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1.
An annual cycle of an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) is presented. The winter and summer zonal averages of the atmospheric fields are compared with an observed climatology. The main features of the observed seasonal means are well reproduced by the model. One of the main discrepancies is that the simulated atmosphere is too cold, particularly in its upper part. Some other discrepancies might be explained by the interannual variability. The AGCM surface fluxes are directly compared to climatological estimates. On the other hand, the calculation of meridional heat transport by the ocean, inferred from the simulated energy budget, can be compared to transport induced from climatologies. The main result of this double comparison is that AGCM fluxes generally are within the range of climatological estimates. The main deficiency of the model is poor partitioning between solar and non-solar heat fluxes in the tropical belt. The meridional heat transport also reveals a significant energy-loss by the Northern Hemisphere ocean north of 45° N. The possible implications of model surface flux deficiencies on coupling with an oceanic model are discussed.This paper was presented at the International Conference on Modelling of Global Climate Change and Variability, held in Hamburg 11–15 September 1989 under the auspices of the Meteorological Institute of the University of Hamburg and the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology. Guest Editor for these papers is Dr. L. Dümenil 相似文献
2.
利用联邦德国汉堡大学气象研究所大气环流模式的气候模拟的结果，就模式中我国气候对北太平洋海温异常的响应进行了分析，目的在于研究我国气候的成因。我国气候对海温的敏感性试验由异常算程和对照算程组成。异常算程是在北太平洋多年平均海温场上迭加一个“东温西凉”型的异常值，而对照算程中则为多年平均海温场。试验结果指出，1月300百帕上青藏高原两侧的南北两支急流大大增强，Hadley环流减弱，500百帕环流和850百帕温度场出现类似冷冬的形势，即经向环流加强，南北温度梯度加大，我国大部分地区的1月气温降低。但湿度场对北太平洋海温异常的响应甚弱，这与通常的看法一致，即冬季我国干旱主要是由于蒙古干冷高压频频入侵造成的。 相似文献
3.
The climate and natural variability of the large-scale stratospheric circulation simulated by a newly developed general circulation model are evaluated against available global observations. The simulation consisted of a 30-year annual cycle integration performed with a comprehensive model of the troposphere and stratosphere. The observations consisted of a 15-year dataset from global operational analyses of the troposphere and stratosphere. The model evaluation concentrates on the simulation of the evolution of the extratropical stratospheric circulation in both hemispheres. The December–February climatology of the observed zonal mean winter circulation is found to be reasonably well captured by the model, although in the Northern Hemisphere upper stratosphere the simulated westerly winds are systematically stronger and a cold bias is apparent in the polar stratosphere. This Northern Hemisphere stratospheric cold bias virtually disappears during spring (March–May), consistent with a realistic simulation of the spring weakening of the mean westerly winds in the model. A considerable amount of monthly interannual variability is also found in the simulation in the Northern Hemisphere in late winter and early spring. The simulated interannual variability is predominantly caused by polar warmings of the stratosphere, in agreement with observations. The breakdown of the Northern Hemisphere stratospheric polar vortex appears therefore to occur in a realistic way in the model. However, in early winter the model severely underestimates the interannual variability, especially in the upper troposphere. The Southern Hemisphere winter (June–August) zonal mean temperature is systematically colder in the model, and the simulated winds are somewhat too strong in the upper stratosphere. Contrary to the results for the Northern Hemisphere spring, this model cold bias worsens during the Southern Hemisphere spring (September–November). Significant discrepancies between the model results and the observations are therefore found during the breakdown of the Southern Hemisphere polar vortex. For instance, the simulated Southern Hemisphere stratosphere westerly jet continuously decreases in intensity more or less in situ from June to November, while the observed stratospheric jet moves downward and poleward.This paper was presented at the Third International Conference on Modelling of Global Climate Change and Variability, held in Hamburg 4–8 Sept. 1995 under the auspice of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg. Editor for these papers is L. Dümenil. 相似文献
4.
