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1.
The redox conditions during frictional melting provide information on the physical and chemical conditions during seismic slip in the crust. Here we examine frictional melts from five localities by analyzing host rocks and corresponding pseudotachylytes using Mössbauer spectroscopy. The faults examined are located at South Mountain, Arizona; Fort Foster, Maine (two localities); Long Ridge fault, North Carolina; and the Homestake shear zone, Colorado. The main iron-bearing phases in the pseudotachylytes are phyllosilicates (biotite, muscovite and clays) and iron oxides (magnetite and hematite) and minor pyrite. The ferrous/ferric ratios of the phyllosilicates in the host rocks are the same as those in the pseudotachylytes, except for the hematite-bearing pseudotachylyte from the Long Ridge fault, which is more oxidized. The magnetites in the host rocks and the corresponding pseudotachylytes have different ferric and ferrous iron distributions, which is attributed to different cation chemistry, rather than redox conditions. With the exception of the South Mountain locality, the ferric/ferrous ratios of the micas are interpreted to record the primary redox state of the pseudotachylyte melt as the calculated oxygen fugacities are consistent with magnetite and hematite equilibria. Pyrite-bearing pseudotachylytes plot ~0–1 log10 units above the fayalite-magnetite-quartz (FMQ) buffer. Magnetite-bearing pseudotachylytes plot ~2–4 log10 units above the FMQ buffer, and hematite-bearing pseudotachylytes plot 3.5 log10 units above the hematite-magnetite (HM) buffer. Hematite-bearing pseudotachylytes, together with previous oxygen isotope data, are inferred to represent melting in the presence of externally derived pressurized water. Other localities are inferred to represent melting under rock-buffered, closed system, conditions. If the localities studied are representative of seismogenic faulting, the calculated oxygen fugacities indicate that, in the system C–O–H–S, H2O and CO2 should be the dominant fluid species. This is the first detailed study of the redox state of pseudotachylytes.  相似文献   

2.
 Pseudotachylytes and their host rocks from the North Range of the 1.85 Ga Sudbury impact structure have been investigated using analytical scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe analysis and XRF spectrometry. The results show that the pseudotachylytes were produced in high-speed slip zones by the frictional comminution and selective melting of wall rock lithologies. The preferential assimilation of hydrous ferromagnesian phases during frictional melting produced relatively basic melts, leaving the more mechanically resistant quartz and, to a lesser extent, plagioclase as included mineral clasts. Three distinct assemblages are identified within the pseudotachylytes: (a) pre-impact (>1.85 Ga) rock and mineral clasts derived from host lithologies; (b) a syn- to immediately post-impact (1.85 Ga), rapidly cooled, quartz + sanidine + labradorite + phlogopitic biotite matrix assemblage, formed due to crystallization from a melt at 800–900°C and (c) a post-impact (<1.85 Ga) retrograde assemblage which overprints both clasts and matrices. Field evidence indicates that most pseudotachylyte formed in large-displacement fault systems during gravitational collapse of the impact-generated transient cavity. The Sudbury pseudotachylytes, like endogenic pseudotachylytes, were generated by frictional melting on fault surfaces. The difference is primarily one of scale. Large (km) displacements occurring on impact-induced ring faults can generate immense volumes of friction melt resulting in spectacular pseudotachylyte bodies up to 0.5 km thick and more than 10 km long. Received: 15 March 1996 / Accepted: 15 June 1996  相似文献   

