模量,纵波速度和声发射的变化特征,进而探讨认为丽江地区外部地震的发生使受力过程发生了变化,从而使丽江７级地震延迟发生,也使临近地震的前兆异常不明显或更复杂,并使丽江地震震级减小。 相似文献
6.
缺陷的演化繁衍与Kaiser效应函数 总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19
本文运用岩石的损伤理论,通过对岩石材料微元强度的统计分布假设,得到声发射积累N随应变ε的变化规律,并对于循环加载情形,给出了Kaiser效应函数的通式。文中还证明,声发射积累N的变化与损伤参量D具有一致性,得到了用声发射积累N描述的岩石本构关系。理论结果与实验资料吻合很好。 相似文献
7.
A polyaxial (true‐triaxial) stress‐loading system, developed originally for determining all nine components of P‐ and S‐wave velocities and attenuation and fluid permeability for 50.8 mm‐side cubic rock specimens tested to failure, has been modified to permit the measurement of acoustic emission events associated with the failure process. Results are reported for Crosland Hill sandstone tested to failure under loading conditions leading to the formation of sets of aligned microcracks, achieved by maintaining the minor principal stress at a low value while increasing the two other principal stresses until failure of the rock. An ultrasonic survey associated with the test has been employed to map the transversely‐isotropic velocity structure created by through‐going parallel fractures resulting from the sets of aligned microcracks. This velocity structure has then been employed to locate acoustic emission events recorded during the test by four acoustic emission sensors located in each of the six specimen loading platens. A selection of acoustic emission events associated with one of the fractures has been processed for moment tensor analysis information, in order to determine the source type and orientation of microcracking as the fracture grows. The mechanisms indicate tensile behaviour during initial fracture propagation. Shear failure, however, appears to dominate as the fracture finally approaches the opposite face of the cubic specimen. The work presented here has, in part, led to the development of new rock testing systems and geophysical monitoring and processing technologies that will enable laboratory study of rock behaviour under conditions better resembling those experienced in situ. 相似文献
8.
断层地震孕震的椭圆形区域及其前兆规律 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2
首先运用岩石介质的损伤本构关系式和断层地震的简单力学模型，讨论了断层和围岩介质系统的相互作用及其失稳过程，通过差分计算，得到了与地震变形和声发射等有关的前兆序列曲线，然后根据实际断层带滑移与错动的分布规律，通过计算机模拟出断层地震的椭圆形孕震区并此解释了Ｐ波初动分布规律。 相似文献
9.
Acoustic Emissions Monitoring during Inelastic Deformation of Porous Sandstone: Comparison of Three Modes of Deformation 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Jerome Fortin Sergei Stanchits Georg Dresen Yves Gueguen 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2009,166(5-7):823-841
In some reservoirs, large deformations can occur during oil or gas production because of the effective stress change. For very porous rocks, these production operations can be sufficient to cause inelastic deformation and irreversible damage. Rock formations can undergo deformation by different mechanisms, including dilatancy or pore collapse. In the laboratory, it has been shown that the inelastic deformation and failure mode of porous rocks are pressure sensitive. Indeed, when subjected to an overall compressive loading, a porous rock may fail by shear localization, compaction localization, or by cataclastic compaction. Acoustic emission (AE) records provide important information to understand the failure mode of rocks: the spatial evolution of damage as well as the source mechanisms can be followed using this technique. In this paper, we present three different laboratory axisymmetric compression experiments, performed on Bleurswiller sandstone, which enable us to compare the acoustic emission signature of these three modes of deformation. Our data show that compaction localization and cataclastic compaction are characterized by similar acoustic signatures (in terms of AE sources characteristics and evolution of AE number), in comparison to the acoustic signature from shear localization. This implies similar micromechanisms involved during compaction bands formation and cataclastic compaction. 相似文献
10.
The Quality factor is the parameter that can be used to describe the energy attenuation on seismic wave. In theory, we can obtain the relationship between the change of the coda wave quality factor with time and the strong earthquake preparation process on the basis of the quality factor of a coda wave in a same ray path. However, in reality the coda wave quality factor measured by different seismic coda waves corresponds to different seismic wave ray paths. The change of the quality factor with time is related to non-elastic characteristics of the medium and the volume of scattering ellipsoid constrained by scattered wave phase fronts, besides the change of regional stress field. This paper discusses the relationship between quality factor, epicenter distance and different lapse time, and then discusses the relationship between quality factor and frequency. Furthermore the determination method of the coda wave quality factor is put forward. The improved determination method of the quality factor, which removes the influence of different earthquakes or propagation depth of scattered waves, may increase measurement precision, thus information pertaining to abnormal changes in quality factor and the relationship between the quality factor and earthquake preparation process can be acquired. 相似文献
11.