Michael A. Alexander 《Climate Dynamics》1990,5(1):53-65
During El Niño events when positive sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies form in the equatorial Pacific, SST anomalies also tend to develop in the North Pacific. This study attempts to model and explain the large-scale features of the observed SST anomaly field in the North Pacific during the fall and winter of the El Niño year. The experiment design consists of a mixed layer ocean model of the North Pacific which is forced by atmospheric surface fields from two sets of Community Climate Model (CCM) integrations: the El Niño set with prescribed positive SST anomalies in the tropical Pacific; and the control set which is obtained from an extended CCM integration with prescribed climatological SSTs. The response of the midlatitude ocean to atmospheric surface fields associated with El Niño is obtained by compositing each set of model integrations (El Niño and Control) and then taking the difference between the composites. The ocean model is able to reproduce the general features of the observed midlatitude SST anomaly pattern: warm water in the northeast Pacific and an elliptically shaped cold pool in the central Pacific. In these regions, a large fraction of the temperature anomalies are significant at the 95% level as indicated by a two tailed t-test. The ocean temperature anomalies simulated by the model are primarily caused by changes in the sensible and latent heat flux and to a lesser extent the longwave radiation flux. Entrainment of cold water from below the mixed layer also influences ocean temperatures. However, the entrainment anomaly pattern has a complex spatial structure which does not always coincide with the simulated mixed layer temperature anomalies.This paper was presented at the International Conference on Modelling of Global Climate Change and Variability, held in Hamburg 11–15 September 1989 under the auspices of the Meteorological Institute of the University of Hamburg and the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology. Guest Editor for these papers is Dr. L. Dümenil 相似文献
5.
夏季北极海冰激发的500hPa遥相关型 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
本文应用统计方法,分析7月、8月北极海冰与北半球500hPa位势高度场的相关场,7月、8月500hPa基点相关图,多冰年与少冰年的1000—500hPa厚度差图等,得到如下结论: 夏季极冰冷源的存在,可激发北半球大气产生遥相关型,这种遥相关型可以看成二维Rossby波列,具有相当正压结构,在西风带中沿着固定的波导自高纬向低纬分布,从而影响北美的环流和天气。表现为极冰偏多年份,极涡加强而偏心,加拿大高压脊和北美大槽亦同时加强;反之,极冰偏少年份,上述系统均减弱。 相似文献
6.
应用国家气象中心模式检验方法,对华中区域中尺度业务数值预报模式WRF和中国气象局下发的GRAPES模式2013年1-12月的预报产品（包括降水、2 m温度场、850 hPa温度场、850 hPa风场和500 hPa位势高度场预报）进行统计检验。检验结果表明：所有要素24 h预报均优于48 h;对于晴雨预报,GRAPES模式TS评分高于WRF,但随着降水量级增大,WRF的TS评分基本都高于GRAPES,同时WRF降水预报范围明显偏大;分析2 m温度场的均方根误差及预报准确率发现,WRF的2 m温度场预报优于GRAPES,且暖季预报优于冷季;形势场要素分析表明,WRF对850 hPa温度场和风场预报具有相当大的优势,全年误差变化较稳定,而对500 hPa位势高度场的预报误差存在一定的季节性特征,即夏半年WRF高度场预报优于冬半年,GRAPES模式则相反。总体上,华中区域中尺度业务数值模式产品对天气预报具有一定的参考价值。 相似文献
7.
Validation of GCM control simulations using indices of daily airflow types over the British Isles 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
In this study, the control simulations of two general circulation model (GCM) experiments are assessed in terms of their ability to reproduce realistic real world weather. The models examined are the UK Meteorological Office high-resolution atmospheric model (UKHI) and a coupled ocean/atmosphere model of the Max Planck Institut für Meteorologic, Hamburg (MPI). An objective classification of daily airflow patterns over the British Isles is used as a basis for comparing the frequencies of model-generated weather types with the frequencies derived from 110 years of observed mean-sea-level pressure (MSLP) fields. The weather-type frequencies generated by the GCMs, and their relationships with simulated monthly mean temperatures and total precipitation over the UK, are compared, season by season, with similar results derived using the observational data. An index of gale frequencies over the British Isles, derived from a similar objective analysis of daily MSLP fields, is used to evaluate the ability of the GCMs to simulate the observed frequency of storm events. One advantage of using 110 years of observational data is that the observed decadal-scale variability of climate can be introduced into this type of validation exercise. Both the GCMs assessed here are too cyclonic in winter. The seasonality of both anticyclonic and cyclonic types is much too strong in MPI and summer precipitation in this model is greatly underestimated. MPI simulates the annual cycle of temperature well, while UKHI successfully reproduces the annual cycle of precipitation. The analysis also indicates that the summer temperature variability of the two models is not driven by circulation changes.This paper was presented at the Second International Conference on Modelling of Global Climate Variability, held in Hamburg 7–11 September 1992 under the auspices of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology. Guest Editor for these papers is L. Dümenil 相似文献
8.
