共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 30 毫秒
1.
Water provides the origin of human survival and prosperity,and the basic resource for the maintenance of terrestrial eco-systems,their biodiversity,productivity and ecological services.With China’s recent,rapid growth both in population and economic development,the water shortage has become one of the most constraints on its ecological restoration and socio-economic development,especially in the arid inland regions of northwest China.At first glance,this water shortage in China appears to be a resource crisis.But second,an in-depth analysis reveals that the water shortage crisis arises mainly resulting from the poor water management system and operating mechanism that cannot facilitate fair allocation and efficient utilization of water resources both regionally and nationally and thus is viewed as a crisis of water manage-ment.The solution of China’s water shortage and low-efficient utilization problem will,in particular,require a fundamen-tal and substantial reform or innovation of the existing water management system and operating mechanism.In this paper,we address explicitly the problems existed in the current water management system,explore the basic theory of water re-sources management and provide some insights into the way how to establish a river basin based integrated water re-sources management system in China. 相似文献
2.
Regionalization of soil and water conservation is a base for the planning of soil and water conservation in China. It can provide scientific basis for constructing healthy eco-environment and regional management and development. It makes a brief review of related regionalization of study and makes clear the concept of regionalization of soil and water conservation. In this paper, based on synthetical analysis of the characteristics of eco-environments of China, the principles, indices and nomenclature of the regionalization of soil and water conservation are proposed. Through the construction of the regionalization of soil and water conservation collaboration platform and data reporting system, combined with existing soil and water conservation research, this paper uses the top-down and bottom-up and the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods to build soil and water conservation regionalization preliminary scheme, with 8 regions, 41 sub-regions and 117 sections divided in China. 相似文献
3.
Based on provincial panel data of water footprint and grey water footprint, and with the help of data envelopment analysis model considering and without considering the undesirable output, this paper estimates the water resources utilization efficiency in China from 1997 to 2011. The spatial weighting matrix based on economy-spatial distance function is established to discuss spatial autocorrelation of water resources utilization efficiency. With the help of absolute β-convergence model, this paper concludes that there exists β-convergence in the water resources utilization efficiency. Under the conditions of considering and without considering the undesirable output, it takes about 52.6 and 5.6 years respectively to achieve the extent of half of convergence. By mean of the spatial Durbin econometric model, this paper studies spatial spillover effects of the provincial water resources utilization efficiency in China. The results are as follows. 1) With considering and without considering the undesirable output, there is significant spatial correlation in provincial water resource efficiency in China. 2) Under the two cases, the spatial autoregressive coefficients(ρ) are 0.278 and 0.507 respectively, at 1% significance level. There exist the spatial spillover effects of provincial water resources utilization efficiency. 3) With considering the undesirable output, these factors of the education funds, the transportation infrastructure, and the industrial and agricultural water consumption proportion have positive impacts. These factors of foreign direct investment, the industry value-added water consumption per ten thousand yuan, per capita water consumption, and the total precipitation have negative impacts. 4) Without considering the undesirable output, the factor of GDP per laborer has a greater positive significant influence on the water resources utilization efficiency. However the facts of industry value-added water consumption in ten thousand yuan and the transportation infrastructure have no significant influence. 5) Regardless of undesirable output of water resources utilization efficiency, the assessment of the present real water resources utilization in China will be distorted and policy-making will be misled. The water efficiency measure considering environmental factors(such as gray water footprint) is more reasonable. 相似文献
4.