3.
The Woodroffe thrust, central Australia, is a > 1.5-km-wide mylonitized shear zone marked by large volumes of mm- to cm-scale pseudotachylyte veins. The pseudotachylytes display typical melt-origin features, including rounded and embayed clasts, spherulitic and dentritic microlites, and flow structures within a fine-grained matrix. Three types of pseudotachylyte are identified on the basis of deformation texture, vein morphology, and host-rock lithology: cataclasite-related (C-Pt), mylonite-related (M-Pt), and ultramylonite-related (Um-Pt). The M-Pt and Um-Pt veins intrude into mylonite and ultramylonite and are themselves overprinted by subsequent mylonitization. These pseudotachylytes contain an internal foliation defined by flattened porphyroclasts and layering of the fine-grained vein matrix, and the foliation is generally oriented parallel to foliation in the surrounding mylonite and ultramylonite. These observations constrain the timing and environment of M-Pt and Um-Pt pseudotachylyte formation to a protracted period of deformation and mylonitization within the ductile regime of the crust. The M-Pt and Um-Pt veins, as well as the host mylonite, are overprinted by cataclasis and multiple generations of late-stage C-Pt veins that were generated in the brittle-dominated regime of the upper crust during uplift and exhumation of the shear zone.The coexistence of multiple generations of voluminous C-Pt, M-Pt, and Um-Pt veins indicates that the pseudotachylyte veins represent a large number of large earthquakes and accompanying seismic slip over an extended period of seismicity on the Woodroffe thrust. The timing and distribution of pseudotachylyte indicate that the earthquakes nucleated at the base of the brittle-dominated seismogenic zone and propagated down through the brittle–ductile transition into the ductile-dominated regime of the crust.  相似文献   

4.
黔北务川瓦厂坪铝土矿床元素迁移规律研究   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
金中国 《地质与勘探》2011,47(6):957-966
黔北务正道地区铝土矿矿床属古风化壳沉积型,成矿母岩具多源性,但主要来源于下覆的中下志留统韩家店组。本文依据Grant提出的质量平衡方程和图解法,对瓦厂坪矿床在成矿过程中元素迁移的富集、贫化（亏损）规律进行了定量研究。结果表明,主要成矿母岩韩家店组砂、页岩一中间产物铝土质页岩、粘土岩是主要元素A12O3、TiO2显著富集...  相似文献   

5.
《Applied Geochemistry》2002,17(6):683-698
The compositional variability of the phenocryst-poor member of the 12.8 Ma Topopah Spring Tuff at the potential repository level was assessed by duplicate analysis of 20 core samples from the cross drift at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Previous analyses of outcrop and core samples of the Topopah Spring Tuff showed that the phenocryst-poor rhyolite, which includes both lithophysal and nonlithophysal zones, is relatively uniform in composition. Analyses of rock samples from the cross drift, the first from the actual potential repository block, also indicate the chemical homogeneity of this unit excluding localized deposits of vapor-phase minerals and low-temperature calcite and opal in fractures, cavities, and faults. The possible influence of vapor-phase minerals and calcite and opal coatings on rock composition at a scale sufficiently large to incorporate these heterogeneously distributed deposits was evaluated and is considered to be relatively minor. Therefore, the composition of the phenocryst-poor member of the Topopah Spring Tuff is considered to be adequately represented by the analyses of samples from the cross drift. The mean composition as represented by the 10 most abundant oxides in wt.% or g/100 g is: SiO2, 76.29; Al2O3, 12.55; FeO, 0.14; Fe2O3, 0.97; MgO, 0.13; CaO, 0.50; Na2O, 3.52; K2O, 4.83; TiO2, 0.11; and MnO, 0.07.  相似文献   