利用1971-2011年辽宁省58个常规观测站日最低气温资料,分析辽宁寒潮时空分布特征。结果表明：1971-2011年辽宁寒潮年平均频次空间分布存在两个大值中心,一个位于辽宁东北部地区,另一个位于辽西建平地区;11月大范围强寒潮出现最多。近41 a辽宁区域性寒潮在20世纪70年代出现最多,呈不显著的下降趋势;寒潮在10月中旬至翌年5月上旬均可出现,12月上旬至翌年2月下旬是寒潮集中出现时段,出现最多的是1月;区域性寒潮出现次数存在20、13、8a和4a的变化周期。影响辽宁区域性寒潮的主要天气形势有小槽发展型、横槽型和低槽东移型。寒潮物理量预报指标主要有：寒潮前至少有一日升温过程;500 hPa冷中心温度≤-40 ℃;地面冷高压主体中心气压为1050 hPa以上,分裂小高压中心气压为1030 hPa以上;500 hPa和850 hPa急流普遍为24 m.s-1和12 m.s-1以上;850 hPa辽宁附近等温线密集程度≥5条/10纬度;风向与等温线夹角基本大于60°。 相似文献
9.
T639模式预报系统误差统计和订正方法研究 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
通过统计2009—2010年T639模式500 hPa高度、850 hPa温度和2 m温度的1～10天预报场的平均误差发现,T639模式的这些气象要素预报都存在明显系统误差,且系统误差随着预报时效的增加而增加。利用＂递减平均法＂尝试订正其预报系统误差,订正结果表明：该订正方法总体表现为正的订正技巧,但订正能力随着预报时效的增加而下降;东亚地区的系统误差小于整个北半球,＂递减平均法＂的订正能力总体小于整个北半球。对比夏、冬半年订正效果发现：对于500 hPa位势高度和850 hPa温度的预报场,冬半年和夏半年订正技巧相当;对于地面2 m温度预报场,冬半年订正能力明显高于夏半年。不同权重系数试验表明：对于500 hPa高度场,权重系数约取0.06时,订正效果较好,而对于850 hPa和2 m温度场,权重系数约取0.1时,订正效果最佳。 相似文献
10.
We describe results of an experiment in which the Hamburg Large-Scale Geostrophic Ocean General Circulation Model was driven by a spatially correlated white-noise freshwater flux superimposed on the climatological fluxes. In addition to the red-noise character of the oceanic response, the model exhibits pronounced variability in a frequency band around 320 years. The centers of action of this oscillation are the Southern Ocean and the Atlantic.This paper was presented at the International Conference on Modelling of Global Climate Change and Variability, held in Hamburg 11–15 September 1989 under the auspices of the Meteorological Institute of the University of Hamburg and the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology. Guest Editor for these papers is Dr. L. Dümenil. 相似文献
11.
Telecorrelation of the 500 hPa polar circulation and El Nino/SO with the temperature fields in China
By using the monthly data from 1951 through 1984, empirical orthogonal expansion is performed for the 500 hPa geopotential height north of 65oN and the canonical fields are clustered by fuzzy classification. It is noted that both the mean monthly polar vortex fields and the large-scale anomaly fields fall into three regimes, with those of the January mean field and the April anomaly field having characteristic features. In addition, the relationship between the time weigthing coefficients of the canonical fields and El Nino / SO is examined, showing significant anomalies in the large-scale polar anomaly fields during April and October of the year when El Nino occurs. These polar circulation anomalies have considerably influenced the temperature fields in China during April and October. Thus, we may con-clude that this is one of the most important reasons for a relatively cool April and a warm October in China during the El Nino year. 相似文献
12.
The region of south China is sometimes subject to major climatic catastrophes in winter. To have
a clear understanding, the time in which extremely severe cold months occur in the south China wintertime over
the past 45 years are determined and characteristics of the 500-hPa geopotential fields and SST fields are studied
for the simultaneous and preceding 6-month periods. Similarity exists in the 500-hPa geopotential fields
between each current severely cold month, with the geopotential pattern of being high in the north, but low in
the south, of Asian-Pacific region and meridional circulation developing. The work presents anomalies of the
months with significant differences in the 500-hPa geopotential field of the previous periods. The SSTA is continuous in the distribution from each extremely severe cold winter month back to the 6 months leading up to it
for the region of south China while the SST pattern is of El Ni?o in January and the preceding 1 ~ 6 months for
equatorial eastern Pacific but of La Ni?a in February and December. It is concluded that the prediction of severely
cold winter months are possible with the use of the geopotential field at 500 hPa and the SST fields for
the months ahead of the target time. 相似文献
13.