《地理学报(英文版)》2017,(12)
Due to the limitation of total amount of water resources, it is necessary to enhance water consumption efficiency to meet the increasing water demand of urbanizing China. Based on the panel data of 31 provinces in China in 1997–2013, we analyze the influencing factors of water consumption efficiency by spatial econometric models. Results show that, 1) Due to the notable spatial autocorrelation characteristics of water consumption efficiency among different provinces in China, general panel data regression model which previous studies often used may be improper to reveal its influencing factors. However, spatial Durbin model may best estimate their relationship. 2) Water consumption efficiency of a certain province may be influenced not only by its socio-economic and eco-environmental indicators, but also by water consumption efficiency in its neighboring provinces. Moreover, it may be influenced by the neighboring provinces' socio-economic and eco-environmental indicators. 3) For the macro average case of the 31 provinces in China, if water consumption efficiency in neighboring provinces increased 1%, water consumption efficiency of the local province would increase 0.34%. 4) Among the ten specific indicators we selected, per capita GDP and urbanization level of itself and its neighboring provinces have the most prominent positive effects on water consumption efficiency, and the indirect effects of neighboring provinces are much larger. Therefore, the spatial spillover effects of the economic development level and urbanization level are the primary influencing factors for improving China's water consumption efficiency. 5) Policy implications indicate that, to improve water consumption efficiency, each province should properly consider potential influences caused by its neighboring provinces, especially needs to enhance the economic cooperation and urbanization interaction with neighboring provinces. 相似文献
5.
Based on provincial panel data of water footprint and grey water footprint, and with the help of data envelopment analysis model considering and without considering the unde- sirable output, this paper estimates the water resources utilization efficiency in China from 1997 to 2011. The spatial weighting matrix based on economy-spatial distance function is established to discuss spatial autocorrelation of water resources utilization efficiency. With the help of absolute/3-convergence model, this paper concludes that there exists/%convergence in the water resources utilization efficiency. Under the conditions of considering and without considering the undesirable output, it takes about 52.6 and 5.6 years respectively to achieve the extent of half of convergence. By mean of the spatial Durbin econometric model, this paper studies spatial spillover effects of the provincial water resources utilization efficiency in China. The results are as follows. 1） With considering and without considering the undesir- able output, there is significant spatial correlation in provincial water resource efficiency in China. 2） Under the two cases, the spatial autoregressive coefficients （p） are 0.278 and 0.507 respectively, at 1% significance level. There exist the spatial spillover effects of provin- cial water resources utilization efficiency. 3） With considering the undesirable output, these factors of the education funds, the transportation infrastructure, and the industrial and agri- cultural water consumption proportion have positive impacts. These factors of foreign direct investment, the industry value-added water consumption per ten thousand yuan, per capita water consumption, and the total precipitation have negative impacts. 4） Without considering the undesirable output, the factor of GDP per laborer has a greater positive significant influ- ence on the water resources utilization efficiency. However the facts of industry value-added water consumption in ten thousand yuan and the transportation infrastructure have no sig- nificant influence. 5） Regardless of undesirable output of water resources utilization efficiency the assessment of the present real water resources utilization in China will be distorted and policy-making will be misled. The water efficiency measure considering environmental factors （such as gray water footprint） is more reasonable. 相似文献
6.
中国水土保持研究回顾 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The preservation and sustainable development of soil and water resources is one of the basic principles for the development of China. Throughout the course of history, all the social improvement and economic development are deeply concerned with soil loss and ecological environmental protection. It is now a common sense that soil and water conservation is the safety insurance for national ecology and its development. For the past long period of time, soil and water loss has been recognized as “the No. 1 killer“ to the ecological environment. The nation is on the stage of the critical conditions for its development. China has massive mountain and upland area with complicated geological conditions and accelerated human destruction and serious soil and water loss.Based on rich historical documents, renovating experience and detailed analysis of the data collected in field experiments and field surveys for soil and water conservation, this paper aims to review the general characteristics of soil and water loss, to explore the relationship between soil and water conservation and sustainable economic development, and to provide relevant strategies for soil and water conservation in China. 相似文献
7.
1 IntroductionIt is well known that the major problem of water resources at present is water shortage in the North China Plain. The development of agricultural production certainly increased the water consumption, so level of groundwater table declined year by year. Crop use water directly from soil water, while rainwater, surface water, and groundwater should be firstly transformed and changed into soil water and then be used by crops. Therefore, water interactions, water balance and soil w… 相似文献
8.