6.
Gold deposits hosted in Ordovician to Devonian turbidites in central Victoria, Australia, consist of steeply dipping quartz vein systems hosted mainly by reverse faults. Wall rock alteration of the host metasandstones, metasiltstones and shales (or slates) extends at least 20 m from the veins in the Bendigo-Ballarat zone (BBZ) and 10 m in the Melbourne zone (MZ) deposits. Alteration minerals include carbonates (ankerite, siderite and dolomite) chlorite, seriate, arsenopyrite, pyrite, chalcopyrite and sphalerite, with less common barite, albite and biotite in the BBZ and carbonates (siderite, ankerite, dolomite and ferromagnesite), sericite, chlorite, arsenopyrite, pyrite, and stibnite with less common chalcostibite in the MZ. SiO2, Na2O, MgO and Sr with P2O5 commonly decreasing during alteration while CO2, S, As, Sb, Au, V, Al2O3, Ga, K2O and Rb with Ni and Cr commonly increase. TiO2, FeO, Fe2O3, MnO, Th, U, Nb, La, Ce, and Sc showed little change. Concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb, and Ca are variable.The relatively large decrease of SiO2 could account for most, if not all, quartz present in the ore veins. The Na2O and MgO could have crystallized in the veins in the very minor albite and chlorite present. The addition of V in all and Ni and Cr in most deposits probably reflects a source enriched in these elements such as underlying greenstones. The source of both the volatile (S, As, Sb) and lithophile (K2O and Rb) elements as well as Au is unknown, but they could have been derived from a magmatic source or from the metamorphism of Cambrian greenstones. CO2, present as carbonate, was derived mainly by the reaction of graphite, originally present in the sediments, with the ore solutions. Al2O3, the only other major element after SiO2, probably increased mainly due to the decrease of the latter.  相似文献   

7.
N. Hald  C. Tegner   《Lithos》2000,54(3-4):207-233
The Paleozoic–Mesozoic Jameson Land Basin (East Greenland) is intruded by a sill complex and by a swarm of ESE trending dykes. Together with dykes of the inner Scoresby Sund fjord, they form a regional Early Tertiary intrusive complex located 200–400 km inland of the East Greenland rifted continental margin. Most of the intrusive rocks in the Jameson Land Basin are geochemically coherent and consist of evolved plagioclase–augite–olivine saturated, uncontaminated high-Ti basalt with 48.5–50.2 wt.% SiO2, 2.2–3.2 wt.% TiO2, 5.1–7.4 wt.% MgO, 9–17 ppm Nb and La/YbN=2.8–3.6. Minor tholeiitic rock types are: (a) low-Ti basalt (49.7 wt.% SiO2, 1.7 wt.% TiO2, 6.8 wt.% MgO, 2.6 ppm Nb and La/YbN=0.5) akin to oceanic basalts; (b) very-high-Ti basalt (48.6 wt.% SiO2, 4.1 wt.% TiO2, 5.1 wt.% MgO and 21 ppm Nb); and (c) plagioclase ultraphyric basalt. The tholeiitic dolerites are cut by alkali basalt (43.7–47.3 wt.% SiO2, 4.1–5.1 wt.% TiO2, 4.9–6.2 wt.% MgO, 29–46 ppm Nb and La/YbN=16–17) sills and dykes.Modelling of high-field-strength and rare-earth elements indicate that the high-Ti basalts formed from 6–10% melting of approximately equal proportions of garnet- and spinel-bearing mantle of slightly depleted composition beneath thick continental lithosphere. Conversely, dolerite intrusions and flood basalts of similar compositional kindred from adjacent but more rift-proximal occurrences in Northeast Greenland formed from shallower melting of dominantly spinel-bearing mantle beneath extended and thinned continental lithosphere. These variations in lithospheric thickness suggest the continent–ocean transition of the East Greenland rifted volcanic margin is sharp and narrow.40Ar–39Ar dating and paleomagnetism show that the high-Ti dolerites were emplaced at 53–52 Ma (most likely during C23r) and hence surprisingly postdate the main flood volcanism by 2–5 Ma and the inception of seafloor spreading between Greenland and Europe by 1–2 Ma. The formation of tholeiitic and alkaline magmas emplaced into the Jameson Land Basin corroborates to the importance of post-breakup magmatism along the East Greenland volcanic rifted margin. Upwelling of the ancestral Iceland mantle plume under central Greenland at 53–52 Ma (rather than under the active rift), perhaps accompanied by a failed attempt to shift the rift zone westward towards the plume axis, may have triggered post-breakup continental magmatism of the Jameson Land Basin and the inner Scoresby Sund region, along preexisting structural lineaments.  相似文献   