为了解水库水体加、卸载及渗透过程中,库底岩石介质有效应力变化对弹性波速的影响,以及弹性波速变化与孔隙压力、有效应力变化之间的定量关系,以四川省紫坪铺水库为例,在前期已建立库区地质构造与水文地质结构模型,并推导出岩石介质变形与流体渗流耦合数学模型的基础上,进一步建立了有效应力对岩石弹性波速影响的数学模型,利用有限元方法定量计算了库底岩石介质的孔隙压力、附加有效应力和弹性波速的变化。结果表明:在水库水体加、卸载及渗透过程中,地下岩石介质弹性波速增量值的变化并不明显,最大变幅仅为±0.013km/s,变化范围主要集中在库底5km以上的局部区域;弹性波速增量值与附加有效应力变化同步,与水库水位变化形态相似;不同观测点弹性波速变化量的大小与埋藏位置、深度及附加有效应力的变化幅度有关,同一观测点,弹性纵波波速变化幅度大于弹性横波波速。文中数值模拟的结果与一些学者通过环境噪声方法获得的紫坪铺水库附近区域相对波速变化的反演结果在变化形态上大体一致,但变化幅度略有差异。 相似文献
12.
13.
本文利用两个频率通道同时接收花岗岩标本及石灰岩标本在不同单轴加压方式下的声发射信号,研究了从加压到破坏的整个形变过程中,不同频道接收到的声发射率的变化特征.发现在各种加压方式下,花岗岩和石灰岩在破坏前,由不同频率通道接收到的声发射率均急剧增长;而在破坏的瞬间,高频通道接收的声发射率增长快于较低频率通道的声发射率.这两点可用来预测岩石的破坏.声发射率随轴向应力的变化与加压方式有关.匀速加压,加压过程中保持一段时间恒压或降压均对应一定的声发射率状态.有可能通过追踪声发射情况,推测应力变化趋势. 相似文献
14.
地方震尾波的实验室研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文在Ａｋｉ（１９６９）一次回弹散射理论基础上，用超声岩石模型模拟地方震，对地方震尾波进行了初步观测和讨论。观测结果得出见波波形、功率谱、持续时间相对于不同震中距是稳定的；并且尾波震相不可以追踪。这就支持了关于尾波的散射理论，同时也为地方震震级、地震矩和Ｑ值等的研究以及地震图资料的充分利用提供了新的途径。 相似文献
15.
基于岩石变形声发射实验结果讨论了大震前地震活动平静现象的机制。在双轴压缩、等位移速率加载条件下 ,挤压型雁列断层、含宏观凹凸体断层、Ⅲ型剪切断层等非连续断层在临近滑动失稳前 ,声发射活动均出现了明显的相对平静现象 ,表现为声发射事件的发生率和应变能释放水平显著降低。与此阶段相对应 ,断层带 (特别是非连续部位上新形成的一小段断层 )发生了蠕滑和匀阻化作用 ,并使得标本的差应力开始下降。根据实验结果提出 ,大地震前断层的“蠕滑 -匀阻化”过程是造成地震活动平静现象的可能机制 相似文献
16.
EXPERIMENT STUDY ON ACOUSTIC EMISSION,MICROSEISM AND CHARGE INDUCTION DURING FRACTURE PROCESS OF GRANITE WITH FAULT ZONE UNDER UNIAXIAL COMPRESSION 
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下载免费PDF全文 As the rock samples will produce abnormal signals of acoustic emission, microseismic and charge signals under external loading, the waveform comprehensive monitoring devices are used to synchronously monitor acoustic emission, microseismic and charge signals during the deformation and failure process of granite with fault zone under uniaxial compression. The results show that, the granite with fault zone has obvious synchronous precursory signals of acoustic emission, microseism and charge induction in the elastic deformation stage, and has high amplitude synchronous precursory signals in the instability destruction stage. The influence of fault zone on granite samples strength is remarkable, and the uniaxial compressive strength of samples with the fault zone is greatly reduced. With the angle of the fault zone decreasing, the uniaxial compressive strength of the specimens is reduced, the samples are more liable to instability and the energy of instability destruction is greater. With the fault zone angle of granite samples decreasing, the acoustic emission, microseismic and charge induction signals increase in the deformation and failure process of samples. The samples stress decreases when the acoustic emission, microseismic and charge induction precursory signals appear synchronously. The duration of acoustic emission, microseismic and charge induction precursory signals is increasing in the instability destruction stage. When the angle of the fault zone reaches 30°, the mutability of acoustic emission, microseismic and charge induction signal increases, the time to enter the dangerous stage is much earlier, and the acoustic emission events of large magnitude increase significantly, and the large angle faults of coal mine are more dangerous. The intensive and high amplitude synchronous precursory signals of acoustic emission, microseism and charge induction are produced before the instability destruction, and the signals duration is shorter. The intensive and strongest synchronous precursory signals of acoustic emission, microseism and charge induction are produced in the instability destruction, and the signals duration is longer. Acoustic emission monitoring data can better reflect the micro rupture of rock. And combined with the acoustic emission, microseismic and charge induction precursory signals, the precursory information of rock instability destruction can be obtained more accurately. 相似文献
17.