《地理学报(英文版)》2016,(4)
Based on the synergetic development of new industrialization, rapid urbanization and agricultural modernization(IUAM), and from the viewpoint of interactive relationships between water resources and regional population, eco-environment, economy and society, the concepts of water resources intensity(WRI), water environment intensity(WEI), water resources relative efficiency(WRRE) and water environment relative efficiency(WERE) are defined with reference to energy intensity, resources efficiency and environment efficiency theory. On the basis of benchmarking theory, the quantitative characterization and evaluation method of "Three Red Lines"(the upper limit of water resources allocation, the baseline of utilization efficiency of water resources and the upper limit of sewage discharge) is proposed. According to these concepts and models, an empirical analysis of the Three Red Lines of water resources on the Chinese mainland between 2003 and 2012 was carried out. The results showed that total water consumption in eastern, central and western parts of China possesses "club convergence" characteristics, which means these areas have similar internal conditions appeared convergence in the development. Inter-provincial differences in water consumption continue to decrease, but the north–south differentiation characteristics in the eastern and central regions were still relatively obvious, while provincial differences in the eastern part were at a minimum and the central region had the largest. Water Resources Efficiency(WRE) of all four sectors in the Southwest rivers and Huaihe River basins were generally high. Industrial WRRE in the Songhua River, Yangtze River and Pearl River basins, agricultural WRRE in the Songhua River, Yellow River and northwestern river basins and domestic WRRE in the Liaohe River, Yangtze River and Pearl River basins were all low. Eco-environmental WRRE in the southeastern rivers and Yangtze River basins were low but showed an upward trend. Other river basins, except for the Northwestern rivers basin, had high eco-environmental WRRE with a downward trend. Western China, especially the northwestern part,had a low relative intensity of the water environment(WERI) and high integrated water environment management(IWEM) performance, but the relative intensities of the water resources(WRRI) were fairly high, and the comprehensive performance of integrated water resources management(IWRM) in these regions was low. In southern China, especially the southeastern part, the IWEM was fairly high, but the overall IWRM was lower. 相似文献
9.
10.
1 IntroductionThe geographical feature of China is quite complex with an obvious spatial heterogeneity. At the sense of spatial distribution of precipitation, under the impacts of the relative position of land to ocean and the monsoon climate, the amount of precipitation tends to decrease from south to north and from southeast to northwest. According to the hydrological regionalization, the North China Plain, one of the social and economic centers of China[1,2], is a region short of water re… 相似文献
11.
Water is a key restricting factor of the economic development and eco-environmental protection in arid inland river basins of Northwest China. Although water supplies are short, the water utilization structure and the corresponding industrial structure are unbalanced. We constructed a System Dynamic Model for mutual optimization based on the mechanism of their interaction. This model is applied to the Heihe River Basin where the share of limited water resources among ecosystem, production and human living is optimized. Results show that, by mutual optimization, the water utilization structure and the industrial structures fit in with each other. And the relationships between the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Heihe River Basin can be harmonized. Mutual benefits of ecology, society and economy can be reached, and a sustainable ecology-production-living system can be obtained. This study gives a new insight and method for the sustainable utilization of water resources in arid inland river basins. 相似文献
12.