8.
The mineralogical and geochemical features of the lower Ordovician Betts Cove ophiolite of northeastern Newfoundland indicate that hydrothermal circulation of seawater near a mid-ocean ridge has been involved in the metamorphism of the complex. The degree of greenschist facies metamorphism increases with stratigraphie depth in the ophioli te. Calcite, hematite and epidote distributions show that the metamorphosing fluid penetrated downward and was reduced with depth. The mobilities of major and trace elements support the hypothesis of the interaction of seawater and basalt: Fe2O3, MgO, Na2O and H2O increase whereas CaO and Cu decrease in the rock after alteration; SiO2, total iron, K2O, Ba and Rb can either be depleted or enhanced in the altered material; TiO2, P2O5, Zr, Y, Cr and Ni remain stable during the metamorphic episode. Finally, the occurrence of massive sulphides and incipient rodingitic gabbro is explicable in a circulatory seawater system.  相似文献   

9.
《Applied Geochemistry》1993,8(2):177-187
The bulk geochemistry of unconsolidated sands from river terraces in two drainage basins of contrasting geology in the Limagne rift valley, France, was studied. Data processing and interpretation was done with multivariate statistics, notably factor analysis. In the Allier drainage basin, underlain by volcanic rocks and crystalline basement, the abundance of basaltic rock fragments causes significantly higher bulk concentrations of TiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, CaO, P2O5, V, Cr, Ni, Zn, Sr, Zr and Nb. In the Dore basin, underlain only by crystalline basement, sands have a significantly higher SiO2, K2O, Rb and Pb content, originating from quartz, K-feldspars and micas. Comparison between different terrace levels shows the impact of weathering and changes in supplied sediment composition over time. Approximately 65% of the total variance in the basaltic element content in the Allier terrace sands can be explained by the combined effect of parent material and weathering. The effect of grain size on sediment composition is only significant for Al2O3, Na2O and Rb content in the Allier sands, and for TiO2, Fe2O3 and Nb content in the Dore sands. Approximately 60% of the total variability in these elements is grain-size related. These results show that the technique of studying the bulk geochemical composition of stream sediments has direct applications for mineral exploration and Quaternary research.  相似文献   

10.
Geological, petrological and geochemical studies indicated that there are two distinct types of granitoid rocks: older quartz diorites to granodiorite assemblage and younger granitoids, the latter occurring in two phases. The older granitoids have a meta-aluminous chemistry and a calc-alkaline character, with high MgO, Fe2O3, TiO2, CaO, P2O5, Sr and low SiO2, K2O, and Rb. Their major and trace elements data, together with low 87Sr/ 86Sr ratios (0.7029±0.0008) are indicative of I-type affinities. The second-...  相似文献   

11.
Mafic sills of the Mekelle basin were explored on a reconnaissance level for their magmatic sulphide potential. The sills are related to Oligocene flood basalt magmatism in Ethiopia. They intrude Jurassic shales and limestones and crystallized from high-Ti tholeiitic basalt magmas. Three compositional groups were differentiated. Among them GD1 gabbrodolerites (11.6–4% MgO) show evidence of a fractionation controlled magmatic lineage, while GD2 (∼5.2% MgO) and GD3 gabbrodolerites (5.4–3% MgO) show element depletion and enrichment patterns which deviate from the magmatic fractionation trend. Compared to GD1 rocks with MgO values ∼5%, GD2 gabbrodolerites have higher SiO2 and Na2O but lower FeOtot, TiO2, P2O5, Nb, Zr, Y, Cu, and Ni values, while GD3 gabbrodolerites show higher SiO2, Na2O, P2O5, Ba and Sr and lower FeOtot, TiO2, Nb, Zr, Y, Cu, and Ni values. The distinct geochemical signatures of the latter two gabbrodolerite groups are likely caused by conjunct processes of crustal assimilation and fractional removal of silicate/oxide mineral phases. Depletion of chalcophile elements in the contaminated gabbrodolerites indicates also the segregation of Ni and Cu sulphides. However, settling of sulphide minerals occurred prior to sill emplacement probably in a deeper seated magma chamber. The indication of chalcophile element depleted mafic sills, genetically related to a major flood basalt province clearly warrants further exploration in the area.  相似文献   