J.F. Couvreur A. Vervoort M.S. King E. Lousberg J.F. Thimus 《Geophysical Prospecting》2001,49(1):71-78
A number of laboratory tests (uniaxial, triaxial and hydrostatic) have been conducted on a dry porous limestone. A conceptual model is proposed to correlate deformation and damage fields (including acoustic emission activity) with the variation of ultrasonic velocities, quality factors and energies as measures of attenuation. This correlation is presented in a stress deviator versus confining pressure diagram. In this way, the successive steps occurring in the damage process of this rock are well described. In particular, the quality factor of S-waves distinguishes clearly the onset of the initially stable cracking, while the velocity of S-waves and strain measurements are sensitive to dilatancy which appears later in the damage process of the limestone studied. 相似文献
18.
本文在实验室对所获取的东营地区层理发育的低孔隙度页岩和泥岩的各向异性裂纹演化特性进行了研究,获得了各向同性条件下泥页岩的力学与超声波响应特性,分析了应力幅度对于页岩声波速度和各向异性的影响.主要结论包括:(1)泥页岩在循环载荷下存在滞后效应,表明其经历了去压实或油气产生导致的超压;(2)泥岩和页岩具有不同程度的各向异性,随着各向同性压力的增高微裂隙逐渐闭合,样品的各向异性程度减弱;(3)分析了岩石韧度和裂纹损伤参数随压力的变化特征,相比泥岩,页岩各向异性程度更高,随压力变化更明显,其裂纹导致的附加各向异性更强;(4)分析了各向异性岩石的动态弹性模量特征,由于软裂隙空间的闭合,动态弹性模量在低压条件下都随着围压的增加有硬化趋势. 相似文献
19.
V. I. Vettegren V. S. Kuksenko I. P. Shcherbakov 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2016,52(5):754-769
The mechanism and dynamics of the deformation and fracture of quartz, granite, and marble samples under the striker blow on their surface and electric discharge inside them are studied by the fractoluminescence (FL), electromagnetic (EME), and acoustic emission (AE) methods with 10-ns resolution. The impact excites a forced deformation wave with a velocity within 0.8 to 2 km/s depending on the mineral. The atomic bonds rupture and microcracks are formed at the nodes of the wave, which leads to the emergence of the FL flashes and disruption of the time dependences of EME. Based on the intensity of the flashes, the dimensions of microcracks are estimated to vary from 2 to 70 µm depending on the mineral. In turn, the emergence of microcracks initiates additional deformation waves.The discharge inside the studied samples excites a pressure shock wave which transforms into the tension wave after reflection from the surface. According to the analysis of FL spectra, this leads to the breakdown of the rocks into positively charged ions and electrons. The shock wave velocity in granites is measured at 4.8 km/s, which is close to the velocity of the longitudinal acoustic vibrations ~5 km/s. The microcracks in the rock have not enough time to form with this loading velocity. It is supposed that the shock wave stretches the deformed interatomic bonds at the dislocation nuclei in the crystal lattices of the minerals up to their breakdown into positively charged ions. 相似文献
20.
Yu Huaizhong Yin Xiangchu Liang Naigang Xia Mengfen Li Min Xu Zhaoyong Peng Keyin Victor Kukshenko Wu Zhishen Qi Li Surguei Elizarov 《中国地震研究》2003,17(3):227-235
Implementing acoustic emission experiments with large rock samples, LURR (Load/Unload Response Ratio) theory was studied. The loading conditions in the experiments were designed to simulate the complicated loading process of underground rocks. The damages emerging inside the rock samples were recorded by the acoustic emission technique during the loading process. The experimental results were consistent with prediction by LURR theory. Integrating the changing processes of LURR value Y and the location process of acoustic emission events showed agreement between the variation of LURR value Y and the damage evolution inside the rocks. Furthermore, the high value of Y emerged before the complete breakdown of materials. Therefore, the damage evolution of rock specimen can be quantitatively analyzed with LURR theory, thus the failure of the rock materials and the earthquake occurrence may be predicted. The experimental results gave a further verification of LURR theory. 相似文献