内陆河流域用水结构与产业结构双向优化仿真模型及应用 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
在西部大开发战略实施过程当中,我国内陆河流域由于用水结构与产业结构严重错位,水资源短缺问题日益严峻。传统的以满足水资源供需平衡为目标的水资源优化配置模式,已解决不了水资源短缺问题。因此,在内陆河流域用水结构与产业结构双向优化理论与机制分析的基础之上,以系统动力学模型为主模型,以投入产出模型、多目标决策模型、灰色系统模型、多元统计回归分析法等为辅助模型,通过主模型与辅助模型对接,建立了内陆河流域用水结构与产业结构双向优化仿真模型。该模型把水资源总量作为“总阀门”,并以产业结构调整为切入点,通过产业结构调整来优化生产用水结构,进而优化“三生”用水结构,通过“三生”用水结构的优化来确保用水总量不超过水资源承载力,以此反复循环,最终实现流域用水结构与产业结构的双向优化。以我国典型的内陆河流域——黑河(干流)流域为例,对该模型进行了应用与分析。结果表明,该模型能够较好地协调流域上中下游之间、生态生产生活系统之间、用水结构产业结构系统之间的矛盾,可以为内陆河流域水资源的持续利用提供新的方法和思路。 相似文献
13.
立足自然资源管理的新要求,全国自然资源要素综合观测网络工程已于2020年全面启动和建设。黑河流域作为西北地区第二大内陆河流域,且处于丝绸之路经济带的核心地段,迫切需要在黑河流域开展试点研究。依托黑河流域现有观测研究基础,采用融合共建、改建升级和空白添建3种方式,分流域、分级别布设观测台站13个,基本覆盖了黑河流域草原、森林、河流、湖泊、荒漠、湿地、农田等主要地表资源类型。结合遥感观测和人工样地调查,初步构建起黑河流域自然资源要素综合观测网络。通过建立统一的运行维护和质量管理体系,确保观测数据的真实性和可靠性。从应用效果来看,黑河流域自然资源要素综合观测网络已基本形成了局部控制的立体化观测能力,可有效获取资源间耦合作用过程、变化趋势和速度等关键数据,对提高黑河流域自然资源认知能力、科学管理和战略决策具有十分重要的意义,对其他流域开展自然资源观测研究也具有重要的借鉴和示范意义。 相似文献
14.
黑河干流洪水预报模型研究 总被引：6，自引：5，他引：1
黑河干流上游区水文站点稀少,区间部分支流洪水过程无法控制,中游区河流沿程大量引水灌溉、取水口甚多用水量无法获得,使得以水量平衡原理为基础的洪水演算方法难以应用。针对上述情况,笔者应用系统水文模型理论并对其进行了改进。通过引入系统存贮变量,建立了一个新的黑河干流洪水预报模型-河道洪水演算模型。经1996年,1998年两次特大洪水试报检验,结果表明该模型的预报精度较高,对黑河干流防洪减灾、水利工程科学管理以及水资源优化配置具有重要的作用。 相似文献
15.
水安全评价相关研究已有较多成果,但绝大多数采用P-S-R(压力-状态-响应)及其扩展模型,且评价指标体系的优化校准几乎从未提及。本文将W-SENCE(与水有关的社会-经济-自然复合生态系统)模型引入水生态安全评价领域,从水生态安全的自然属性和社会经济属性方面构建水生态安全评价指标体系,结合模糊系统分析及改进生态位理论对指标体系分析、优化,以优化后指标体系对河西内陆河流域2014-2017年的水生态安全状况模糊综合评价。结果表明:指标B3(工业增加值)、B13(河川基流量)、B17(产水系数)、B20(引水量)的改进生态位宽度值相对最大,对指标体系影响相对最小,建立优化指标体系时剔除。优化后指标体系中,指标C11(多年平均降水量)、C16(蓄水量)、C17(地表水源供应量)、C18(地下水资源供应量)、C24(生态环境用水量)、C29(节水灌溉面积)权重最大,为流域水生态安全主要影响因子,表明加大水利基础设施投入,发展节水灌溉农业,保护生态环境是提高内陆河流域水生态安全状况的最有效措施。2014-2017年,黑河流域水生态安全状况持续好转,石羊河和疏勒河流域水生态安全状况均呈持续恶化趋势,应作为重点治理区域,内陆河流域水生态安全状况“整体改善,局部恶化”趋势仍在持续。结果可为河西内陆河流域水行政、生态环境管理、生态风险决策提供理论支持。 相似文献
16.