12.
The National Centre for Compositional Characterisation of Materials (NCCCM) / Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) and National Aluminium Company Limited (NALCO), India have produced an Indian origin bauxite certified reference material (CRM), referred to as BARC-B1201, certified for major (Al2O3, Fe2O3, SiO2, TiO2, loss on ignition - LOI) and trace contents (V2O5, MnO, Cr2O3, MgO). Characterisation was undertaken by strict adherence to ISO Guides. A method previously developed and validated in our laboratory, using single step bauxite dissolution and subsequent quantitation (of Al2O3, Fe2O3, SiO2, TiO2, V2O5, MnO, Cr2O3 and MgO) by ICP-AES (SSBD ICP-AES) was used for homogeneity studies and an inter-laboratory comparison exercise (ILCE) of the candidate CRM. LOI was determined by thermo-gravimetric analysis. Property values were assigned after an ILCE with participation from seventeen reputed government and private sector laboratories in India. The CRM was certified for nine property values: Al2O3, Fe2O3, SiO2, TiO2, V2O5, MnO, Cr2O3, MgO and LOI, which are traceable to SI units.  相似文献   

13.
The genesis of Liangguo corundum deposit in the southern Gangdese magmatic arc, east-central Himalaya, remains unknown. The present study shows that the corundum-bearing rocks occur as lenses with variable sizes in the Eocene gabbro that intruded into marble. These corundum-bearing rocks have highly variable mineral assemblage and mode. The corundum-rich rocks are characterized by containing abundant corundum, and minor spinel, ilmenite and magnetite, whereas the corundum-poor and corundum-free rocks have variable contents of spinel, plagioclase, sillimanite, cordierite, ilmenite and magnetite. The host gabbro shows variable degrees of hydration and carbonization. The corundum grains are mostly black, and rarely blue, and have minor Fe O and TiO_2. The spinel is hercynite, with high Fe O and low Mg O contents. The corundum-bearing rocks have variable but high Al_2O_3, FeO and TiO_2, and low SiO_2 contents. Inherited magmatic and altered zircons of the corundum-bearing rocks have similar U e Pb ages(~47 Ma) to the magmatic zircons of the host gabbro, indicating corundum-bearing rock formation immediately after the gabbro intrusion. We considered that emplacement of gabbro induced the contact metamorphism of the country-rock marble and the formation of silica-poor fluid. The channeled infiltration of generated fluid in turn resulted in the hydrothermal metasomatism of the gabbro, which characterized by considerable loss of Si from the gabbro and strong residual enrichment of Al. The metasomatic alteration probably formed under Pe T conditions of ~2.2 -2.8 kbar and ~650 -700℃. We speculate that SiO_2, CaO and Na_2O were mobile, and Al_2O_3, FeO, TiO_2 and high field strength elements remained immobile during the metasomatic process of the gabbro. The Liangguo corundum deposit, together with metamorphic corundum deposits in Central and Southeast Asia, were related to the Cenozoic Himalayan orogeny, and therefore are plate tectonic indicators.  相似文献   