The region of south China is sometimes subject to major climatic catastrophes in winter. To have a clear understanding, the time in which extremely severe cold months occur in the south China wintertime over the past 45 years are determined and characteristics of the 500-hPa geopotential fields and SST fields are studied for the simultaneous and preceding 6-month periods. Similarity exists in the 500-hPa geopotential fields between each current severely cold month, with the geopotential pattern of being high in the north, but low in the south, of Asian-Pacific region and meridional circulation developing. The work presents anomalies of the months with significant differences in the 500-hPa geopotential field of the previous periods. The SSTA is continuous in the distribution from each extremely severe cold winter month back to the 6 months leading up to it for the region of south China while the SST pattern is of El Ni?o in January and the preceding 1 ~ 6 months for equatorial eastern Pacific but of La Ni?a in February and December. It is concluded that the prediction of severely cold winter months are possible with the use of the geopotential field at 500 hPa and the SST fields for the months ahead of the target time. 相似文献
14.
华南冬季异常冷月预测概念模型Ⅰ──500 hPa高度场和海温场特征 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
确定了近４５年华南冬季异常冷月出现的时间,分析了其同期至前期６个月５００ｈＰａ位势高度场和海温场的特征。各异常冷月当月５００ｈＰａ高度场有相似的特征,亚洲－太平洋地区高度场的特征是北高南低,经向环流发展,给出了前期５００ｈＰａ高度场差异显著月的距平特征。华南冬季各异常冷月至其前期６个月海温距平分布有持续性的特征,１月及其前期１～６个月赤道东太平洋ＳＳＴ呈ＥｌＮｉｎｏ特征,２月和１２月呈Ｌａ Ｎｉｎ 相似文献
15.
基于NCEP/NCAR再分析资料研究了南半球冬季双西风急流现象,指出它发生在600～100hPa的南太平洋上空,其中副热带急流中心位于27.5°S,且在200hPa层风速达到极大值;高纬度急流中心位于60°S,风速随高度增加而增加。在此基础上,利用IAP 9L AGCM（大气物理研究所9层大气环流模式）对双西风急流现象进行了数值模拟。结果表明,该模式很好地再现了双西风急流现象,并成功地模拟出副热带急流的位置、强度以及最大风速的垂直中心层次。对极区急流强度的模拟也比较接近实况,但位置偏南。但模式对40～50°S之间南太平洋风速极小值中心强度的模拟略低于再分析资料。此外,模式对平流层上层单急流位置的模拟与观测结果有较大差异。 相似文献
16.
2008年1月10日至2月2日,我国南方发生了大范围的持续冰雪灾害,贵州是受灾最严重的省份之一。通过对高度场、温度、降水量、流场、涡度等要素场的分析,重点探讨此次极端气象事件对贵州影响最明显的第3次过程,以及形成严重冰冻雨雪天气和温度异常偏低的主要环流特征。结果表明,在强拉尼娜的背景下,稳定在乌拉尔山以东的阻塞高压持续存在、极涡异常偏强偏东、西太平洋副高偏西偏强、南支槽较常年活跃等,是造成这次过程的主要原因。主要特征是850 hPa以下出现温度低于0℃的冷空气层,在700 hPa附近是相对较暖的气层,其上层是较冷的冰晶层,西南低空急流及槽前正的相对涡度平流明显,急流带来的暖湿平流提供了充足的水汽,并保证了融化层中源源不断的热量供应,上下层涡度平流的差异有利于上升运动的发展,为贵州第3次雨雪过程的发生提供了条件。 相似文献
17.