17.
Kalman滤波方法在黑河出山径流年平均流量预报中的应用 总被引：21，自引：10，他引：11
应用Kalman滤波方法,以流域平均降水量、气温、太阳黑子相对数及莺落峡站6年显著周期序列等为控制参数,对黑河出山径流年平均流量的预测问题进行了初步研究和探讨。 相似文献
18.
Water is a primary controlling factor for economic development and ecological environmental protection in the inland river basins of arid western China. And it is groundwater, as the most important component of total water resources, that plays a dominant role in the development of western China. In recent years, the use-ratio of surface water has been raised, the groundwater recharge rate from surface water has been reduced, and groundwater has been exploited on a large scale. This has led to the decline of ground-water levels and the degradation of eco-environments in the Heihe watershed. Therefore, the study on the change in groundwater levels in recent years, as well as simulating and predicting groundwater levels in the future, have become very significant for im-proving the ecological environment of the Heihe River Basin, to coordinate the water contradiction among upper, middle and lower reaches of Heihe River Basin and to allocate the water resources. The purpose of this study is to analyze the groundwa-ter-level variations of the Ejina region based on a large scale, to develop and evaluate a conceptual groundwater model in Ejina Basin, to establish the groundwater flow model using the experimental observation data and combining Modular Three-Dimensional Groundwater Flow Model (MODFLOW) and GIS software, to simulate the regional hydrologic regime in re-cent 10 years and compare various water-delivery scenarios from midstream, and to determine which one would be the best plan for maintaining and recovering the groundwater levels and increasing the area of Ejina oasis. Finally this paper discusses the pos-sible vegetation changes of Ejina Basin in the future. 相似文献
19.
干旱内陆流域生态需水量及其估算──以黑河流域为例 总被引：73，自引：17，他引：56
在干县内陆流域生态需水量概念与分类的基础上,以黑河流域为例,讨论了生态需水量估算的方法。采用两种半经验潜水蒸发公式和直接植物蒸腾估算等三种方法,以1995年为基准,分别对流域中游防护林生态体系需水量和下游荒漠绿洲生态需水量进行了初步估算,结果表明:黑河流域中游人工防护林生态需水量约为2.1× 108~2.16×108 m3,下游荒漠绿洲生态需水量为5.23×108~5.7×108 m3;为维持或稳定流域下游额济纳现有绿洲规模,狼心山断面过水流量不应小于5.8×108m3。 相似文献
20.
以新疆典型干旱区内陆河流域为研究对象，通过对地理、地貌、水文气象条件、流域水循环特征的系统分析，提出了水资源开发利用存在的三大问题，即：水资源匮乏且时空分布严重失衡，跨界河流水安全问题突出；水资源过度开发利用，人工绿洲与天然绿洲结构严重失调，生态环境恶化；水资源利用效率效益低，供需矛盾和水盐平衡失控。以水问题和水需求为导向，工程措施与生态保护并举，采用系统科学的基础理论与分析方法，构建了三层级多目标水循环调控理论与工程技术体系，分别从宏观、中观、微观三个层级，提出了区域、流域、灌区水循环调控与水资源高效利用的科学模式和关键技术。结合区域地形地貌特点和水资源禀赋条件，建立了北疆“网式”、南疆“环式”、东疆“串式”结构水循环调控框架，增强区域水资源合理配置的调控能力。针对流域水循环特点，提出山区水库替代平原水库和河道内与河道外引水“三七调控”、经济与生态耗水“五五分账”的综合调控模式。围绕现代灌区建设和面临的挑战，研究指出建立节水灌溉—水盐调控—地下水利用—生态保护“四位一体”的水资源高效利用综合调控技术体系，是干旱区绿洲农业可持续发展的方向。 相似文献