14.
Phase equilibria modelling of post‐peak metamorphic mineral assemblages in (ultra)high‐P mafic eclogite from the Tso Morari massif, Ladakh Himalaya, northwest India, has provided new insights into the potential behaviour and source of metamorphic fluid during exhumation, and constrained the P–T conditions of hydration. A series of P–M(H2O) pseudosections constructed in the Na2O–CaO–K2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O–TiO2–O (NCKFMASHTO) system show that a number of petrographically distinct hydration episodes occurred during exhumation from peak P–T conditions (~640 °C, 27–28 kbar), resulting in the formation of abundant compositionally zoned amphibole and minor clinozoisite poikiloblasts at the expense of a peak assemblage dominated by garnet and omphacite. Initial hydration is interpreted to have occurred as a result of the destabilization of talc following isothermal decompression to ~23 kbar, which led to the formation of barroisite–winchite amphibole core domains. An episode of fluid infiltration from an external source at ~19 kbar, with or without syn‐decompressional cooling to ~560 °C, resulted in further barroisitic–winchitic amphibole growth, followed by the formation of clinozoisite poikiloblasts. Continued buoyancy‐driven exhumation to the base of the lower crust is constrained to have taken place with no additional fluid input. A final hydration event is characterized by the formation of magnesiohornblende rims on the barroisite–winchite cores, with the former interpreted to have formed during later prograde overprinting in the middle crust associated with the final stages of exhumation. Notably, the vast majority of externally sourced H2O, comprising just over half of the current bulk rock fluid content, was added during this later hydration event. In a middle crustal setting, this is interpreted as the result of devolatilization reactions occurring in migmatitic host orthogneiss and/or metasedimentary units, or following the crystallization of partial melt.  相似文献   

15.
The development of thermodynamic models for tonalitic melt and the updated clinopyroxene and amphibole models now allow the use of phase equilibrium modelling to estimate P–T conditions and melt production for anatectic mafic and intermediate rock types at high‐T conditions. The Permian mid‐lower crustal section of the Ivrea Zone preserves a metamorphic field gradient from mid amphibolite facies to granulite facies, and thus records the onset of partial melting in metabasic rocks. Interlayered metabasic and metapelitic rocks allows the direct comparison of P–T estimates and partial melting between both rock types with the same metamorphic evolution. Pseudosections for metabasic compositions calculated in the Na2O–CaO–K2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O–TiO2–O (NCKFMASHTO) system are presented and compared with those of metapelitic rocks calculated with consistent end‐member data and a–x models. The results presented in this study show that P–T conditions obtained by phase equilibria modelling of both metabasic and metapelitic rocks give consistent results within uncertainties, allowing integration of results obtained for both rock types. In combination, the calculations for both metabasic and metapelitic rocks allows an updated and more precisely constrained metamorphic field gradient for Val Strona di Omegna to be defined. The new field gradient has a slightly lower dP/dT which is in better agreement with the onset of crustal thinning of the Adriatic margin during the Permian inferred in recent studies.  相似文献   

16.
Summary The structural and chemical characteristics of pseudotachylytes generated during seismic events along a Pan-African fault zone in Kenya document an evolution consisting of two principal steps. In the first stage, crushing of the host rock during the onset of frictional sliding led to preferential disruption of biotite and hornblende, due to their low fracture toughness and low shear yield strength. The products of this first stage are preserved as thin cataclasite zones along the margins of the pseudotachylyte veins. Melting of the crushed host rock occurred during the second stage, due to the heat generated by frictional sliding, grain size reduction, and the release of water from biotite and hornblende. The chemical and mineralogical composition of the cataclasite and the increasing temperature during seismic slip were the main factors that controlled the composition of two chemically distinct pseudotachylyte melts. During rapid cooling, amphibole microlites (melt 1) and plagioclase microlites (melt 2) crystallized from the two pseudotachylyte melts.
Die strukturelle und chemische Entwicklung von Pseudotachylyten während seismischer Ereignisse
Zusammenfassung Die strukturellen und chemischen Eigenschaften von Pseudotachylyten, die durch seismische Ereignisse entlang einer Pan-Afrikanischen Störungszone in Kenia erzeugt wurden, dokumentieren eine zweistufige Entwicklung. Im ersten Stadium, zu Beginn des Reibungsgleitens, führte die mechanische Zerkleinerung des Ausgangsgesteins zu einem bevorzugten Zerbrechen von Biotit und Hornblende, aufgrund ihrer geringen Bruch- und Scherfestigkeit. Die Produkte dieses ersten Stadiums sind in Form dünner Kataklasitzonen an den Rändern der Pseudotachylitgänge erhalten. Während des zweiten Stadiums kam es aufgrund der Reibungswärme, der Kornverkleinerung und dem bei der Zerstörung von Biotit und Hornblende freigesetzten Wasser zum Aufschmelzen des zermahlenen Gesteins. Die chemische und mineralogische Zusammensetzung der Kataklasite und die zunehmende Temperatur während des seismischen Gleitens waren die wesentlichen Faktoren, die die Zusammensetzung zweier chemisch unterschiedlicher Schmelzen kontrollierten. Während der schnellen Abkühlung kristallisierten Amphibol-Mikrolithe (Schmelze 1) und Plagioklas-Mikrolithe (Schmelze 2) aus den beiden Pseudotachylit-Schmelzen.