为了对欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）数值预报图的优缺点有比较系统的了解，本文用1984年5月到1985年4月的一年北半球预报图资料，对各月平均误差分布情况及其季节变化特点作了统计分析。ECMWF数值预报图在35°—70°N之间的预报效果最好；在75°N 以北的高纬度地区，都是春、夏、秋三季500百帕高度的预报平均明显偏高，500—1000百帕厚度预报平均明显偏暖，其中又以夏季偏暖最显著，春、秋季次之（冬季则变为偏冷），年变化规律性明显；在30°N 以南地区夏秋两季都是500百帕预报明显偏低，厚度明显偏冷，最强偏冷中心位于青藏高原东南坡，冬春季则预报偏低和偏冷的程度减轻，年变化情况似与低纬度云雨量和热带低压活动的年变化大致相对应。青藏高原上空500百帕预报全年基本上都是负偏差，以夏季负偏差最大，春秋季减小，冬季趋于0，各月之间有近于正弦波型式的年变化规律性。把平均误差值与标准差相比较，可以看出低纬度地带（尤其是高原附近）是最需要也是最有利于进行系统性误差订正的地区。 相似文献
18.
登陆我国台风与华北夏季降水的相关 总被引：11，自引：4，他引：11
利用1957-2002年华北104站月降水量、登陆我国台风频数、海平面气压场、850hPa流场、500hPa高度场资料，分析了华北地区夏季降水与登陆我国台风的关系。结果表明：华北中部和东部夏季降水量与登陆我国台风频数存在着显著的正相关，中心在华北中部的河北饶阳和保定一带。在登陆台风特多年，华北中、东部夏季降水增加（偏涝），南部降水减少（偏旱）；登陆台风特少年则相反。逐月分析发现．8月登陆我国台风频数与华北地区同期降水量相关最好，而且显著的正相关仍然位于华北中部和东部。多（少）登陆台风活动年无论是海平面气压距平场、850hPa流场距平、500hPa高度距平场还是冷空气异常，其特征均与华北中、东部夏季降水偏多（少）年相似。 相似文献
19.
应用湿位涡理论,利用贵州84个县市地面气象观测站及1473个乡镇自动站逐时降水观测资料、ECMWF提供的0.25°×0.25°再分析格点资料及非静力中尺度模式WRF提供的数值模拟结果,对贵州省2011年6月17日08:00~18日20:00(简称“过程Ⅰ”)和6月22日08:00~23日20:00(简称“过程Ⅱ”)两次典型暴雨过程的θse和湿位涡进行诊断分析和数值模拟。结果表明:“过程Ⅰ”受一股冷空气影响,“过程Ⅱ”受两股冷空气影响。“过程Ⅰ”辐合中心位于27°N、107°E上空800hPa处,辐散中心位于27°N、107°E上空550hPa处。“过程Ⅱ”辐合中心位于27°N、107°E上空800hPa处,辐散中心位于28°N、107°E上空750hPa处。“过程Ⅰ”,贵州上空700hPa至近地面的MPV1正值中心和MPV2负值中心的分布与大暴雨落区(兴仁-晴隆-安顺和金沙-湄潭-务川)基本一致,“过程Ⅱ”MPV1的两个正值中心和MPV2强负值中心与大暴雨落区(毕节、六枝)吻合。两次暴雨天气过程中的贵州上空MPV1值明显比MPV2值偏大。WRF模式模拟的水汽辐合中心强度比实况偏强,模拟的“过程Ⅰ”辐合区比实况偏小,模拟的“过程Ⅱ”辐合区比实况偏大。WRF模式模拟“过程Ⅰ”的贵州上空MPV1正值区中心值比实况偏小,模拟“过程Ⅱ”的贵州上空MPV1正值区中心值比实况偏大,但模拟的正值中心与强降水中心基本一致。WRF模式对两次暴雨过程MPV2负值中心的模拟均表现为不太准确。WRF模式模拟影响贵州的冷空气比实况偏强,模拟的特大暴雨中心值比实况偏大,但“过程Ⅰ”模拟的特大暴雨中心位置比实况偏南10km,“过程Ⅱ”模拟的特大暴雨中心位置比实况偏南7km,可供贵州β中尺度暴雨预报参考。 相似文献
20.
Winter Asia Jetstream and Seasonal Precipitation in East China 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
ＷｉｎｔｅｒＡｓｉａＪｅｔｓｔｒｅａｍａｎｄＳｅａｓｏｎａｌＰｒｅｃｉｐｉｔａｔｉｏｎｉｎＥａｓｔＣｈｉｎａ￥ＬｉtｒｎｇＰｉｎｇｄｅ（梁平德）ａｎｄＬｉｕＡｉｘｉａ（刘爱霞）ＷｉｎｔｅｒＡｓｉａＪｅｔｓｔｒｅａｍａｎｄＳｅａｓｏｎａｌＰｒｅｃｉｐｉ?.. 相似文献