With 8 Figures  相似文献   

17.
在拉萨地块中部米巴勒地区产出的中新世钠质方沸石(霞石)响岩中的单斜辉石发育大量环带结构,环带结构包括正环带、反环带和韵律环带。其中正环带结构从核部到边部Mg#、MgO、Cr2O3呈逐渐降低趋势,而FeO、Na2O、Al2O3、TiO2呈逐渐升高的趋势,它反映了岩浆正常结晶的历史。反环带结构中Mg#、MgO、Cr2O3从核部到边部呈升高的趋势,FeO、Na2O、Al2O3的含量总体上呈降低趋势,本文认为响岩中单斜辉石的这种环带结构是受到了和它共存的钾质-超钾质火山岩岩浆混合或混染所致,两种岩石应是各自独立的母岩浆的结晶产物。具韵律环带结构的单斜辉石从核部到边部出现成分规律性波动,Na2O、Al2O3、TiO2、Cr2O3含量的变化在正反环带的范围内,Mg#值的变化范围较小,在正环带斑晶和基质的范围内,它是岩浆多次混合作用的结果。该地区钠质过碱性岩的出现可能指示青藏高原在这套火山岩喷发时(13~12Ma),构造体制发生了显著的改变,进入到一个典型的陆内伸展阶段。  相似文献   

18.
The Losevka pluton of rare-metal albite granite, which was explored as a possible source of columbite-zircon-malacon ore, is composed of quartz, sodic plagioclase, potassium feldspar, annite, protolithionite, lepidomelane, and Li-muscovite. The average chemical composition of this rock is as follows, wt %: 74.14 SiO2, 0.04 TiO2, 14.07 Al2O3, 1.05 Fe2O3, 0.78 FeO, 0.15 MnO, 0.09 MgO, 0.47 CaO, 4.65 Na2O, 4.11 K2O, and 0.03 P2O5. The accessory minerals are zircon, malacon, and cyrtolite (874 ppm); apatite (18 ppm); ilmenite (114 ppm); xenotime and monazite (119 ppm); and Nb-columbite (463 ppm). The black inclusions up to 15 cm in size, which are observed in this granite and called “birthmarks” by local geologists, consist of the same rock-forming minerals as the surrounding granite, but are enriched in MnO, MgO, CaO, TiO2, and F and depleted in SiO2 relative to the light granite. The black granite is also distinguished by much higher Sr and Ba contents and lower La, Rb, Y, Nb, REE, Cs, Ta, Th, and U contents. The black color is caused by enrichment in manganese oxides, manganoilmenite, and Mn-annite. All rock-forming minerals are pervaded by thin veinlets of Mn-oxides. In addition, bastnaesite, Y-and Th-fluorides, zircon, and malacon have been identified. Aggregates of black-colored minerals are not the products of the fractionation of the initial magma or immiscibility effects, because the structure of the albite-potassium feldspar-quartz-mica matrix is the same both in black and light granites. The percolation of a deep-sourced fluid enriched in Mn and F into a granitic melt might be a more probable origin.  相似文献   

19.
High-velocity friction experiments on gabbro and monzodiorite, using a rotary-shear high-velocity friction apparatus, have revealed that frictional melting and progressive growth of a molten layer along a fault cause slip weakening, eventually reaching a nearly steady-state. The melting surface at the host rock/molten layer interface is initially very flat, but it becomes more complex and rounded in shape towards the steady state owing to the selective melting of minerals with lower melting points and the Gibbs–Thomson effect. This change in the melting-surface topography can be quantitatively expressed by the fractal dimension D, as determined by the divider method, from about 1.0 near the peak friction to around 1.1 near the steady-state friction. The ultimate fractal dimension at steady-state friction tends to decrease with increasing heat production rate presumably due to more rapid and uniform melting. A systematic correlation of D with mechanical behavior of the fault during frictional melting may provide a way of estimating slip-weakening distance and heat production rate at steady-state friction by measuring D for natural pseudotachylytes on slip surfaces with different displacements. The weakening distance is of vital significance in relation to fault instability and the heat production rate is related to the fault strength. The experimental studies point to ways to estimate these difficult quantities for natural faults.  相似文献   

20.
Titaniferous chromite (up to 8 wt% TiO2) and magnesian ilmenite (up to 10 wt% MgO) coexist at the base of the differentiated tholeiitic Mount Ayliff Intrusion in the Karoo Province of southern Africa, suggesting that the original magma was TiO2-rich. Picritic lavas with 3% TiO2 from the Lebombo monocline of the Karoo Province also contain microphenocrysts of magnesian ilmenite (up to 6 wt% mgO) and armalcolite (up to 7 wt% MgO). These oxide mineral associations and compositions are atypical of tholeiitic magmas, in which chromite usually has less than 1 wt% TiO2, ilmenite less than 3 wt% MgO and armalcolite is rarely a primary mineral. Experiments have been conducted at one atmosphere pressure on a range of compositions to determine the effect of TiO2 on the crystallization and composition of chromite, ilmenite and armalcolite. The results indicate that increasing the TiO2 content of picritic magmas increases the TiO2 content of the spinel, mainly at the expense of Al2O3, whereas Cr2O3 is not affected. Spinel compositions in the Mount Ayliff Intrusion (with over 45 wt% Cr2O3, less than 10 wt% Al2O3 and 8 wt% TiO2) were duplicated in experiments on a picrite at temperatures of about 1,200°C at the Ni/NiO buffer. Increasing fO2 from fayalite-magnetite-quartz to Ni/NiO buffer is shown to increase the crystallization temperature of armalcolite and to decrease that of ilmenite. The total FeO content of the liquid has little influence on the crystallization temperature of these phases. The TiO2 content of the liquid, when either ilmenite or armalcolite crystallizes, varies inversely with SiO2 content. The MgO content of the liquid at which ilmenite or armalcolite crystallizes depends upon the TiO2 content of the starting composition, with naturally occurring and experimetally determined saturation being demonstrated for liquids with 5 wt% MgO and 5.5 wt% TiO2. The partition coefficent for MgO between armalcolite or ilmenite and liquid is about 1.5. Observed magnesian armalcolite and ilmenite compositions in picrite lavas (both minerals) and in the Mount Ayliff Intrusion (ilmenite only) are consistent with crystallization from a TiO2-rich magma with approximately 5 wt% MgO. The Fe 2 3+ TiO5 component of armalcolite in the picrite lavas matches those formed experimentally at temperatures of 1,150–1,110°C and fO2 of the Ni/NiO to Ni/NiO+1 log unit. Similarities also exist between the compositions of chromite, ilmenite and armalcolite and liquid fraction-ation trends of some Hawaiian high-TiO2 lavas and the experimental studies presented here.  相似文献   

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